武警部队车辆装备远程维修系统的维修平台设计

武警部队车辆装备远程维修平台作为车辆装备远程维修系统的重要组成部分,对提高车辆装备维修保障能力的作用不可估量.围绕武警部队车辆装备远程维修平台的设计.对维修平台的结构、软硬件组成和功能组成提出了设想.     

虚拟维修技术在武警部队车辆装备维修中的应用研究

虚拟维修是虚拟现实技术在维修领域的具体应用。阐述了虚拟维修技术在武警部队应用的必要性,讨论了虚拟维修的关键技术,探讨了虚拟维修技术在武警部队车辆装备维修中的应用,最后进行了展望并提出建议。     

农业部将举办农机与技能人才培训活动

为加强农机技能人才培养，农业部决定于3月中旬至4月中旬开展农机高技能人才培训活动．重点对农机专业合作社、农机大户和农机教育培训机构的维修和师资人员进行培训。     

丰城市:举办培训班为农机手“加油充电”

正"最近的培训真是没白参加,通过专家现场实物讲解,掌握了不少常见农业机械故障的辨别与维修方面的技术。"这是一名农机手的心声。近日,江西省丰城市农机局积极落实各项农机惠民政策,加大农机培训力度,不断提高农民农机使用、维修方面的知识与技能。为了加大培训力度,不断提高农民掌握农机使用与维修方面的知识与技能,丰城农机局举办了阳光工程农机维修人员培训班,全市200多名农机手进行农机维修实际技能阳光     

搞好农机维修技工技术培训

随着农业机械和农用运输车辆的大幅度增加,农机具维修量猛增,伴随从事农机维修职业人员也不断增多,由于技术能力的悬殊,行业竞争也相当激烈,也为农机维修技工职业技能培训提供了有利条件。然而,有不少从事农机维修的人员是从师学徒时间不长半路出家的,应有的理论知识和技术素质差,有的职业道德差一些专项维修点人员也不具备专     

福田雷沃三大举措护航三夏

举措一:售后服务培训一体化提升人员作业能力为切实保障今年三夏服务开展的顺利与高效,向终端提供技术全面的服务技术人员,福田雷沃重工先后组织对公司600名专职服务技术人员进行了产品理论知识及实践维修技能的培训,并对服务人员进行了技能考试,对考试合格的服务人员颁发《雷沃农业装备产品维修资格证书》,以此来保证三夏所需要高技能服务人才保质、保量、按时到位。同时,为使网络服务资源发挥最大效能,各服务资源之间高效协同,福田雷沃重工对终端服务网络人员进行了综合服务技能培训,在服务作业期间,福田雷沃重工将根据地域作业时间差异,跨区域、跨单位统筹调配终端服务网络服务人员参与到各大模块的服务作业中去,从而保证服务效率最大化。据了解,今年福     

车用柴油发动机故障人工经验诊断方法研究

通过对车用柴油发动机故障现象、诊断原则和主要方法的分析,阐述了通过人工经验诊断柴油发动机故障的基本技巧,为柴油机使用维修人员在遇到柴油机故障时,缩短查找故障的时间,及时地排除故障,提供了行之有效的技术措施。     

虚拟现实技术在数控机床装调与维修培训中的应用

随着科学技术的不断发展,虚拟现实技术在各行业中得到了广泛应用。将虚拟现实技术应用于数控机床的调装与维修培训中可大幅降低培训难度,有效提升操作人员的技能水平。通过分析虚拟现实技术的特点与优势,提出了虚拟现实技术在数控机床装调与维修培训中的应用策略,以期为培训模式的改革提供一定参考。     

汽车维修方面存在的问题及解决对策

随着科技的不断发展以及人民生活水平的不断提升,汽车已经变成了大部分家庭中的必需品。而伴随车辆数量的急剧增加,许多的问题也开始涌现,如车辆维修等,这早已变成了社会中争相讨论的话题。文章首先分析了当前汽车维修方面存在的问题,如维修水平比较低下、维修方法比较滞后、缺少支撑,之后针对这些问题提出了一些解决对策,如引进先进的维修方式、提供维修中介服务、重视技能培训与资历认证等,希望可以为汽车维修领域的发展奠定良好的基础,并起到借鉴的作用。     

高青5000农民乐享农机实用技术培训“大餐”

高青县农机局紧密结合当地实际，以农民急需的新技术、新机具为重点，多形式、多内容地开展了以新技术推广、保护性耕作、经济作物、农机营销与维修、农机驾驶操作人员岗位技能培训和农机化适用技术人才培训为主要内容的农机化教育培训活动，取得了明显成效。     

Possible utilization of high-salinity waters and application of low amounts of water for production of the halophyte Kochia scoparia as alternative fodder in saline agroecosystems

Production of halophytes using saline waters and soils and feeding them to livestock is one of the most sustainable methods of conservation in desert ecosystems, in addition to accomplishing food production for the people living in these areas. Therefore, to study the possibility of irrigating Kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad) with minimum quantities of highly saline water for use as a fodder crop in arid environments stretching across saline waters, two experiments were carried out in the Research Farm of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. In the salinity experiments, two populations of Kochia, including the Sabzevar and Indian genotypes, were irrigated with ground water having electrical conductivity (EC) of 5, 15, and 20 dS m⁻¹. In the irrigation-treatment experiments, two local populations of Kochia, including Sabzevar and Borujerd, were subjected to four irrigation regimes as follows: complete irrigation (100%), 80%, 60%, and 40% of the water requirements using a saline ground water with EC = 5 dS m⁻¹. Because, the Indian genotype is preferred as an ornamental plant, it is not suitable for increased dry-matter production under high-salinity irrigation water compared to the local genotype (Sabzevar), which is suitable for forage. The Sabzevar genotype produced a large amount of dry matter (7530 kg ha⁻¹), even when irrigated with 20 dS m⁻¹ saline water. The best time for harvesting Kochia for fresh feeding is at the end of flowering (88 days after sowing or DAS), when the biomass is relatively high (6500 kg ha⁻¹) and the leaf-to-shoot ratio, as a quality index, is approximately 50%. The highest green-area index was observed at 15 dS m⁻¹ and decreased at high levels of salinity. Photosynthesis and transpiration rate did not decline significantly with increasing external salinity four weeks after salinization, but increased in both genotypes at 15 dS m⁻¹, indicating that the salinity-tolerance threshold of Kochia for both photosynthesis and transpiration reduction is above this salinity level. The Indian genotype also showed a very low seed yield (210 kg ha⁻¹) at low levels of salinity, whereas Sabzevar produced 1120 kg ha⁻¹ seed under the same conditions. Different irrigation regimes had a significant effect on the biomass and seed production of Kochia. The highest forage yield was obtained from complete irrigation, with 11.1 Mg ha⁻¹ dry material. Sabzevar local population represented a better performance in terms of all characteristics, except accumulation of inflorescence dry matter, and no significant effects were recorded. In conclusion, Kochia's high foliage production capacity in the presence of salinity and limited irrigation make this plant suitable for use as an alternative forage crop in harsh environmental conditions. There is a wide range of intraspecific variation in K. scoparia, but more investigation is needed to introduce it as a cash crop.     

Evaluation of a crop water stress index for irrigation scheduling of bermudagrass

This study was conducted to assess crop water stress index (CWSI) of bermudagrass used widely on the recreational sites of the Mediterranean Region and to study the possibilities of utilization of infrared thermometry to schedule irrigation of bermudagrass. Four different irrigation treatments were examined: 100% (I₁), 75% (I₂), 50% (I₃), and 25% (I₄) of the evaporation measured in a Class A pan. In addition, a non-irrigated treatment was set up to determine CWSI values. The status of soil water content and pressure was monitored using a neutron probe and tensiometers. Meanwhile the canopy temperature of bermudagrass was measured with the infrared thermometry. The empirical method was used to compute the CWSI values. In this study, the visual quality of bermudagrass was monitored seasonally using a color scale. The best visual quality was obtained from I₁ and I₂ treatments. Average seasonal CWSI values were determined as 0.086, 0.102, 0.165, and 0.394 for I₁, I₂, I₃, and I₄ irrigation treatments, respectively, and 0.899 for non-irrigated plot. An empirical non-linear equation, Qave=1+⌊6[1+(4.853 CWSIave)^2.27]^−0.559⌋$Q_{\text{ave}}=1+⌊6{[1+{(4.853\text{CWS}{\text{I}}_{\text{ave}})}^{2.27}]}^{-0.559}⌋$, was deduced by fitting to measured data to find a relation between quality and average seasonal CWSI values. It was concluded that the CWSI could be used as a criterion for irrigation timing of bermudagrass. An acceptable color quality could be sustained seasonally if the CWSI value can be kept about 0.10.     

Comparison and sensitivity of measurement techniques for spatial distribution of soil salinity

In Khorezm, a district of Uzbekistan situated in the Aral Sea Basin, soil salinization is an important driver of soil degradation in irrigated agriculture. The main objective of this study was to identify techniques that enable rapid estimation of soil salinity. Therefore, bulk electrical conductivity of the soil (EC_a-meas) was measured with three different devices (2P, 4P, and CM-138) and electrical conductivity of the soil paste (EC_p-meas) was measured with the so-called 2XP device. These measurements were compared with independent estimates of EC_a-calc and EC_p-calc based on laboratory measurements of the saturated extract, EC_e, of soil samples from the same sites. Soil salinity could be assessed satisfactorily with all four devices. EC_p-meas could be well reproduced by the 2XP device (R ² = 0.76), whereas EC_a-meas estimates using 2P, 4P, and CM-138 in the field were less accurate (R ² < 0.50). The sensitivity of all devices to the main ions Cl⁻ and Ca^{2 +} suggests that the measuring principles are similar for all instruments. The devices can therefore be used interchangeably. Field assessment of soil salinity was considerably enhanced by the use of CM-138, because large areas can be quickly assessed, which may be desirable in spite of the lower accuracy.     

Evaluation of the utilization of heated sewage sludge for peri-urban horticulture production in the Sahel of West Africa

Shortage of organic matter hinders agricultural production in the Sahel, and this lack of enough organic matter is more severe for peri-urban horticulture, which depends heavily on it. Alternative sources of organic matter that offer new options for peri-urban horticulture can help reduce the potential for conflict over finite resources between traditional crop production and peri-urban horticulture. Both agronomic and economic evaluations of an organic amendment called heated sewage sludge (HSS) were conducted in the research station of International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)-Niamey, Niger, West Africa. For this study, HSS, a material imported from Japan, applied at a dosage application equivalent to 20.0 kg 100 m⁻² on lettuce fields led to production levels as high as those of conventional methods, and the yield became even higher than those of conventional methods when the dosage was increased to 50.0 kg 100 m⁻² and 100.0 kg 100 m⁻². Even though HSS was imported, its benefits outweighed its cost, as evidenced by the positive net returns. Since profitability in peri-urban horticulture is much higher than that of traditional crop production, the results of this study imply that if adopted, the use of HSS can lead to increased availability of organic matter for traditional cropping systems.     

Regulation of irrigation canals

This article suggests and defines a characterisation of irrigation canal regulation methods, based on four criteria: considered variables (controlled, measured, and control action variables), logic of control, design method (structure and technique) and field implementation (configuration and device). Depending on the chosen criterion and partition rule, different classifications can be built from this characterisation. In conclusion, a structured characterisation table of the main published canal regulation methods is presented.Abbreviations ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers - CACG Compagnie d'Aménagement des Coteaux de Gascogne - CARA Compagnie d'Aménagement Rural d'Aquitaine - CARDD Canal Automation for Rapid Demand Deliveries - CEMAGREF Centre National du Machinisme Agricole, du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts - CNABRL Compagnie Nationale d'Aménagement du Bas — Rhône Languedoc - ELFLO Electronic Filter and Level Offset - FB Feedback or closed — loop control - FB _dn Feedback or closed-loop downstream control - FB _mi Feedback or closed-loop mixed control - FB _up Feedback or closed-loop upstream control - FF Feedforward or open-loop control - GPC Generalised Predictive Control - LQR Linear Quadratic Regulator - MIMO Multiple Inputs, Multiple Outputs - nI mO n Inputs, m Outputs - P Perturbation - P Estimation of perturbations - PID Proportional, Integral, Derivative Controller - PIR Contrôleur Proportionnel, Intégral, Retard (PI Delay controller) - Q Discharge in the canal - Q _dn Downstream discharge in the canal - Q _in Intermediate discharge in the canal - Q _up Upstream discharge in the canal - SCP Société du Canal de Provence - SISO Single Input, Single Output - U Control action variable - V Volume in a canal pool - V Elementary control action variable - w Regulator gate opening - Y Controlled variable - Y _c Target controlled variable - y Water elevation - y _dn Downstream water elevation of the pool (therefore upstream of a regulator) - y _in Intermediate water elevation in the pool - y _up Upstream water elevation of the pool (therefore downstream of a regulator) - Z Measured variable     

移栽期对毕纳1号烟草气候斑病发生及生长的影响

为探明毕纳1号烟草最适移栽期,研究移栽期对烟草气候斑病的发生和生长的影响。结果表明:适宜的移栽期有利于减轻毕纳1号烟草气候斑病的发生,可改善毕纳1号烟草农艺性状、提高烟叶叶绿素含量,并在一定程度上间接提高烟株抗病性;其中4月27日移栽综合表现最佳,移栽后60 d发病率和病情指数分别为20.10%和2.67,较其他2个移栽期分别显著(P<0.05)降低9.66%～12.12%和1.30～1.61。该结果为毕纳1号烟草适时移栽和气候斑病综合防控提供了技术参考。     

Effect of irrigation uniformity on the profitability of crops

There are numerous models capable of simulating crop behavior under different water stress conditions. However, none of them takes into account the effect of irrigation water uniformity on yield. The model developed simulates the uniformity effect on yield and the repercussion on gross margin (GM). The application of the model to a maize crop in Albacete (Spain) indicates that for the same irrigation depth, an increase in uniformity of water in the soil (CU) corresponds to a 4% increase in yield for the common irrigation strategy in the area, and a 6.8% increase in yield for the optimal irrigation schedule established by the model. Values of percentage of adequately irrigated area (a) between 50 and 80% appear to be adequate for values of CU > 80%. This effect has special relevance on the GM mainly when designing the irrigation strategy of areas with limited water resources. This leads to improvement of CU from 75 to 95% for the common irrigation depth applied to maize and may increase GM up to 27%. For small irrigation depths, the effect of CU on GM is reduced. The maximum GM is reached at ET_a/ET_m < 1 and a <100%. The paper also describes a methodology for determining the most suitable irrigation schedule under regulated deficit irrigation conditions.     

Sensitivity analysis and field testing of the RISK-N model in the Central Valley of Chile

We present the results from a sensitivity analysis and a preliminary short-term, site-scale performance assessment of the analytical soil and groundwater nitrate transport RISK-N. The study was carried out in the Central Valley of Chile, on a 2.6 ha corn (Zea mays L.) field underlain by a shallow unconfined aquifer during the cropping season 2000–2001. Nitrogen levels in soils as well as NO₃⁻–N irrigation water and groundwater concentrations were monitored through the crop-growing period, the latter by a network of 16 monitoring wells. A sensitivity analysis shows that both the nitrate flux from the vadose zone and NO₃⁻–N groundwater concentration are mainly influenced by the initial soil nitrogen levels, water input, and soil porosity. Also, simulated groundwater NO₃⁻–N levels are sensitive to changes on the saturated zone denitrification constant. An additional analysis further reveals the significance of the latter parameter, in conjunction with the amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer. We obtained a good agreement between observed average and simulated values. While the model performs well when spatially averaged values are used (root mean square error, RMSE = 1.4 mg l⁻¹ of NO₃⁻–N), the prediction error increases (RMSE = 1.9 mg l⁻¹ of NO₃⁻–N) when the concentration in each well is considered. This fact could be explained by the time and space scale of the experiment and the characteristics of the RISK-N model. The model is easy to use and seems appropriate for mid- and long-term studies of nitrogen contamination in groundwater for agricultural conditions in the Central Valley of Chile and under limited field data availability conditions. However, it needs to be tested for longer periods and under different climatic conditions, soil types, and aquifer characteristics, before its range of applicability can be fully established and recognized.     

烟草破膜自动定位方法及比较

对烟苗种植过程中需要人工破膜提出了机械自动化破膜,为实现机械自动化破膜提出3种自动定位烟苗方法,利用双立目视觉机器采取信息图像进行定位破膜;采用3D激光扫描对烟苗进行信息采集定位以及利用精准农业这套整体测控系统全方面定位对这三种方法进行了阐述,并在实际烟草种植破膜过程中对3种方法的优缺点进行比较。     

Improvement of FAO-56 method for olive orchards through sequential assimilation of thermal infrared-based estimates of ET

The aim of this study is to use the FAO-56-based single crop coefficient approach to estimate actual evapotranspiration (AET) of an olive (Olea europaea L.) orchard in the Mediterranean semi arid region of Tensift-basin (central Morocco) during two consecutive growing seasons (2003 and 2004). The results showed that using crop coefficients K_c suggested by FAO-56 method yielded an AET overestimation by about 18% when compared against eddy covariance measurements. Therefore, the determination of appropriate K_c values is required to accurately estimate crop water requirement of olive orchards in such water scarce area.In this study, after applying the K_c values derived over olive orchard in Spain by Pastor and Orgaz [Pastor, M., Orgaz, F., 1994. Riego deficitario del olivar: los programas de recorte de riego en olivar. Agricultura 746, 768-776 (in Spanish)], a better agreement was observed between measured and simulated AET. The root mean square error (RMSE) was reduced by about 28%, from 0.80 to 0.61 mm/day for 2003 and from 0.93 to 0.69 mm/day for 2004. The used K_c values of olives at three crop growth stages (initial, mid-season and maturity) were 0.65, 0.45, and 0.65, respectively, the mid-season stage value being considerably lower than that suggested by the FAO-56.Despite these improvements in the performance of AET simulations, some discrepancies between measured and simulated AET remained, especially when water stress occurred. These discrepancies were ascribed to the estimation of the stress coefficient K_c To overcome this problem, we assimilated into FAO-56 single source model estimates of AET derived from a simple energy balance model along with thermal infrared observations. The latter were collected with the ASTER sensor in 2003 and from ground-based measurements in 2004. The results showed a clear improvement for FAO-56 performances after assimilation: for 2003 and 2004, the RMSE values between observations and simulations, respectively, dropped down from 0.61 to 0.52 and from 0.69 to 0.46 (corresponding to relative reductions of 15 and 40%, respectively).