Blade kinematic theory for rotary vane compressor

The advantage of blade-offset rotary vane compressor is analyzed, and its kinematic model is established through simplifying the vane motion to the circle center movement of the main vane arc by using equidistant curve envelope principle. Then, the relationship between the displacement, velocity, acceleration of blade and the angle of rotor is obtained. Finally, based on the theory obtained, the simulation is also carried out. Results show this method can avoid complex process for finding the contact point, which meanwhile has good solving accuracy. Because of the differences on kinematic characteristics, the blade kinematic analysis for blade-cardiac cannot be simply used for the blade-offset one, and the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of cylinder profile cannot be shown by the simplified analysis. However, the scientific theory calculation method for the kinematic analysis of blade-offset rotary vane compressor put forward provides a reliable theoretical basis for the innovation of multi-stage combination cylinder profile with high volumetric efficiency and compression ratio, and also broadens the design theory of the rotary vane compressor.     

Analyse of Compressor Sound Quality

By of Stevens steady wide frequency noise loudness and Fastl total sensation noise calculation method, sound quality evaluation of the noise left and back-end face was studied before the compressor improved and after the minipore muffler installed. The research indicates that the compressor noise is reduced, at the same time, the loudness left the compressor and the back - end face is reduced by 10.25 sone and 13.3 sone respectively. The rate reduced is over 40%. The total sensation noise is reduced by 12.5 noy and 15 noy, the rate achieved is over 45%. It is very perfect to improve the compressor sound quality with the use of minipore muffler.     

旋转式肥料集排器的试验研究

针对4行油菜移栽机配套施肥要求,笔者设计了一款集排式排肥器。对影响总排量稳定性、各行一致性变异系数的凹槽宽度、出口宽度、转速进行了单因素和响应曲面试验。单因素试验结果表明：凹槽宽度为15~25 mm,出口宽度为15~25 mm,转速为40~50 r/min时,集排器性能基本达到设计要求。响应曲面试验结果表明：凹槽宽度为19.61 mm,出口宽度为20.74 mm,转速为45.3 r/min是满足集排器性能的最佳组合,此时总排量稳定性、各行一致性变异系数分别为3.89%、8.17%。试验结果说明集排器的性能可以基本满足国家机械行业标准对于多行施肥装置的要求,也说明了集排式排肥器具有一定的研究意义。     

On the Noise Analysing and Reducing for Refrigeratory compressors

This paper propose an approach to reduce the regular pulse noise from ofQD55A air flow refrigerator compressor.The Rource is analysed by spectral a nalyeis techiques.Thenoise level is droped 4dB via massive preduction testing verification,and a desirable result on noise reduction has been obtained.     

Numerical simulation on low calorific value coal-bed gascombustor and structural design optimization

This paper conducts the full size three-dimensional combustion numerical simulation study on the low-calorific value coal bed gas combustor. It explors the effects of different ratios of swirling wind and straight wind on flow field,temperature field and concentration field when this combustor combusts coal bed gas which methane volume concentration is 30 percent. The optimal ratio of swirling wind and straight wind is gained. Based on this,the number and obliquity of cyclone vane in gas pipeline are further optimized. The results show that when ratio of straight wind is 80 percent and ratio of swirling wind is 20 percent,the good jet flow rigidity is not only possessed,but also the strong spin momentum is brought. Reverse axial velocity grads and reverse velocity in central backflow region are also big,the burning temperature and combustion efficiency are high,and high-temperature region is diffusely distributed. When the number and obliquity of cyclone vane are respective 6 and 60,the mass fraction of methane descends quickly,the mass fraction of methane is low in outlet of combustion region,and the combustion efficiency is high.     

Discussion on the Optimum Constitution for the Compressor Group in CNG Station

This paper discusses the optimum constitution of production equipment, above all the compressor, at the compressed natural gas(CNG) station from the viewpoint of market economy to increase the economic efficiency of CNG station. The economic scope of the station and the choice of compressor group were estimated.     

比较螺杆式与活塞式压缩机在冷库应用中的节能效果

从理论上分析了活塞式压缩机与螺杆式压缩机的性能特点,以实例论证了螺杆式压缩机比活塞压缩机在冷库系统的实际运行中节能效果明显.     

土壤深松对春玉米生长特性的影响

为了改善北京地区农田土壤结构、提高土壤蓄水保墒能力,提升农田生产能力,增加作物产量,本项目自2011年开始在北京市延庆县保护性耕作试验田开展农田深松效果研究,该文通过单因素三水平的试验方法安排试验,通过对深松加旋耕、深松加耙和传统旋耕（对照）3种耕作模式下春玉米田间生长特性及产量表现的对比分析,探讨不同耕作模式的效果,确定最佳的耕作模式。结果表明,深松加旋耕处理产量为11155.5 kg/hm²,深松加耙处理产量为10872 kg/hm²,对照旋耕产量为9985.5 kg/hm²。深松加旋耕和深松加耙处理较对照传统旋耕公顷产量有明显差异。     

3种筛选NPT-Ⅱ标记转基因油菜方法研究

利用卡那霉素溶液叶片涂抹法、种子浸泡法以及卡那霉素MS培养基筛选法三种方法对含有NPT-Ⅱ标记基因的转基因油菜种子（T0）进行筛选。结果表明,三种筛选方法的最佳卡那霉素选择压为200mg/L;涂抹叶片法4-5d可以明显识别植株对卡那霉素抗性与否,此法筛选到的4株植株PCR检测全部呈阳性,可靠性达100%;浸泡种子法2-3d可以明显识别植株对卡那霉素抗性与否,此法筛选到的5株植株PCR检测全部呈阳性,可靠性100%;MS培养基筛选法一般10d可以明显植株识别对卡那霉素抗性与否,此法筛选到20株植株,移栽后存活5株,PCR检测3株呈阳性,2株是假阳性植株,可靠性为60%。因此可以认为卡那霉素涂抹叶片和浸泡种子两种方法是转基因油菜进行大规模、快速的筛选及后代的遗传分析的理想方法。     

不同耕作措施对玉米产量和土壤理化性质的影响

为了研究不同耕作方式对土壤理化性状和玉米产量及经济效益的影响,通过传统翻耕、浅旋根茬还田常规播种和机械灭茬免耕播种3种耕作方式对玉米田土壤水分、土壤速效养分、玉米产量性状及产量和经济效益影响的比较,明确了不同耕作措施对玉米田土壤理化性状和玉米产量的影响。结果表明：机械灭茬免耕播种和浅旋根茬还田常规播种的出苗率、不同土层含水量、玉米产量性状、单位产量及总收益均高于传统翻耕,且浅旋根茬还田常规播种和机械灭茬免耕播种的出苗率比传统翻耕高3.3%和7.8%,不同层次土壤含水量、土壤养分的大小顺序均为机械灭茬免耕播种＞浅旋根茬还田常规播种＞传统翻耕,机械灭茬免耕播种和浅旋根茬还田常规播种处理的玉米产量比分别高9.01%和3.23%,纯收入比CK增加4305元/hm²和1965元/hm²,即分别比CK高出36.98%和17.65%。说明机械灭茬免耕播种措施最好,而浅旋根茬还田常规播种耕作方法又优于传统翻耕。     

Nitratentwicklung nach Kleegrasumbruch im Frühjahr unter der Folgefrucht Silomais

Nitrate release under the following crop maize after ploughing a clover-grass crop in spring After ploughing a clover-grass crop in spring, the formation of nitrate under the following crop maize, its nitrogen uptake and yield were investigated as well as the N-mineralization in the fallow plots. As ploughing processes the variants “rotary cultivator” and “plough” were compared. Three days before ploughing 14 kg nitrate-N/ha were found in the soil from 0 to 90 cm depth. At all sampling dates after ploughing significant higher nitrate-N contents were analysed in the soil of the plough variant than in the rotary cultivator variant. Under maize the highest observed nitrate contents were reached at the end of July, that is 117 kg N/ha in the plough and 65 kg N/ha in the rotary cultivator variant. In the soil without plant growth the highest nitrate values were not noticed before the end of August, namely 213 and 102 kg N/ha in the plough and in the rotary cultivator variant, respectively. During the time after these maximum values the nitrate contents in the fallow plots lessened dramatically, probably implying considerable nitrogen losses. In the maize plots, however, the continual nitrogen release could obviously be used well by the plants. Under maize there was another period of intensive N-mineralization between end of August and the beginning of October, so that the N-contents in both soil and maize plants approximately doubled during the last 5 weeks before harvest: from 70 to 148 (“rotary cultivator”) and from 140 to 269 kg N/ha (“plough”), respectively. This is equivalent to a mineralization rate of 1.9 and 3.1 kg nitrate-N/ha d, respectively, in the time between the end of August and the beginning of October. This nitrogen release was only expressed by the increasing N-uptake of the maize plants, but not by a changed nitrate store in the soil. Because of the better nitrogen supply the plough variant led to a dry matter yield which was 73 % higher than in the rotary cultivator variant (176 and 102 dt/ha, respectively).     

A Method of Calculating the Volumetric Flow Rate for Screw Refrigerating Compressor

It is two main factors that the refrigerant leakes and preheated in compress process for the discharging of the screw refrigeration compressor. The size of them directly is related to the form of the screw and the precision of the screw processed, and the screw cooled etc. Each compressor factory is different from others for designing and processing the screw. In the engineering design, it is difficult to calculate volumetric flow rate of the screw refrigeration compressor. The main factor of the volumetric flow rate is analyzed for the screw refrigeration compressor. A method of calculating the volumetric flow rate is inferred and checked. It can be for the use of engineering design     

耕作方式对小麦播种质量、产量和效益的影响

为明确冬小麦―夏玉米轮作种植模式中,不同耕作整地方式对小麦播种质量、产量和效益的影响,设置旋耕2次、深松+旋耕、重耙+旋耕、翻耕+轻耙、翻耕+旋耕、重耙+翻耕+轻耙和重耙+翻耕+旋耕（CK）共7种耕整地方式。结果表明,在夏玉米为籽粒玉米的地块,7种耕作整地方式中CK处理的秸秆含量较少,地表及0~20cm土层平均秸秆含量较其他处理减少27.5%和28.6%,土壤与秸秆混合较均匀,0~20cm土层中每5cm土壤平均容重较其他处理变化减小30.5%,播种深度适宜,平均3.9cm,出苗质量好,缺苗断垄较其他处理降低25.7%,苗间离散度均匀,平均极差减小39.0%,穗数最多（670.5万/hm²）、产量最高（7966.5kg/hm²）、效益最高（9051.0元/hm²）,与其他处理达显著性差异。在夏玉米为青贮玉米的地块,除旋耕2次和深松+旋耕的整地处理产量较低外,其余处理间产量差异不显著,其中翻耕+旋耕处理的产量和效益最高,分别为8133.0kg/hm²和9894.0元/hm²,效益显著高于其他处理。     

不同耕作处理对土壤微生物、酶活性及养分的影响

为揭示不同耕作处理对土壤微生物、酶活性以及养分的影响,利用大豆为材料,采取两种不同耕作方式为主区,4种中耕方式为副区的裂区试验设计。结果表明：旋耕处理的细菌数量在开花期较翻耕处理降低;旋耕处理的真菌数量在成熟期较翻耕处理提高;而放线菌数量在开花期,翻耕处理较旋耕处理提高,到结荚期却显著低于旋耕处理。翻耕处理的脲酶活性除了在鼓粒期低于旋耕处理,在其他生育期均高于旋耕处理;翻耕处理的土壤磷酸酶活性在结荚期、鼓粒期较旋耕处理提高;翻耕处理的土壤蔗糖酶活性在开花期较旋耕处理提高;翻耕处理在开花期与结荚期的过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性较旋耕处理提高。翻耕处理的速效磷含量较旋耕处理显著提高,速效钾含量旋耕处理较翻耕处理显著提高。在不同中耕措施中,土壤细菌数量在开花期RT1、RT2较RCK显著提高;真菌数量在成熟期PT1、PT2、PT3较PCK降低;各时期的放线菌数量PT2与RT2均较高。在各生育期,PT2、RT2的脲酶活性均较高,在开花期PT2较PCK和RT2较RCK显著提高;土壤磷酸酶活性PT2、RT2在各时期亦较高;土壤蔗糖酶活性在大豆成熟期不同处理均高于各自的CK;在大豆成熟期,PT1较PCK和RT1较RCK的CAT活性提高。不同中耕措施的土壤有机质含量除了RT2显著提高外,其他处理间差异不显著,而碱解氮、速效钾含量PT2、RT2均分别显著高于PCK、RCK。综上可知,PT2组合的耕作处理更有利于保护土壤微环境。     

The Prespect by Using Poor Ore to Produce Sponge Iron

This paper summarizes the status that the coal-based rotary kiln using direct reduction technique to produce spouse iron in the world,introducing successful SL-RN process,investigatins the development presect by using poor ore to produce sponge iron.     

耕作方式对成都平原稻麦轮作系统吸收累积镉的影响

为研究不同耕作方式（翻耕、旋耕、免耕与秸秆还田）对成都平原水稻-小麦轮作系统吸收累积重金属Cd的影响,探讨Cd污染耕地最优的耕作方式,在轻度污染农田开展了2年定位试验,研究翻耕秸秆还田、翻耕无秸秆、旋耕秸秆还田、旋耕无秸秆、免耕秸秆还田和免耕无秸秆处理对作物产量以及收获物、秸秆和土壤中重金属Cd含量的影响。试验结果表明,与旋耕和免耕相比,翻耕处理能够显著降低小麦籽粒和水稻稻谷中的重金属Cd含量。相同耕作方式下,是否秸秆还田对小麦籽粒和水稻稻谷中的Cd含量影响不显著。在翻耕条件下,表层土壤有效Cd和总Cd含量、小麦和水稻秸秆中Cd含量均显著低于旋耕和免耕处理。因此,从保证作物产量和降低农产品Cd含量的角度出发,翻耕可作为成都平原轻中度Cd污染耕地水稻-小麦安全生产的一项有效技术措施。     

周年耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤养分及作物产量的影响

为探明适宜于砂姜黑土农田的周年耕作方式, 提升砂姜黑土农田地力及作物产量, 在冬小麦?夏玉米一年两熟种植制度下, 设置多年定位夏玉米季?冬小麦季免耕?旋耕(对照)、免耕?深耕、深松?旋耕、深松?免耕、免耕?免耕5种周年耕作方式田间试验, 在定位处理的第4个周年研究耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤有机碳含量、土壤养分及其对作物产量的影响。结果表明, 在秸秆全量还田条件下, 与试验开始前相比, 各处理0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮、速效钾含量均有所增加。与对照相比, 其他处理均增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮含量。免耕?深耕、深松?旋耕、免耕?免耕处理显著增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤有效磷含量, 而深松?免耕处理显著增加冬小麦开花期和收获期0~20 cm土层土壤有效磷含量, 整个周年内对照在20~40 cm土层土壤的有效磷含量均最低。深松?免耕处理增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤速效钾含量, 而深松?免耕、免耕?免耕处理20~40 cm土层土壤速效钾含量在夏玉米苗期、大口期、开花期和灌浆期显著高于对照处理。深松?旋耕和深松?免耕处理显著增加夏玉米?冬小麦周年籽粒产量, 增幅分别为7.67%和10.21%。综上所述, 在秸秆全量还田基础上, 深松?旋耕和深松?免耕能够改善土壤有机碳和养分状况, 显著提高周年作物产量, 可作为黄淮区砂姜黑土农田相对适宜的周年耕作方式。     

AUTOMATIC MESH-GENERATING ALGORITHM IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS

This paper presents two kinds of algorithms for generating the meshes automatically in three-dimensional finite element analysis. The method can be used in analysing those components configured by three-dimensional solidity, multi-connective regions and rotary shell with arbitrary generatrix. In the end, two examples demonstrated are given.     

Finite Element Analysis of the Contact Stress of the Rotary Hinge in the Rigid Frame Arch Bridge Constructed in a Vertically Downward Rotating Manner

Rotary hinges are temporary joints connecting arch ribs with the abutments of rigid frame arch bridges during the vertically downward rotating construction process.We probed the mechanical properties of a rotary hinge.Its stress distribution was simulated in contact FEM during the vertically downward rotating construction of a rigid frame arch bridge.The results show that nearly the entire structure of the rotary hinge is in a low-stress state with only a minor area in a high-stress state.By strengthening some local structures,rotary hinge construction security could be satisfied by its mechanical properties during vertically downward rotating construction.     

秸秆条带还田对东北春玉米产量、土壤水氮及根系分布的影响

为探讨秸秆条带还田对东北春玉米产量的影响, 及其与土壤水氮及根系空间分布的关系, 2015年和2016年在辽宁铁岭开展田间试验, 设置垄间旋耕+秸秆还田(RR+S)、垄间旋耕(RR)、隔行垄间旋耕+秸秆还田(IR+S)和隔行垄间旋耕(IR) 4种处理方式。结果表明, 与不还田处理相比, RR+S和IR+S分别增产6.7%和8.2%, 其穗粒数、收获指数均显著增加, 但千粒重差异不显著; RR+S和IR+S处理较RR和IR处理, 30~60 cm土层土壤水分含量提高7.8%和6.1%, 0~30 cm土层土壤全氮含量平均增加6.9%和4.5%。秸秆还田处理较秸秆不还田处理玉米根长密度增加29.4%和22.7%, 其中30~60 cm土层达到显著水平, 根冠比降低21.0%和32.3%, 水分利用效率提高7.8%和7.0%。垄间与隔行垄间处理间水氮空间分布存在明显差异, 垄间处理(RR+S和RR)的土壤水、氮在空间上呈“植株中心两侧含量对称分布”状态, 而隔行垄间处理(IR+S和IR)则呈“植株中心两侧含量不对称分布”状态。说明秸秆条带还田(RR+S和IR+S)通过优化耕层土壤结构及土壤水氮分布, 显著提高了水分利用效率和籽粒产量, 但水氮空间分布对产量未产生直接影响。此外, 干旱年份(2015年)秸秆条带还田的增产效果更为显著, 为东北春玉米高产高效和秸秆综合利用提供有益的借鉴。