连云港东辛农场绿色水稻生产基地环境质量综合评价

通过对连云港东辛农场地区1.02万hm~2水稻生产基地生态环境进行了考察,并对生产区域内的灌溉用水和土壤进行实地调查、采样和监测,灌溉水检测了汞、镉、砷、铅、铬(六价)、氟化物和pH值,土壤样品检测了17个采样点的镉、汞、砷、铅、铬、铜和pH值,得出该地区灌溉水、土壤单项污染指数和综合污染指数均小于1,符合绿色食品水稻的生产基地条件。     

湖北贝母种植土壤和药材中有机农药及重金属残留分析

对湖北贝母种植基地土壤及药材中有机农药与重金属含量进行了测定。研究结果表明,土壤中重金属和有机农药的单项污染指数P<1,污染分担率排序为:铅(35.83%)>砷(19.26%)>汞(16.06%)>铬(15.23%)>镉(5.39%)>铜(3.66%)>滴滴涕(2.28%)>六六六(2.10%),综合污染指数P综=0.29<0.7,属安全级,为清洁水平,符合国家标准。湖北贝母药材中重金属和有机农药含量均低于绿色行业标准,有机农药富集能力较强,药材中重金属砷、铅、铬和有机农药残留滴滴涕的含量与土壤中含量显著相关,相关系数分别为0.924、0.852、0.90和0.843。     

水稻产区农业生态环境重金属状况研究与评价

分别采集土壤、灌溉水样品18个,对宁化县水稻产区农业生态环境监测点的镉、汞、砷、铅、铬和铜等重金属含量进行检测,采用单因子指数法对其结果进行分析和评价。结果表明,宁化县水稻产区的农业生态环境中6种重金属元素含量均在标准规定范围内,产区土壤、灌溉水质量均为一级,达到安全清洁水平。     

三明市郊蔬菜基地土壤养分及重金属含量状况

通过实地调查,取样分析了市郊蔬菜基地土壤中有效养分、pH值及砷、汞、铅、铬含量,与全国第二次土壤普查值相比,结果表明菜园土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾增加幅度大。土壤中重金属元素砷、铅、铬,符合福建省无公害蔬菜生产环境要求,4个样点土壤中汞含量超过二级标准,污染指数Si=1.27,汞是主要的污染因子。     

福建省主要蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染状况调查与评价

对全省23个城市46片主要常年蔬菜基地土壤采样分析,测定了53个土壤样品的pH及重金属镉、铅、汞、砷、铬的含量水平。采用重金属污染因子综合指数法进行土壤重金属污染综合评价,结果表明土壤重金属含量超标污染因子依次为汞、铬、铅,有14个调查土壤样品超标,不合格率26.4%。     

苍南沿浦湾滩涂重金属污染现状评价

以温州苍南县沿浦湾滩涂土壤中的重金属含量为指标,采用环境污染指数、地累积指数和潜在生态危害指数综合评价重金属的含量水平及对生态环境的潜在影响。结果表明:沿浦湾滩涂土壤中重金属含量较低,均符合土壤环境质量二级标准。除了元素砷和汞,铜、铅、铬、锌、镉5种重金属的含量均为高潮带和中潮带高于低潮带。潜在生态危害系数和地累积指数的顺序均为砷(As)铜(Cu)铅(Pb)铬(Cr)锌(Zn)汞(Hg)镉(Cd);不同重金属的地累积指数的污染等级顺序为砷(As)铜(Cu)铅(Pb)=铬(Cr)=锌(Zn)=汞(Hg)=镉(Cd),砷(As)是主要生态风险因子;总的潜在生态风险指数为中潮带低潮带高潮带。综合三种评价方法,除砷在地累积指数评价中等级为无污染到中级污染,其余重金属现状评价结果均为轻微或低污染。     

宁波市鄞州区农业土壤重金属含量变化及评价

为发展无公害农产品基地提供科学依据,2005年对浙江省宁波市鄞州区100个农业土壤样品中重金属含量进行了测定和评价。结果表明:耕层全砷、镉、铬、汞和铅的平均含量分别为8.1mg·kg-1、0.163mg·kg-1、100.1mg·kg-1、0.257mg·kg-1和43.6mg·kg-1,与1983年宁波市的耕层土壤背景值相比,分别增加了12.5%、32.5%、61.2%、0.8%和55.2%,土壤已受到镉、铅和汞的轻微污染,而汞的污染已得到遏制。从总体上来说,鄞州区农业土壤环境质量良好,区内有98个点(占总样点数的98%)符合无公害农产品产地土壤环境质量要求,但有2个点(占总样点数的2%)分别受到镉和汞的污染。     

滇西陇川县耕地土壤环境质量分析评价

为揭示滇西地区土壤环境质量状况,以陇川县为例,参照《绿色食品产地环境技术条件》,对耕地土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾营养元素含量及重金属元素铅、镉、汞、砷、铬、铜总量进行测定分析。采用标准对比法、单因子污染指数法和Nemero综合污染指数法,对其土壤环境质量进行了评价。结果表明,研究区土壤pH值介于3.49~7.45之间,均值为5.05,土壤偏酸;各营养元素平均值中有机质、全氮、速效磷含量为优良,速效钾含量为中等,有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别有64.17%、59.34%、75.33%、71.66%的耕地面积达到生产绿色食品土壤肥力要求,分别有35.83%、40.66%、24.67%、28.34%的面积土壤肥力不足;采用单因子污染指数法对土壤重金属评价,砷、铬、铜处于清洁状态;有20.27%、2.03%、4.73%的样本铅、镉、汞单因子污染指数大于1,所代表的面积受到铅、镉、汞轻度污染,镉有1.35%样本单因子污染指数大于2,所代表的面积受到镉中度污染;综合污染指数评价,4.79%样本达到轻度污染。     

蔬菜产地土壤重金属含量空间分布研究

以浙江省湖州市长兴县为例,应用GIS技术研究了蔬菜产区土壤重金属污染状况及空间分布规律。结果表明:长兴县蔬菜产地平均土壤汞和镉含量明显大于本地背景值,锌平均含量也超过背景值,而砷、铬、铅、铜4种重金属的平均含量则低于或接近背景值。长兴县大部分蔬菜产区土壤重金属含量在国家无公害蔬菜基地标准以下,汞、镉超标的样点分别占总样点的10.4%和4.5%,分别有43%和58.0%的样点超过当地汞、镉背景值,土壤汞、镉含量的最大值分别达到945.85 ng/g和478.88 ng/g。蔬菜产区土壤汞、镉污染呈明显的区域空间分布特征,且与乡镇工业区分布相一致,表明工业污染是引起蔬菜产区土壤重金属超标的主要原因。在长兴县部分地区还存在铬、锌、铜区域性积累趋势。     

福建铁观音茶园土壤中铅、镉、砷、铬、汞、铜、氟的环境质量现状分析

为了解福建省铁观音茶园土壤中主要污染元素的含量状况及其对茶叶生产的影响, 采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法研究了福建省铁观音茶主产地安溪、华安和永春县150 个茶园土壤中铅、镉、砷、铬、汞、铜、氟的含量, 并进行了环境质量现状评价。结果表明, 所有土壤的镉、铅、氟含量, 97%以上土壤的铬、砷、汞含量均低于茶叶产地环境技术条件(NY/T 853—2004)中相应的限量; 92%以上土壤的镉、铬、砷、汞含量和70%以上土壤的铅含量低于有机茶产地环境条件(NY 5199—2002)中相应的限量。变质岩发育的土壤镉和氟含量较高, 砂岩类发育的土壤铬含量较高, 流纹质凝灰岩类发育的土壤铅含量较高, 流纹岩类发育的土壤砷含量较高, 闪长岩类发育的土壤汞和铜含量较高; 水稻土改种的茶园土壤镉、铅和汞含量较高, 铬和砷含量较低; 赤红壤发育的土壤中铅含量较高, 黄壤发育的土壤中铬和砷含量较高, 红壤发育的土壤中铜含量较高。就所研究的元素而言, 大部分供试茶园土壤是清洁和安全的。     

Analysis of phenolic compounds in white rice, brown rice, and germinated brown rice

Two hydroxycinnamate sucrose esters, 6'-O-(E)-feruloylsucrose and 6'-O-(E)-sinapoylsucrose, were isolated from methanol extracts of rice bran. Soluble and insoluble phenolic compounds as well as 6'-O-(E)-feruloylsucrose and 6'-O-(E)-sinapoylsucrose from white rice, brown rice, and germinated brown rice were analyzed using HPLC. The results demonstrated that the content of insoluble phenolic compounds was significantly higher than that of soluble phenolics in rice, whereas almost all compounds identified in germinated brown rice and brown rice were more abundant than those in white rice. 6'-O-(E)-Feruloylsucrose (1.09 mg/100 g of flour) and 6'-O-(E)-sinapoylsucrose (0.41 mg/100 g of flour) were found to be the major soluble phenolic compounds in brown rice. During germination, an approximately 70% decrease was observed in the content of the two hydroxycinnamate sucrose esters, whereas free phenolic acid content increased significantly; the ferulic acid content of brown rice (0.32 mg/100 g of flour) increased to 0.48 mg/100 g of flour and became the most abundant phenolic compound in germinated brown rice. The content of sinapinic acid increased to 0.21 mg/100 g of flour, which is nearly 10 times as much as that in brown rice (0.02 mg/100 g of flour). In addition, the total content of insoluble phenolic compounds increased from 18.47 mg/100 g of flour in brown rice to 24.78 mg/100 g of flour in germinated brown rice. These data suggest that appropriate germination of brown rice may be a method to improve health-related benefits.     

新陈稻草性能的差异研究(简报)

该文研究储存时间对稻草物理化学性能的影响,分析了储存时间对稻草用于制造人造板产生的不利因素。利用广角X-射线仪、红外光谱仪和热重天平(TG)研究稻草的相对结晶度、化学组成和热解特性的变化,比较新稻草和陈稻草的性能差异。结果表明陈稻草与新稻草相比结晶度下降25.6%、二氧化硅（SiO2）和羟基（—OH）含量增多,糖类物质和木素发生了变化,这些变化都不利于稻草人造板的生产。     

灰色米质指数及其在稻米质量评判中的应用

用加权关联度作为灰色米质指数,在介绍其求解原理和方法基础上,对灰色米质指数在稻米品质综合评判和分级中的应用进行了初步探讨。通过对6个籼稻品种综合米质的评判结果表明,如参考数列构造合理,权重系数分配得当,依据灰色米质指数对稻米品质进行综合评判和分级是可行的;虚拟的理想参考数列所建立的评判模型,使评判的适用性得到增强。     

水稻镉耐性差异及镉低积累种质资源的筛选

比较水稻亲本材料的镉耐性差异, 筛选镉低积累水稻种质资源, 为水稻镉安全品种(Cd-safe cultivars, CSCs)的培育提供遗传材料。以收集的具有明显遗传差异的145种水稻亲本材料为研究对象, 通过水培试验, 研究水稻植株生长性状和镉积累特征, 比较不同材料的镉耐性和镉积累差异, 并以耐性指数和镉含量为指标, 筛选镉低积累种质资源。结果表明: (1)在镉胁迫条件下, 水稻生物量和株高受到不同程度的抑制, 根长和根冠比呈不同程度增加。(2)恢复系各材料间镉含量和积累量最大值分别为最小值的2.79倍和6.45倍, 保持系各材料间镉含量和积累量最大值分别为最小值的2.00倍和2.98倍。(3)根据耐性指数差异将恢复系和保持系各分成耐性不同的5类, 并将耐性较强材料进行镉积累差异分类, 得到恢复系镉低积累种质资源13种, 分别是"MR183"、"MR86"、"R047"、"R364"、"泸恢602"、"泸恢615"、"泸恢17"、"GR548/M63//527_2"、"R18"、"成恢838"、"GR548/M63//M63_5"、"GRL17/IRBN95-199_3"和"GRL17/ATTP//L17_3"; 保持系镉低积累种质资源2种, 分别是"玉香B"和"D62B"。(4)镉耐性较强材料中, 高积累材料的镉含量和镉积累量表现为恢复系中分别为低积累材料的1.97倍和2.03倍, 保持系中分别为低积累材料的1.43倍和1.40倍; 镉含量和镉积累量在两系的低积累材料间无明显差异。筛选镉低积累材料培育镉安全品种将成为解决镉安全威胁的关键。     

Persistence of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in soil planted with rice and in rice rhizosphere soil suspensions

Summary The relative persistence of -, and -isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was studied in a flooded soil with and without rice seedlings under greenhouse conditions. -HCH was more stable than - and -HCH in both planted and unplanted systems. - and -HCH decreased to negligible levels (5.5% for the -isomer and 2.4% for the -isomer) after 30 days in planted and unplanted soils. During the same period, 30.9% of the added -HCH was recovered from planted soil and 50.6% from unplanted soil. Likewise, in anaerobically (H₂ + CO₂ atmosphere) incubated mineral salts solution inoculated with suspensions from rice rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, -HCH decreased to low levels (< 15%) within 5 days. Most of the added -HCH was recovered from mineral solution inoculated with nonrhizosphere soil suspension even after 30 days while -HCH decreased to 53.6% of the original level in mineral solution inoculated with rice rhizosphere soil suspension. The data reveal that the degradation of anaerobically unstable HCH isomers is not retarded by the possible aeration of a flooded soil by rice roots.     

新陈稻草性能的差异研究

该文研究储存时间对稻草物理化学性能的影响,分析了储存时间对稻草用于制造人造板产生的不利因素.利用广角X-射线仪、红外光谱仪和热重天平(TG)研究稻草的相对结晶度、化学组成和热解特性的变化,比较新稻草和陈稻草的性能差异.结果表明陈稻草与新稻草相比结晶度下降25.6%、二氧化硅(SiO2)和羟基(-OH)含量增多,糖类物质和木素发生了变化,这些变化都不利于稻草人造板的生产.     

双季晚粳稻氮肥精确运筹研究

【目的】我国南方双季稻区晚稻品种以籼稻为主。近年来我国粳米需求量逐渐增大,研究者提出了利用南方双季稻区充足的温光等资源进行晚季稻籼改粳以提高粳稻总产量。系统研究双季晚粳稻高产、优质和高效的氮肥运筹方式就显得十分重要。【方法】 2011~2012年,在南方典型双季稻区江西省上高县泗溪镇,以杂交粳稻常优5号和甬优8号为晚稻材料,在总施纯氮量 225 kg/hm2 条件下,设置10∶0、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6、3∶7 七种基蘖肥与穗肥运筹比例,通过研究不同氮肥运筹方式对双季晚粳稻产量及其构成因素、叶面积指数、茎蘖动态、光合物质生产与积累、氮 素吸收利用以及稻米品质等方面的影响,明确了南方稻区双季晚粳稻氮肥精确运筹模式。【结果】 随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低,结实率、千粒重和每穗粒数呈先增加后减少的趋势,穗数呈减少趋势。氮肥基蘖肥与穗肥比例在6∶4、7∶3范围内,双季晚粳稻群体穗数充足、穗型大、群体颖花量高,且结实率和千粒重较稳定,产量显著高于其他处理,最高产量为9985 kg/hm2。拔节前群体茎蘖数增加较慢,但高峰苗数适宜,拔节后群体茎蘖数下降平缓,茎蘖成穗率显著高于其他处理,高于70%;生育中期和后期,群体叶面积指数较高,群体光合势高,光合生产力强,干物质积累量显著提高。随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例降低,成熟期氮素积累总量、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学利用率及氮肥偏生产力均呈先增加后减少的趋势,百公斤稻谷需氮量呈先减少后增加的趋势。6∶4和7∶3处理拔节前氮素积累量较少,拔节至抽穗期氮素积累量和成熟期积累量显著高于其他处理。6∶4和7∶3处理氮肥表观利用率、农学利用率及偏生产力显著高于其他处理,百公斤稻谷需氮量显著低于其他处理。氮肥表观利用率 与基蘖肥比例呈开口向下的二次曲线关系。同时该氮肥运筹模式可改善稻米加工品质、蒸煮食味和营养品质,但增加了稻米垩白率和垩白度,RVA谱特征值各指标不能同时达到最佳值。【结论】基蘖肥∶ 穗肥为 6∶4、7∶3的氮肥运筹方案,可使双季晚粳稻高产、优质、高效得到较好的协调统一。     

淡酸田稻草直接还田免耕抛秧对杂交晚稻的影响

为了探索淡酸田土种是否适合应用稻草直接还田免耕抛秧技术,作者于2003年晚造进行试验。1　材料与方法1 1　试验地点与土壤条件试验设在广西防城港市防城区江山乡冲沙村,前作为水稻。属于盐渍化水稻土亚类氯化物盐渍田土属淡酸田土种,pH值4 8、有机质3 64%、全氮0 192%、速     

Integrated rice management simultaneously improves rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in various paddy fields

The hilly area of Southwest China is a typical rice production area which is limited by seasonal droughts and low temperature in the early rice growth period. A field experiment was conducted on three typical paddy fields (low-lying paddy field, medium-elevation paddy field, and upland paddy field) in this region. Nitrogen (N) treatment (180 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) was compared to a control treatment (0 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) to evaluate the effects of integrated rice management (IRM) on rice growth, grain yield, and N utilization. Integrated rice management integrated raised beds containing plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting. In comparison to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM promoted rice tiller development, with 7-13 more tillers per cluster at the maximum tillering stage and 1-6 more tillers per cluster at the end of tillering stage. Integrated rice management significantly increased the rice aboveground biomass by 34.4%-109.0% in different growth periods and the aboveground N uptake by 25.3%-159.0%. Number of productive tillers significantly increased by 33.0%, resulting in a 33.0% increase in grain yield and 8.0% improvement of N use efficiency (NUE). Grain yields were significantly increased in all three paddy fields assessed, with IRM being the most important factor for grain yield and productive tiller development. Effects of paddy field type and N level on N uptake by aboveground plants were reflected in the rice reproductive growth period, with the effects of IRM more striking due to the dry climate conditions. In conclusion, IRM simultaneously improved rice yield and NUE, presenting a valuable rice management technique in the paddy fields assessed.     

新疆水稻主产区土壤硒含量与水稻籽粒硒含量的相关性

对新疆水稻主产区的44个稻田耕层土壤及收获籽粒进行调查取样,结果表明:稻田13%属于足硒土壤,82%属于富硒土壤且有5%属于高硒土壤。而水稻籽粒硒含量达到国家谷物类食品富硒标准的仅有20%,水稻籽粒硒含量与稻田土壤全硒含量相关性不显著,但水稻籽粒硒含量与土壤有效硒含量呈极显著正相关,且土壤p H值及土壤有效磷含量与土壤有效硒含量呈极显著正相关,说明在新疆水稻主产区土壤有效硒含量是衡量土壤供硒潜力的有效指标,在实际生产中大部分的稻田需要通过施用适量外源硒肥来提高水稻籽粒中硒的含量。