中亚热带防护林群落分类研究

为了对防护林类型的本质和防护能力有个全面的认识和了解，运用系统聚类、主成分等方法，对27个现有防护林的生态经济特性进行了详细的研究比较。提出了林分部分的生态特性可以分成4个组合类群；林地土壤的生态经济特性也可以分成4个组合类群；防护林类型、林分类型和林地土壤类型3个不同层次水平上的组合类群之问有较密切的联系，但又有较大的离散性。     

林地土壤侵蚀程度分类及判别研究

利用模糊聚类分析对我省22个现有防护林林地土壤的侵蚀程度进行了分类，揭示了林地土壤侵蚀程度的规律性；并且引用了多级分辨，建立了现有防护林林地土壤的中度侵蚀、轻度侵蚀、微量侵蚀的选择模型。     

“三峡库区防护林体系营建技术”成果简介

一、技术关键、主要技术经济指标 ,与国内外同类技术的比较和获奖情况　根据三峡库区自然条件、社会经济条件及水土流失特点 ,提出了三峡库区防护林体系的构成 ,并从森林分布不同海拔的角度进行了三峡库区防护林体系的林种布局。依据地带性热量、干湿、地貌等大尺度地域分异规律 ,以土壤质量和容量因素作为立地类型划分的主要依据 ,采用综合多因素分析基础上的主导因子法 ,将三峡库区划分为 1个立地区域、3个立地区、9个立地类型小区、35个立地类型组及 131个立地类型。以此为基础 ,提出了三峡库区防护林体系建设途径、三峡库区防护林营造林…     

苍梧珠江生态经济型防护林体系布局与结构配置研究

以生态经济学理论为基础,遵循科学性和实用性的原则,并以自然环境差异、土地利用类型、水土流失特征、生态经济功能差异和主要功能为依据,在充分调查研究的基础上,建立苍梧县生态经济型防护林体系3级的分类系统即体系——类型——林种,并将其分为3种类型、19个林种,确定各防护林类型和林种的配置范围和功能;提出具有珠江流域南亚热带季风气候区生态经济特色的防护林骨干布局、片区布局、网络布局的技术方案,为苍梧县珠江生态经济型防护林体系空间结构建设提供了科学依据;提出各区典型林种配置模式19个以及各模式的林种配置范围、防护功能、适宜树种和优良林分模式等,为生态经济型防护林体系结构配置提供具体的操作技术。     

苍梧县珠江生态经济型防护林体系的优良造林树种选择研究

位于广西东部珠江水系区的苍梧县珠江生态经济型防护林体系的优良造林树种选择研究,是根据树种的生物学、生态学特性,并以构成其防护林体系的防护林、用材林、经济林、薪炭林各林种的功能需求特征为依据,在充分遵循其树种优化选择原则的基础上,采用层次分析法对各林种功能作用所需求的要素,按其层次分解为不同的组成因素,并按因素间的相互联系、影响及其隶属关系进行组合,形成一个多层的分析结构模型,即树种优化选择的评价模型,用指标层相对于控制层（目标层）的重要性权重来确定营建该防护林体系待选的56个树种的优劣次序,明确了不同林种对其造林树种选择诸因素（依据）间的权重问题,评选出了适合苍梧县营造珠江生态经济型防护林体系的优良造林树种,为营建其最大综合效能的珠江生态经济型防护林体系的优良树种选择提供了科学依据。     

防护林体系的树种选择与混交类型

为配合我区防护林体系的建设,根据各地生产经验和我们工作的体会,将防林体系的造林设计作一简要介绍。 防护林体系是由好几个林种的有机组合构而成的。造林设计的内容和方法,就是造林树种的选择、混交类型、整地方式、改良土壤措施、造林方法、造林密度和幼林抚育管理等技术措施的确定,让造林单位施工使用。     

柏本低效防护林改造续期生境特点与土壤理水功能评价

柏本低效防护林改造续期生境特点与土壤理水功能评价周兰英，邓玉林（四川农业大学林学园艺学院）１前言生境是某地段森林类型各种自然因子的总和，包括气候、地形、地势、土壤、植被和生物因子等。对生境特点进行对比分析，同时分析防护林地土壤理水功能变化，目的在于充...     

黑龙江省半干旱区防护林内主要气象因子观测初报

对齐齐哈尔(沙壤土区)、杜蒙(风沙土区)、青冈(黑土区)等3个代表黑龙江省半干旱区典型地点防护林区内7、8、9月主要气象因子(气温、气湿、风速、降雨量等)及土壤入渗率情况进行了定期观测,结果表明:3个月份平均气温杜蒙>齐齐哈尔>青冈,气湿为青冈>齐齐哈尔>杜蒙,风速为杜蒙>齐齐哈尔>青冈,土壤入渗率为杜蒙>齐齐哈尔>青冈,揭示了黑龙江省半干旱区防护林内不同土壤类型之间主要气象因子的变化特征及规律,为半干旱区防护林功能评价提供了重要依据。     

广东省防护林建设现状及其营建技术探讨

防护林是广东省生态公益林体系的重要组成部分。经过多年的建设,广东省防护林体系已初步构成了南粤区域生态安全屏障。文章简述了广东省防护林建设类型、现状,重点介绍了防护林造林技术、树种选择等,并探讨了防护林建设中存在的一些问题。     

沂河银杏防护林水源涵养效益评价

试验地选择临沂沂河沿岸银杏防护林。此试验地的防护林主要是为了防御风沙、保护沂河河堤和防止沿岸土壤返盐而营建。森林涵养水源效益无法直接计算,需通过土壤蓄水能力(量)来计算,因此选取调查了此试验地生态防护林在不同林龄、密度下的土壤物理性质,分析在不同林龄和密度下各个物理性质的变化规律,尤其是土壤蓄水价值和森林净化水质价值的变化规律,评估其涵养水源价值。     

湘南丘陵区防护林体系建设配套技术研究与示范综合报告(一)——背景、方法与趋势

研究了“湘南丘陵防护林体系建设配套技术研究与示范”的目的意义 ,论述了以县为单元的防护林体系中林种、树种、林分结构优化以及防蚀保土型农林复合经营研究的重要性和必要性 ;强调了示范在提高县级防护林体系建设中技术显示度的积极作用。在分析研究资源、环境、社会特点和防护林建设现状的基础上 ,制定了试验与示范 ,定量与定性相结合的技术路线 ;根据技术路线 ,布设试验示范林 ,并编制了项目分解与研究流程图。依据国内外文献和检索资料 ,从防护林的效益、林种结构、林分类型及作用、农林复合经营及其水土保持作用等方面概述了研究的动态和趋势。为防蚀保土型农林复合经营的研究及防护林配套技术研究方案的制定提供了依据     

中山市7种林分类型土壤涵养水源效能的初步研究

以马尾松、湿地松、大叶相思、竹林、杉木、针阔混交林、阔叶林等7种林分为研究对象,研究了中山市不同林分类型的土壤贮水能力和土壤渗透性能。结果如下:7种林分类型0～100 cm土壤最大持水量平均值为562.7 mm,以大叶相思和阔叶林这两种阔叶林分为最大、在600 mm以上,而杉木、湿地松和马尾松等针叶林较小、在510～536 mm之间;针阔混交林和竹林居中。土壤的初渗速度15.78～39.50 mm/min,稳渗速度2.08～4.40 mm/min;土壤入渗过程的回归方程表现为幂函数形式,回归系数R值均大于0.95,方程拟合效果好。     

南亚热带桉树林和针阔混交林土壤及凋落物持水能力比较

以桉树林（第2代和第1代）和杉木针阔混交林（10～11 a和5～7 a生）为研究对象,探讨南亚热带4种试验林0～100 cm土层土壤及凋落物持水能力。结果表明,在0～100 cm土层,针阔混交林土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度均高于桉树林,而土壤非毛管孔隙度却显著低于桉树林（P＜0．05）,表明针阔混交林土壤中有效水的贮存容量高于桉树林。受土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度的影响,针阔混交林土壤最大持水量和毛管持水量显著高于桉树林（P＜0．05）。4种试验林田间持水量的差异不显著（P＞0．05）,说明4种试验林土壤保水能力基本一致。4种林分凋落物量表现为桉树林Ⅳ＞桉树林Ⅱ＞针阔混交林Ⅰ＞针阔混交林Ⅲ,桉树林凋落物最大持水量、最大拦蓄量和有效拦蓄量显著高于针阔混交林（P＜0．05）。     

陕南低山丘陵区防护林体系主要林种树种功能优化研究

陕南低山丘陵区是长江流域水土流失最为严重的区域之一。防护林体系是改善环境，恢复生态平衡的关键性措施。对陕南低山丘陵区防护林体系进行层次分析表明，本区防护林体系建设应以发展经济林为突破口，用材林，防护林，薪炭林并重，各林种的相对权值分别为４０．３３％、２３．５２％、２８．６１％和７．５４％。在树种选择上应首先考虑柑桔、桃、杏、马尾松、油松、华山杉、杉木、水杉、刺楸、樱桃、栎类、漆树、刺槐、杜仲、红椿     

不同经营模式的水源涵养林生态防护功能研究

在山西五台山研究了不同经营技术措施的水源涵养林的生态防护功能,研究结果表明：油松纯林的林冠截留率最大,桦木纯林的林冠截留率最小,针阔混交林林地的持水量较高,其次为阔叶林、人工针叶林,阔叶林地土壤入渗率较针阔混交林高;经过封禁和封育后的灌木林改良土壤的作用明显;抚育型的林木生长量比封育和封禁型的大。不同经营技术措施的水源涵养林的生态防护功能不同, 应根据具体的立地条件和林分结构以及植被类型选择不同的经营模式。     

汉源县加强天然林资源保护工程的对策措施

天然林是最稳定的生态系统,也是生物多样性的重要基因库。文章在总结汉源县天然林资源保护成效的基础上,分析了存在的森林管护、商品林采伐、公益林投资标准和经果林发展占用林地等问题,并提出了加强天然林资源保护工程的对策措施。     

Evaluating the benefit of avalanche protection forest with GIS-based risk analyses—A case study in Switzerland

The protection of people, buildings and infrastructure against natural hazards is one of the key functions of mountain forests. Since the protective function strongly depends on small-scale local conditions such as terrain and stand characteristics, spatially explicit evaluation methods are necessary to provide information required for an effective and cost-efficient forest management. Risk analyses are recognized as the best method for estimating the danger from various natural hazards. Currently, however, risk-based strategies are rarely addressed in the management of protection forest. We present and discuss a risk-based approach to evaluate the protective effect of mountain forests in a spatially explicit manner to demonstrate the advantages of future risk-based protection forest management. We illustrate the approach by performing a GIS-based risk analysis in the case study area ‘Bannwald of Andermatt’ (Switzerland) for a 300-year snow avalanche event. Classifying forest structures based on aerial photographs allowed developing different forest cover scenarios and modeling potential avalanche release areas within the forest. Potential avalanche release areas above the forest and the avalanche run-out distances under five different scenarios of forest cover were calculated by using a two-dimensional avalanche simulation model. We calculated the annual collective risk for each scenario and compared the change in risk to reveal the spatial distribution of the protective effect of the forest. Resulting risks differed strongly between forest cover change scenarios. An enlargement of an existing wind-disturbed area within lower parts of the slope resulted only in a slight increase of risk. In contrast, the effect of an unforested area in the upper parts of the observed forest more than doubled the risk. These results show how a risk-based approach can help to quantify and illustrate the impact of differences in forest cover on the protective effect of mountain forests. It is a promising approach to determine the economic value of protection forests and thus provide quantitative and qualitative information for cost-efficient forest maintenance planning. With regard to the achievements of research to date, the presented approach may serve as a valuable method to support decision-making in a future protection forest management.     

Improving the establishment submodel of a forest patch model to assess the long-term protective effect of mountain forests

Simulation models such as forest patch models can be used to forecast the development of forest structural attributes over time. However, predictions of such models with respect to the impact of forest dynamics on the long-term protective effect of mountain forests may be of limited accuracy where tree regeneration is simulated with little detail. For this reason, we improved the establishment submodel of the ForClim forest patch model by implementing a more detailed representation of tree regeneration. Our refined submodel included canopy shading and ungulate browsing, two important constraints to sapling growth in mountain forests. To compare the old and the new establishment submodel of ForClim, we simulated the successional dynamics of the Stotzigwald protection forest in the Swiss Alps over a 60-year period. This forest provides protection for an important traffic route, but currently contains an alarmingly low density of tree regeneration. The comparison yielded a significantly longer regeneration period for the new model version, bringing the simulations into closer agreement with the known slow stand dynamics of mountain forests. In addition, the new model version was applied to forecast the future ability of the Stotzigwald forest to buffer the valley below from rockfall disturbance. Two scenarios were simulated: (1) canopy shading but no browsing impact, and (2) canopy shading and high browsing impact. The simulated stand structures were then compared to stand structure targets for rockfall protection, in order to assess their long-term protective effects. Under both scenarios, the initial sparse level of tree regeneration affected the long-term protective effect of the forest, which considerably declined during the first 40 years. In the complete absence of browsing, the density of small trees increased slightly after 60 years, raising hope for an eventual recovery of the protective effect. In the scenario that included browsing, however, the density of small trees remained at very low levels. With our improved establishment submodel, we provide an enhanced tool for studying the impacts of structural dynamics on the long-term protective effect of mountain forests. For certain purposes, it is important that predictive models of forest dynamics adequately represent critical processes for tree regeneration, such as sapling responses to low light levels and high browsing pressure.     

Selecting and applying quantification models for ecosystem services to forest ecosystems in South Korea

There is growing interest in using ecosystem services to aid development of management strategies that target sustainability and enhance ecosystem support to humans. Challenges remain in the search for methods and indicators that can quantify ecosystem services using metrics that are meaningful in light of their high priorities. We developed a framework to link ecosystems to human wellbeing based on a stepwise approach. We evaluated prospective models in terms of their capacity to quantify national ecosystem services of forests. The most applicable models were subsequently used to quantify ecosystem services. The Korea Forest Research Institute model satisfied all criteria in its first practical use. A total of 12 key ecosystem services were identified. For our case study, we quantified four ecosystem functions, viz. water storage capacity in forest soil for water storage service, reduced suspended sediment for water purification service, reduced soil erosion for landslide prevention service, and reduced sediment yield for sediment regulation service. Water storage capacity in forest soil was estimated at 2142 t/ha, and reduced suspended sediment was estimated at 608 kg/ha. Reduced soil erosion was estimated at 77 m³/ha, and reduced sediment yield was estimated at 285 m³/ha. These results were similar to those reported by previous studies. Mapped results revealed hotspots of ecosystem services around protected areas that were particularly rich in biodiversity. In addition, the proposed framework illustrated that quantification of ecosystem services could be supported by the spatial flow of ecosystem services. However, our approach did not address challenges faced when quantifying connections between ecosystem indicators and actual benefits of services described.     

光泽县残次天然阔叶林改造试验

根据生态学原理,把天然更新和人工改造更新相结合,对光泽县林业试验场残次天然阔叶林进行改造,通过改造可很快地形成多树种的混交林,林木材积提高１１４．６％～２１８．６％,土壤物理性质比杉木纯林好,土壤蓄水量比杉木纯林提高８０．７％～９１．５％,有良好的生态经济效益,实践证明,残次天然阔叶林改造是加速培育森林资源的好途径。