陕北土壤芽胞杆菌种类分布多样性研究

为了解陕北土壤中芽胞杆菌的种类及其多样性,将采集于陕北5个地点的土壤样品利用温度筛选法、稀释平板计数法进行芽胞杆菌分离,用16S rDNA基因测序法进行种类鉴定。结果发现,从采集的土壤样品中共分离到31株芽胞杆菌,共19种芽胞杆菌,其中部分菌株为国内少见报道的菌株。通过16S rDNA基因序列的系统发育树分析发现,分离的菌株基本上和模式菌株亲缘关系较近,在种的系统发育上也存在一定的交叉,各菌株间序列差异较小。对土壤样品中芽胞杆菌多样性的研究中发现,不同土壤样品中的芽胞杆菌含量差异明显,表现为采自洛川毛主席故居土壤样品＞采自黄陵黄帝陵墓土壤样品＞采自宜川壶口瀑布土壤样品＞采自富县石泓寺土壤样品＞采自宝塔山宝塔下土壤样品,每个土壤样品中同种芽胞杆菌的含量差异也较明显,每个采集地点都含有特有的芽胞杆菌,说明陕北土壤中芽胞杆菌较丰富。     

Microfluidic digital PCR enables multigene analysis of individual environmental bacteria

Gene inventory and metagenomic techniques have allowed rapid exploration of bacterial diversity and the potential physiologies present within microbial communities. However, it remains nontrivial to discover the identities of environmental bacteria carrying two or more genes of interest. We have used microfluidic digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify and analyze multiple, different genes obtained from single bacterial cells harvested from nature. A gene encoding a key enzyme involved in the mutualistic symbiosis occurring between termites and their gut microbiota was used as an experimental hook to discover the previously unknown ribosomal RNA-based species identity of several symbionts. The ability to systematically identify bacteria carrying a particular gene and to link any two or more genes of interest to single species residing in complex ecosystems opens up new opportunities for research on the environment.     

外来种互花米草盐沼土壤微生物16S rRNA特征分析——以江苏省潮间带为例*

 通过对互花米草盐沼和对应光滩的土壤微生物16S rRNA的特征检测,分析了外来种互花米草的侵入对潮间带生态系统土壤微生物多样性的影响。试验中采集了江苏滨海不同季节光滩与互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)盐沼的土壤,直接提取法分离得到其中的土壤微生物DNA,并采用Sepharose 4B吸附柱对DNA进行纯化,有效地去除了腐殖酸,得到纯度较高的DNA样品模板。通过选取特异引物扩增16S rRNA基因序列,得到了较清晰的结果:有差异的16S rRNA扩增片断通过DGGE被分开,形成可见条带;不同的样品由于其中的微生物多样性的差异,扩增出的条带数量及其在凝胶上的相对位置都有一定的差异。结果显示:互花米草盐沼与光滩的土壤微生物群落多样性皆较低,二者在互花米草生长初期其土壤微生物群落结构具有一定的相似性。但总体来说,外来种互花米草的种植较明显地改变了滩涂的土壤微生物群落结构;此外,滩涂土壤微生物群落随着季节的变化而发生了较大的改变。     

New geographic distribution and molecular diversity of Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus in China

In 2009, an emerging citrus viral disease caused by Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus (CCDaV) was discovered in Yunnan Province of China. However, the occurrence and spread of CCDaV in other citrus-growing provinces in China is unknown to date. To better understand the distribution and molecular diversity of CCDaV in China, a total of 1 772 citrus samples were collected from 11 major citrus-growing provinces and were tested for CCDaV by PCR. Among these, 134 citrus samples from Guangxi, Yunnan and Guangdong were tested positive for CCDaV, demonstrating that the occurrence and spread of CCDaV are increasing in China. The complete genome sequences of 17 CCDaV isolates from different provinces and hosts were sequenced. Comparisons of the whole-genome sequences of the 17 CCDaV isolates as well as the 15 isolates available in GenBank revealed that the sequence identity was about 99–100%, showing that the CCDaV isolates were highly conserved. Phylogenetic studies showed that the 32 CCDaV isolates belonged to four different groups based on geographical origins and host species, and that CCDaV isolates from China and Turkey were clustered into different groups. The results provide important information for clarifying the distribution and genetic diversity of CCDaV in China.     

盐碱地白刺不同部位微生物群落高通量分析

【目的】研究新疆盐碱环境中耐盐植物白刺的根际土壤和叶片内生微生物群落的结构丰富度和多样性。【方法】运用Novaseq测序平台对白刺根际土壤和叶片进行16SrDNA-V4区和ITS1区测序。经FLASH进行拼接,经过Qiim过滤叶绿体和线粒体序列,得到的序列在97%的序列相似性水平上聚类成为操作分类单元(OTUs)。对序列数据进行生物信息学分析,评价物种的Chao1指数、shannon指数以及Alpha多样性。【结果】白刺根际土壤细菌优势菌群为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes);真菌优势菌群为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)。叶片内生细菌优势菌群为蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria);真菌优势菌群为子囊菌门(Ascomycota),白刺不同部位的微生物菌群数量和多样性有显著差异(P<0.05),白刺各样地之间微生物群落构成差异明显。【结论】白刺不同部位微生物群落的丰富度和多样性分布。     

Bacterial diversity in tree canopies of the Atlantic forest

We found an extraordinary level of bacterial biodiversity in the tree leaf canopy of a tropical Atlantic forest by using culture-independent molecular methods. Our survey suggests that each tree species selects for a distinct microbial community. Analysis of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences revealed that about 97% of the bacteria were unknown species and that the phyllosphere of any one tree species carries at least 95 to 671 bacterial species. The tree canopies of tropical forests likely represent a large reservoir of unexplored microbial diversity.     

2种除草剂对马铃薯地土壤微生物群落的影响

结合田间取样凋查及室内实验培养,在施药后20、40、60、80 d分别采集0～10和10～15 cm的土样,采用微生物平板培养法和稀释平板计数法测定土样中的微生物,初步探讨了2种除草剂对马铃薯土壤的微生物生态多样性变化的影响.结果表明,施田补和氟乐灵这2种除草剂对马铃薯地0～10、10～15 cm土壤的细菌和真菌数量影响不大;虽对于不同深度的土壤细菌和放线菌有一定的促进和抑制增殖的作用,在75 d内均可恢复至对照水平.     

Assessment of the Genetic Relationship and Diversity of Mango and Its Relatives by cplSSR Marker

Chloroplast inter-simple sequence repeat markers in mango were developed and used to analyze the genetic relationship and diversity of mango and its relatives. Thirty-six mango cultivars （Mangifera indica L.） and its relative species collected from the fruit germplasm collection in the Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China, were examined by ISSR-PCR with chloroplast DNA （cpDNA）. Eight better primers for chloroplast DNA that provided reproducible, polymorphic DNA amplification patterns were screened from 50 ISSR primers and used for UPGMA analysis. According to the band patterns with 8 primers for chloroplast DNA, all cultivars tested were distinguished from each other and these showed ample genetic diversity; the average percentage of polymorphism was 77.2%. The 36 samples could be clustered into four groups by UPGMA analysis at the coefficient 0.74. The results indicated that the cplSSR marker was a new powerful tool for the identification of mango cultivars or its relative species, and their genetic relationship analysis and diversity evaluation.     

河北省部分地区苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株多样性的研究

选择河北省植被覆盖率高、生态系统典型且较完整的地区——白石山、雾灵山、满城灵山、清西陵、白洋淀、龙潭湖、顺平桃林采集土壤样品261份,分离出Bt菌株24株,其中雾灵山地区Bt出土率最高(17.8%)。分离的菌株产生的伴孢晶体形态各异,有长菱形、短菱形、球形、无定型,充分体现了河北省Bt资源的多样性。     

基于16S rDNA测序的巢湖流域水体粪便污染溯源

排入地表水中的动物粪便会带来一系列生态与公共卫生问题，快速准确鉴别污染来源对于源头控制与污染治理具有重要意义。基于细菌群落的微生物溯源技术（Community-based microbial source tracking）以及高通量DNA测序技术（Next-generation sequencing，NGS），对污染源中微生物和环境样本中的微生物群落进行比较分析，进而对水体中粪便污染来源进行预测。本文利用16S rDNA测序，系统分析与比较了巢湖流域水体、沉积物样本与广泛的潜在污染源（包括村庄与养猪场污水，野生水鸟粪便，人类与家禽、家畜粪便）的细菌群落组成，同时，利用基于机器学习的溯源软件FEAST与Sourcetracker，对水体、沉积物样本的潜在污染源进行了预测。结果表明：水体与沉积物样本的微生物多样性显著高于粪便样本，其中巢湖水体与河流沉积物样本具有最高的物种多样性，同时样本中也存在大量未分类物种。变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria），拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）广泛分布于所有样本中。溯源分析结果表明，村庄排污口与污水处理厂排污口样本是河水样本最主要的污染来源，沉积物与湖水样本则预测存在猪场排污水与野生水鸟粪便的污染，所有样本未检测到来自人粪与鸡粪的污染。     

新疆两泥火山可培养中度嗜盐微生物多样性

[目的]了解新疆乌苏和独山子两泥火山可培养中度嗜盐菌的多样性.[方法]采用10;NaCl盐浓度的ISP5培养基,对两泥火山样品进行可培养菌分离、16S rDNA鉴定及系统发育分析.[结果]从新疆两泥火山中共分离得到26株中度嗜盐细菌和放线菌,乌苏泥火山13株,分属于7个属:Nesterenkonia、Bacillus、Salinicoccus、Nocardiopsis、Halomonas、Halophilic和Micrococcacea,其中Nesterenkonia属为优势菌群;独山子泥火山13株,隶属于6个属:Halomonas、Marinobacter、Bacillus、 Salinicoccus、Nocardiopsis和Halolactibacillus,其中Halomonas和Marinobacter属为优势菌群.4株可能为潜在的新种.[结论]新疆两泥火山可培养中度嗜盐细菌和放线菌具有较为丰富的生物多样性,且潜藏着新的菌种资源,具有进一步研究开发价值.     

农田利用方式对剑湖湿地土壤微生物多样性的影响

【目的】对剑湖湿地土壤微生物多样性进行研究,了解农田利用对剑湖湿地土壤微生物多样性的影响,为湿地土壤的合理利用及云南高原退化湿地的研究与保护提供科学依据。【方法】选择蔬菜地、小麦地、蚕豆地、油菜地和湖滨带5种不同农田耕种方式湖滨带土壤为采样点,采用正方形五点取样法采集土壤样品。试剂盒提取5个采样点的土壤总DNA,应用PCR-DGGE技术对5种土壤的细菌群落结构多样性指数(H')、丰度(S)和均匀度(J)进行研究,运用理化性质测定方法测定土壤有机质、总氮、总磷等理化指标。【结果】不同利用方式湖滨带土壤细菌多样性指数、丰度和均匀度均有所不同,天然湖滨带土壤的细菌多样性指数、均匀度、丰富度均高于农田耕种土壤;天然湖滨带土壤细菌群落结构与农田利用土壤相似性较低,单独聚为一类,农田耕种土壤细菌群落结构相似性较高,在82%的相似水平上聚为一类;在93%相似水平上5个土壤样品聚为5个类群;不同土壤样点间具有许多共同的条带,不同农田利用土壤细菌的优势种群均属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、草酸杆菌科(Oxalobacteraceae)、紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)、杜擀氏菌属(Duganella)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)和链球菌属(Streptococcus)6大类。【结论】剑湖湿地湖滨带土壤微生物群落结构多样性较丰富。不同农田利用方式下剑湖湿地湖滨带土壤的理化性质有一定差异,影响了土壤微生物群落结构的变化,从而影响土壤微生物多样性的变化。     

基于SSR标记的楸树遗传多样性及核心种质构建

利用SSR标记对192个楸树种质资源进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系研究。试验筛选出13对引物对192份供试材料进行扩增,共获得89个等位基因位点,有效等位基因平均为3.795 9,Shannon’s多样性指数平均值为0.506 6;Nei’s遗传多样性平均值为0.667 7。用MEGA6.0软件对192份楸树材料进行遗传距离分析,通过聚类分析构建出供试材料楸树种质资源间的聚类图。利用SSR分子标记,采用多次聚类结合位点优先的取样策略,比较了样本数不同的4个核心样本群的等位基因数、有效等位基因数、Shannon’s指数和Nei’s遗传多样等参数,初步构建了192份楸树种质材料的46份核心种质。核心种质保留了初始种质23.96%的样品。     

多氯联苯污染土壤的微生物生态效应研究

以多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)自然污染的农田土壤为材料,分析土壤中微生物区系组成、生物毋C、N、土壤基础呼吸以及微生物群落功能多样性的变化.研究结果表明,在以4-氯、5-氯同系物为主的PCBs污染土壤中,污染程度对土壤细菌、放线菌的数量影响不明显,而真菌的数量除与土壤污染程度有关,可能还受到土壤pH等性状的影响;土壤微生物C、N与土壤基础呼吸随污染程度的加剧呈下降趋势.但微生物C/N基本没有变化;Biolog分析显示,土壤微生物代谢刮面(AWCD)及Simpson指数在污染程度相差较大的两组土壤样品中差异均达到了显著性水平,表明PCBs污染引起了土壤微生物群落功能多样性下降,降低了微生物对不同单一碳源底物的利用能力.     

Pathogenicity determinants in smut fungi revealed by genome comparison

Biotrophic pathogens, such as the related maize pathogenic fungi Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum, establish an intimate relationship with their hosts by secreting protein effectors. Because secreted effectors interacting with plant proteins should rapidly evolve, we identified variable genomic regions by sequencing the genome of S. reilianum and comparing it with the U. maydis genome. We detected 43 regions of low sequence conservation in otherwise well-conserved syntenic genomes. These regions primarily encode secreted effectors and include previously identified virulence clusters. By deletion analysis in U. maydis, we demonstrate a role in virulence for four previously unknown diversity regions. This highlights the power of comparative genomics of closely related species for identification of virulence determinants.     

脂肪酸甲酯谱图分析方法及其在微生物学领域的应用

脂肪酸甲酯谱图分析方法(Fatty Acid Methyl Ester,FAME)是鉴于脂肪酸可作为生物标记物而发展起来的分析技术。本文介绍了FAME谱图分析方法及其在微生物学领域的应用,包括在微生物检测、鉴定和微生物多样性研究中的应用。     

新疆土壤芽胞杆菌采集鉴定及其分布多样性

为了解新疆芽胞杆菌的种类及其多样性情况,将采集于新疆4个地点的14份土样用稀释平板计数法进行芽胞杆菌分离,用MIDI鉴定系统和16SrDNA测序法进行种类鉴定。结果发现,从新疆土样中共分离到53株,13种芽胞杆菌,分别为巨大芽胞杆菌、蜡状芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌、嗜碱芽胞杆菌、粘性芽胞杆菌、地衣芽胞杆菌和萎缩芽胞杆菌。通过16SrDNA序列的系统发育树分析发现,分离的菌多数和模式菌株亲缘关系较近,也有少数几株菌与模式菌株亲缘关系较远,可能是由于芽胞杆菌属中各个种之间具有较近的亲缘关系,在种的系统发育上也存在一定的交叉,各菌株间序列差异较小。根据土壤中芽胞杆菌多样性研究发现,不同土壤标本内的芽胞杆菌含量差异显著表现为阿拉尔市>新疆喀什>阿克苏>塔克拉玛干沙漠。而每个地点中同种芽胞杆菌的含量差异也较显著,如:蜡样芽胞杆菌在阿克苏的含量为5.230×105 cfu.g-1,而在塔克拉玛干沙漠的含量仅仅为0.7×103cfu.g-1。新疆芽胞杆菌较丰富,不同地点芽胞杆菌在种类和数量上都有很大差异,每个地点都含有独特的芽胞杆菌。     

茅尾海无瓣海桑根际土壤细菌多样性及抑菌活性分析

[目的]研究茅尾海无瓣海桑根际土壤细菌多样性及抑菌活性,挖掘更多潜在新物种和高效活性物质,为进一步研究红树植物根际土壤中细菌的次生代谢产物及研发新型高效生物农药提供参考依据.[方法]从广西钦州茅尾海红树林保护区采集无瓣海桑根际土壤,采用6种分离培养基分离可培养细菌;通过16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育学分析其物种多样性,并采用牛津杯法考察根际细菌对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌的抑制活性.[结果]从无瓣海桑根际中分离得到可培养细菌97株,通过16S rRNA序列比对排重后,从中获得57株不同细菌,可归为4门5纲9目15科21属,有1株Cell-vibrio sp.的潜在新种.其中29株细菌能够抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌活性,分别有12、14和14株细菌对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌菌丝生长、"+"担孢子增殖和"-"担孢子增殖表现出抑制活性,抑菌圈直径范围为7.54~21.81 mm,其中有9株细菌能够抑制2~3种甘蔗鞭黑粉菌的形态.[结论]广西茅尾海红树林保护区中无瓣海桑根际细菌具有较高的物种多样性,蕴藏着潜在新物种资源,且富含抑菌活性菌株.     

南极德雷克海峡表层海水酵母菌多样性研究

为了研究德雷克海峡的微生物多样性,采集南极德雷克海峡表层海水,通过传统分离培养法获得可培养的酵母菌株,对其18S r DNA保守序列进行测序及系统发生分析。结果表明:共分离出45株酵母菌,属于9个属,12个种;其中,优势属为Meyerozyma属,优势种为Meyerozyma guilliermondii。对所有菌株的过氧化氢酶活性进行检测,发现23株酵母菌具有强烈的过氧化氢酶活性,13株具有弱过氧化氢酶活性,即可分解过氧化氢的菌株占总菌株数的80%。