副猪嗜血杆菌的分离鉴定及16S rRNA序列分析

从云南某规模化养猪场病猪肺脏分离到1株革兰氏阴性小杆菌,经细菌生化鉴定、PCR鉴定和16S rRNA序列比对鉴定为副猪嗜血杆菌。抗生素药物敏感试验结果表明,分离菌株对四环素、红霉素、氯霉素、头孢噻吩高敏;对庆大霉素、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星中敏;对磺胺甲唑耐药。16S rRNA分析结果表明,该分离株与GenBank中的Hps参考株AB078973(基因登录号)同源性为100%,将分离菌株鉴定为副猪嗜血杆菌。16S rRNA遗传进化关系表明,分离株与副猪嗜血杆菌3株血清5型参考株AB078972、AB078973、AB078974的16S rRNA序列位于一个分支上,遗传进化关系最近,它们之间的核苷酸同源性在99.0%~99.4%之间,初步鉴定为血清5型副猪嗜血杆菌,致病性试验结果表明,分离菌株对小白鼠有强致病性,命名为YN-1株。     

一株副猪嗜血杆菌的分离鉴定及其遗传进化分析

为确认导致甘肃省平凉市一农场猪群死亡的原因,采集病死猪不同组织样品进行检测,从病死猪的脏器组织中分离到1株革兰阴性杆菌,并对其进行生化鉴定、16S rRNA鉴定及遗传进化分析,同时进行分离菌的致病性试验、耐药性分析、V因子需要试验、"卫星现象"观察。结果表明:分离菌生化特性均符合副猪嗜血杆菌;其16S rRNA基因序列与Genbank中副猪嗜血杆菌株的同源性均高达99%。因此,将该分离菌鉴定为副猪嗜血杆菌,将其命名为PL2016。动物试验及耐药性试验表明,该分离菌具有较强的致病性和多重耐药性。16S rRNA遗传进化分析表明,该分离菌与副猪嗜血杆菌其他菌株具有很高的同源性,其核酸序列相似性高达99%以上。遗传进化分析表明,该分离菌的ompP2、sodA基因与副猪嗜血杆菌其他菌株具有很高的同源性,其核酸序列相似性高达95%以上。     

副猪嗜血杆菌江西株的分离鉴定及药敏试验

从江西省彭泽县某猪场出现咳嗽、呼吸困难、胸膜有化脓性纤维蛋白渗出物病变的病死猪中分离到4株革兰氏阴性细小杆菌,对其进行培养特性和生化特性鉴定;用副猪嗜血杆菌16S rRNA的特异性PCR引物,通过PCR技术可从分离菌中扩增出821 bp的特异基因片段,表明该分离菌株为副猪嗜血杆菌。药敏试验结果表明,4株分离菌对头孢唑啉高度敏感,对头孢哌酮、氯霉素等敏感,而对复方新诺明、青霉素G等有抵抗力。小白鼠攻毒试验结果显示4株分离株均有致病性。     

一例牛源马红球菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

本试验在1例患有呼吸系统疾病病牛鼻液中分离出1株革兰阳性杆菌。对其进行分离纯化、16S rRNA的PCR鉴定、动物致病性试验、细菌生化试验、药物敏感性试验、最小抑菌浓度（MIC）试验、系统进化树分析及毒力基因鉴定。结果表明：16S rRNA测序分离菌株基因序列与幼驹肺脏分离所得马红球菌（OM060449.1）基因相似度为98%;对苯唑西林、环丙沙星等具有高度敏感性;毒力基因检测可以检出该分离菌株含有VapA、VapC、VapD、VapE、VapF、VapG及VapH 7种高毒性毒力基因,具有强致病性。由此可见,该分离菌株是导致本次呼吸系统疾病发生的致病菌。     

副猪嗜血杆菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

对广东15个送检的疑似猪传染性副猪嗜血杆菌病的病猪样品,用TSA培养基进行细菌的分离,并对分离菌株进行细菌的形态观察、培养特性和生化试验鉴定,以及用副猪嗜血杆菌16S rRNA基因的特异性引物进行PCR鉴定。试验结果表明,有7株分离菌株扩增出了821 bp的特异性目的条带,结合形态观察、培养特性和生化试验鉴定,结果表明成功分离到了7株副猪嗜血杆菌;药敏试验结果显示,分离菌株对氨苄西林、多粘菌素、庆大霉素等药物较敏感。     

鹅源多杀性巴氏杆菌的分离鉴定与药物敏感性分析

为了鉴定引起雏鹅死亡病原,无菌采集肝、心、肺等病料组织进行细菌分离培养,通过分离培养、培养特性鉴定、形态学观察、生化试验、16 S rRNA PCR等方法进行鉴定。结果显示:分离菌株16 S rRNA基因序列与GenBank中公布的12株多杀性巴氏杆菌参考株的同源性在98%~100%之间,分离菌株为多杀性巴氏杆菌;动物回归试验结果表明,该菌具有致病性,且致病较强,对雏鹅的LD_(50)为3.16×10~6cfu/mL;PCR检测结果表明,分离菌株属于多杀性巴氏杆菌荚膜型A型,同时携带18个毒力基因;药敏试验结果显示,分离菌对恩诺沙星、丁胺卡那霉素、头孢曲松等11种药物高敏,对其他药物存在不同程度的敏感性。     

副猪嗜血杆菌的分离与鉴定

从福建省龙岩市l例临床症状、病理剖检变化疑似副猪嗜血杆菌病的患病猪的关节液中分离到1株革兰氏染色阴性可疑菌株,经卫星现象、生化鉴定等实验室诊断,进一步以副猪嗜血杆菌的16S rRNA基因设计特异性引物进行PCR鉴定,确定该分离菌为副猪嗜血杆菌。药敏试验结果表明,分离株对环丙沙星、卡那霉素、强力霉素、氨苄西林、阿米卡星、庆大霉素药物敏感;对泰妙菌素、诺氟沙星有抵抗力。     

14型副猪嗜血杆菌的分离鉴定及其致病性检测

为探究河南省某大型养猪场育肥猪发生疫情的原因,本研究从该猪场采集的病料样品中进行细菌分离,并对分离菌经革兰氏染色及电镜观察其形态、16S rRNA PCR鉴定;采用多重PCR鉴定其血清型并将扩增的funAB基因与GenBank中的其它副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)参考株的相应基因进行同源性分析并构建该基因的进化树;采用纸片扩散法鉴定分离菌株的药敏特性并利用小鼠进行了其致病性试验。结果显示:经形态观察、培养特性鉴定以及16S rRNA的PCR鉴定,该分离菌为HPS;经多重PCR并经测序鉴定分离菌为14型HPS,将其命名为JZ-2019;funAB基因的同源性分析及进化树结果显示,JZ-2019株与14型HPS IA-84-22113株(KC795520.1)的同源性为100%。药敏试验结果显示,分离菌对β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类以及氨基糖苷类药物敏感,其中对大环内酯类药物最为敏感;小鼠致病性试验结果显示,小鼠均出现临床症状,甚至死亡,且小鼠各脏器组织均出现不同程度的出血等剖检症状;经PCR扩增从死亡小鼠的脑、腹水中扩增出与分离菌株一致的细菌。表明,该分离菌对小鼠有较强的致病性,且能通过小鼠血脑屏障。本研究证明了河南省猪群中存在14型HPS的感染,为中原地区防控HPS病提供了参考依据。     

流产奶牛胎儿肺炎克雷伯氏菌的分离与鉴定

从流产奶牛胎儿组织中分离到1株革兰氏阴性短杆菌,采用细菌分离纯化、生化试验、16S rRNA和16S～23S rRNA测序、药敏试验和小鼠致死性试验对其进行了鉴定。结果显示,该分离菌与GenBank中肺炎克雷伯氏菌16S rRNA和16S～23S rRNA基因序列一致性分别高达99%和96%,16S～23S rRNA基因被扩增出3条不同长度条带;该菌生化特性均符合肺炎克雷伯氏菌的生化反应特性;对头孢曲松、阿米卡星、多粘菌素等敏感,对多西环素、四环素、卡拉霉素等中度敏感,对青霉素、红霉素、米诺环素等耐药;对小鼠有很强的致病性。以上结果表明,该分离细菌为肺炎克雷伯氏菌。     

云南猪源A型多杀性巴氏杆菌 PMJC-1株的分离鉴定

为探明2022年2月玉溪市江川区某规模猪场大批保育猪发病死亡原因，对采集病料进行了细菌分离，从肺门淋巴结分离得到一株菌落表面光滑、湿润、半透明圆形菌株。分离菌株经生化试剂条鉴定为多杀性巴氏杆菌，分离菌株的16S rRNA序列与NCBI GenBank中公布的多杀性巴氏杆菌PM8-6株的同一性达到99%以上，将分离菌株命名为PMJC-1株。荚膜分型结果显示该菌株为荚膜A型多杀性巴氏杆菌，毒力基因检测结果显示该菌含有黏附素、超氧化物歧化酶等6种毒力基因。分离菌株药敏试验表明，其仅对利福平、头孢哌酮、阿莫西林、呋喃妥因、头孢噻吩、大观霉素6种药物敏感，对其余18种药物均耐药。动物致病性试验结果显示该菌株对昆明小鼠具有较强致病性，8只实验组昆明小鼠在接种后72 h内发病死亡5只，其余3只发病后耐过康复。本研究结果可为生猪养殖过程中A型多杀性巴氏杆菌病的防治提供参考。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in