Producing Salmonella-free pigs: a review focusing on interventions at weaning

Salmonella infection in pig production is typically endemic and largely asymptomatic. It is a cause of substantial concern among food safety bodies, prompting voluntary and legislative responses aimed at monitoring and reducing the number of Salmonella-infected animals entering the human food chain. Elimination of the problem at an early stage of production is highly desirable, and to this end the present review examines published evidence on the carriage of Salmonella by piglets before and after weaning, as well as evidence on the dynamics of Salmonella infection in the weaner and grower stages of pig production, the effects of maternal immunity, and risk factors for Salmonella excretion after weaning. Various interventions to reduce or eliminate Salmonella infection in young pigs have been tried, such as vaccination, competitive exclusion, treatments in feed and water, antibiotic administration, disinfection of animals, and segregated weaning to clean accommodation. The evidence on the effectiveness of these is considered, and the last is examined in some detail, as it appears currently to offer the best chance of eliminating Salmonella from growing stock.     

Studies on orthoreoviruses isolated from young turkeys. I. Isolation and characterization

Four virus isolates were recovered from the intestinal tracts of turkey poults with diarrhea, abnormal feathering, stunted growth, and increased mortality. The isolates were clone-purified and characterized according to cytopathic effect (CPE) in chicken embryo kidney cells, size, morphology, physicochemical properties, and replicative cycle. The isolates were identified as members of the family Reoviridae, genus Orthoreovirus.     

Studies on the effect of concurrent infections of Ascaridia dissimilis and Eimeria meleagrimitis in turkeys.

The effects of concurrent infections of Ascaridia dissimilis and Eimeria meleagrimitis in turkeys were studied in two separate trials. In the first trial, newly larvated ova were used to inoculate poults 7 or 3 days before, on the same day as, or 3 days after the poults received E. meleagrimitis. Poults receiving the A. dissimilis 3 days before, on the same day as, or 3 days after receiving E. meleagrimitis had significantly lower total oocyst production than the E. meleagrimitis-positive control. In the second trial, larvated ova that were approximately 100 days old were used in the same regimen. In this trial, poults that were inoculated with A. dissimilis 3 days before or 3 days after receiving the E. meleagrimitis produced significantly fewer oocysts than poults inoculated simultaneously with both parasites. Poults inoculated with A. dissimilis 3 days before receiving E. meleagrimitis also had significantly fewer third-stage nematodes than the A. dissimilis-positive controls. There were no significant differences in weight gain between treatments in either trial.     

局限曲霉产β-葡聚糖酶发酵培养基和发酵条件的优化

通过对局限曲霉(QY-00305)发酵培养基和发酵条件的研究,得出其最佳培养基配方为(100ml):大麦粉1.5g,(NH4)2SO40.5g,NaNO30.4g,Na2HPO4·12H2O0.25g,FeSO4·7H2O0.03g,CaCO30.5g,Tween800.15ml;其最佳培养条件为:发酵初始pH为8.5,发酵温度为34℃,500ml三角瓶的装液量为80ml(摇床转速为200r/min),菌体的接种量为7%(孢子悬液的浓度为1.25×106),发酵周期为84h。在最佳培养基和最优发酵条件下,每毫升发酵培养基酶活力达1300.52U,大约是初始设计培养基的3倍。     

鸭坦布苏病毒病灭活疫苗(HB株)免疫产生期和持续期的试验

评价鸭坦布苏病毒病灭活疫苗(HB株)免疫16日龄北京鸭的效力、免疫产生期和持续期。利用实验室制备的3批鸭坦布苏病毒病灭活疫苗(201401、201402和201403批),以0.5 mL/只的剂量分别经肌肉或皮下注射途径免疫16日龄DTMUV抗体阴性北京鸭,首次免疫后14 d按照同样的剂量和途径进行二次免疫。分别于首免后14 d,二次免疫后7、14、42、60d和100 d采血分离血清,用ELISA方法检测抗体。采血后以0.5 mL/只含500 DID50的剂量经胸部肌肉注射鸭坦布苏病毒进行攻毒,攻毒后2 d采血,分离血清进行病毒分离。3个批次疫苗免疫16日龄北京鸭,二次免疫后7 d均可检测到血清抗体,至60 d检测时抗体阳性率在80%以上。三批疫苗二次免疫后7 d即对试验鸭产生保护,保护率可达到60%以上,其中皮下注射途径的免疫持续期为60 d,肌肉注射途径的免疫持续期为100 d。鸭坦布苏病毒病灭活疫苗对16日龄北京鸭采用二次免疫的程序可获得良好的保护效果,胸部肌肉注射途径优于皮下注射途径。     

Pododermatitis in turkeys

Severe pododermatitis is a common lesion in turkeys, unlike in broiler chickens. Both dietary factors (soybean meal, biotin, methionine) and poor litter conditions (wet litter) are documented etiologies of footpad lesions. In the United States and United Kingdom both farm managers and processors monitor lesions. The United Kingdom reports an average footpad relative score higher than that of the United States. In both countries, incidence in toms is higher than in hens. There is no significant difference by country. Data support no consistent association with other lesions (i.e., breast blisters or condemnations), breed, or performance parameters (i.e., weight gain or age). The litter type used in the United Kingdom is either straw or wood shavings, whereas in the United States producers predominantly use wood shavings. In the United Kingdom, diets are formulated with a higher protein, which affects the excreta and subsequent litter conditions. British United Turkey is the predominate breed in the United Kingdom. In the United States, three breeds, British United Turkey of America, hybrid, and Nicholas, are common. Recent research has demonstrated the association between biotin levels and pododermatitis. Factors associated with pododermatitis (such as production systems, wet litter, and stocking density) are discussed. There are some indications that increased stocking density is associated with pododermatitis lesions. Further research is needed to identify what management factors are associated with pododermatitis.     

Studies on the use of a long-acting oxytetracycline in turkeys: serum levels and tissue residues following injection

Forty 6-week-old large white commercial turkeys were injected subcutaneously with a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation (69 mg/lb). The turkeys were divided into four groups of 10 birds each, and the birds in each group were bled twice at different times between 4 and 144 hours postinjection (PI) to determine serum levels of oxytetracycline. Two additional groups of turkeys were also given the long-acting oxytetracycline formulation mixed with either neomycin or a bacterin for Pasteurella multocida to determine if either of these compounds interfered with absorption of the oxytetracycline. Serum levels of oxytetracycline were 5.38 micrograms/ml, 1.59 microgram/ml, and 0.93 microgram/ml at 24, 48, and 72 hours PI, respectively, following an average dose of 69 mg/lb of body weight. These levels are all considered therapeutic. There appeared to be no interference with absorption of oxytetracycline when mixed with either neomycin or the bacterin. Tissue residues of oxytetracycline in the muscle, liver, and kidney were within tolerance levels by 3 weeks PI.     

火鸡出血性肠炎

出血性肠炎(HE)是幼龄火鸡的一种急性病毒性疾病,特征是突然发病,血便,死亡率不定,通常为高死亡率,还可以引起免疫抑制。血液从泄殖腔流出(图1),可在粪便中见到新鲜血液或黑粪症(图2)。     

Haemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys

出血性肠炎(HE)是幼龄火鸡的一种急性病毒性疾病,特征是突然发病,血便,死亡率不定,通常为高死亡率,还可以引起免疫抑制.血液从泄殖腔流出(图1),可在粪便中见到新鲜血液或黑粪症(图2).     

火鸡养殖管理技术

由于火鸡具有草食性,在南方山区发展具有一定的经济意义.贵州省属西南山区,气候温和,雨量充沛,饲草资源丰富,发展草食畜禽具有一定的优越条件,从1983年起我所先后从北京、广西等地引进美国尼古拉斯大型白羽火鸡、法国倍蒂纳火鸡、广西青铜火鸡,进行孵化、舍饲、半舍饲半放牧驯化饲养观察、杂交优势利用及当地适应性饲养研究,取得一定的经验,现介绍如下.     

Observations on Alcaligenes faecalis infection in turkeys

Experiments were initiated to study the pathogenicity of 5 Alcaligenes faecalis isolates in specific-pathogen-free poults. The isolates were recovered from commercial flocks suffering from a respiratory disease. There were no differences between cultural or biochemical characteristics of the isolates, but differences in antibiotic sensitivity were detected. All 5 isolates were capable of initiating a respiratory disease in poults similar to that seen in the early stages of turkey coryza. The infection, clinical signs, and lesions were limited to the upper part of the respiratory tract, but there were substantial differences in the severity of disease initiated by different isolates. There were also differences in the persistence of infection in the host. Secondary infections in the tracheas and sinuses were higher in poults infected with A. faecalis. The disease observed in the experimentally infected birds was milder than in 4 naturally infected flocks that also had complicating Escherichia coli infections. There was no evidence of infection with infectious bursal disease virus in 4 naturally occurring outbreaks in Ohio. It is proposed that the term turkey coryza be used to describe the disease initiated by A. faecalis.