不同黄瓜材料对枯萎病的抗性评价

以危害我国黄瓜的优势枯萎病生理小种4为供试菌源,运用室内苗期人工接种和田间成株期病圃检测2种方法对43份黄瓜材料进行了枯萎病的抗性评价,苗期接种筛选出抗病材料7份,中抗材料16份,感病和高感材料20份。其中抗(含中抗)材料占53.5%,感病材料占46.5%。欧洲血缘的抗病(中抗以上)材料占39.5%;华北和日本血缘的抗和中抗材料占13.9%。成株期田间病圃的鉴定结果与苗期接种基本一致,符合率达86.7%。说明苗期接种结果准确,接种方法可靠。同时还表明了黄瓜种质资源中蕴藏着对改良枯萎病抗性有利用价值的基因资源,其中欧洲黄瓜抗源较丰富,华北和日本类型的黄瓜枯萎病抗源相对匮乏。     

Screening for resistance in wild Lycopersicon species to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 1 and race 2

Wild Lycopersicon accessions were screened for resistance to the Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) race 1 and race 2. In total, four isolates of each race were used. Among 17 accessions of six Lycopersicon species tested, a wide genetic variation for wilt resistance was observed. Most accessions were highly susceptible, some showed intermediate resistance, but one accession of L. cheesmanii (G1.1615 = PI 266375) and two accessions of L. chilense (G1.1556 and G1.1558) were highly resistant to Fol races 1 and 2. The resistance in the latter three accessions equalled or was higher than the resistance determined by the known I-genes, that have been widely used in breeding programmes. These newly found resistant accessions provide breeders with more opportunities for Fusarium disease resistance and may contribute to our understanding of Fusarium disease resistance gene organisation and evolution.     

香蕉枯萎病诱导抗性研究

以防御酶为指标,研究香蕉枯萎病的诱导抗性,以期开发香蕉枯萎病的生防制剂。分别接种串珠镰刀菌、饱和石灰水、无菌水处理组培香蕉苗,7天后接种尖孢镰刀菌,测定过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性。结果表明：串珠镰刀菌和饱和石灰水对香蕉枯萎病株POD酶有一定影响,但在3~6 min均未达到5%的显著水平;25℃反应15 min,串珠镰刀菌处理SOD的活力（22.967）高于石灰水（18.171）和无菌水（14.322）;2种处理CAT酶的活力曲线略高于对照,但处理间的差异不明显。说明串珠镰刀菌、饱和石灰水能在一定程度上诱导抗性的产生。研究旨在为香蕉枯萎病诱导抗性提供一定的理论依据。     

利用小麦单染色体代换系研究赤霉病抗性和抑制毒素产生的基因

由赤霉菌引起的小麦赤霉病是小麦生产的主要病害之一,小麦赤霉病抗源十分贫乏,而且多数表现为多基因遗传,在小麦育种中较难应用。从小麦近缘属种中寻求赤霉病抗性基因并把它引入栽培品种中,有重要的学术意义和经济价值。本研究以来自抗病小麦材料PI481521和栽培小麦Langdon杂交得到的14个4倍体小麦单条染色体代换系为试验材料,进行室内赤霉病的抗性鉴定,同时用脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)试剂盒来测定接种后籽粒中的毒素含量。表型鉴定结果表明,14个代换系的抗病性存在较大的差异,其中代换系LDN(PI481521-3A)和LDN(PI481521-7B)分别在感染小穗数和小穗感染百分率上与抗性亲本无显著性差异,不存在抗病性高于抗性亲本的类型;毒素含量分析表明,2个亲本的毒素含量没有显著差异,各代换系的毒素含量均高于抗性亲本PI481521、LDN(PI481521-1A)、LDN(PI481521-2A)及LDN(PI481521-6A)的毒素含量较高,与2个亲本存在显著差异。这一鉴定结果为下一步抗性基因和毒素基因的定位研究提供了基础材料,对赤霉病抗性指标进行相关性分析,发现小穗感染百分率与麦粒毒素含量呈显著正相关。因此,在田间进行抗赤霉病种质筛选及抗病育种后代选择时,可以小穗感染百分率作为衡量指标以简化操作程序。     

冬瓜枯萎病菌核糖体rDNA ITS区的克隆与序列分析

采用镰刀菌核糖体基因转录间隔区(ITS)通用引物,PCR扩增冬瓜枯萎病菌核糖体基因ITS区,并对产物进行克隆和序列分析;利用Mega 4.1软件对序列及GeneBank中以葫芦科为寄主的镰刀菌不同专化型ITS序列进行聚类。冬瓜枯萎病菌ITS全长1 063 bp,其中包括18S rDNA一部分序列,5.8S rDNA,ITS1和ITS2全部序列及28S rD-NA部分序列。聚类结果将15个菌株ITS序列划分为2个类群,类群I包括4个菌株,分别为2个西瓜枯萎病菌株和2个甜瓜枯萎病菌株;类群II包括11个菌株,其中冬瓜枯萎病菌株就在该类群中,其余为甜瓜枯萎病菌株5个、西瓜枯萎病菌株3个、黄瓜枯萎病菌株、丝瓜枯萎病菌株和葫芦枯萎病菌株各1个。     

Screening of melon (Cucumis melo L.) germplasm for multiple disease resistance

Summary Melon germplasm was screened for cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea), downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) and Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis) resistance under artificial conditions except downy mildew for which screening was done under natural epiphytotic conditions. High level resistance to all the four diseases was not recorded in any of the collections tested. Nevertheless, ertheless, resistance to three diseases was located in three germplasm. Wild Cucumis species C. figarei exhibited absolute resistance to CGMMV and Fusarium wilt and high level resistance to downy mildew. Phoot or snapmelon (Cucumis melo var. momordica) — a non-dessert from of Indian origin—was highly resistant to downy mildew and resistant to CGMMV and medium resistant to Fusarium wilt. Iroquois was resistant to powdery mildew and medium resistant to downy mildew and CGMMV.     

一种新的棉花黄、枯萎病快速接种方法的研究

 3种不伤根的棉花黄、枯萎病接种方法,即全生育期的田间病圃鉴定法、液体培养棉花苗期孢子悬浮液浸根法和土壤种植棉花苗期孢子悬浮液灌根法进行对比,结果表明,液体培养棉花苗期孢子悬浮液浸根法（接种浓度为10⁷个分生孢子·mL^-1）全周期只需要30 d。通过这种方法,不仅可以鉴定出棉花品种对黄、枯萎病菌的抗、感病性,还可以鉴定不同黄、枯萎病菌菌株的致病力。对比不同浸根接种时间（10 min、20 min、30 min、40 min、50 min、60 min）对结果的影响,发现浸根接种40 min可加快发病,鉴定结果和田间病圃鉴定的比较一致。     

Combining ability of resistance to head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) in the F1 of a seven parent diallel of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab) caused by Fusarium spp. is a widespread disease of cereals causing relevant yield and quality losses and contaminating cereal products with mycotoxins. Breeding resistant cultivars is the method of choice for controlling the disease. Resistance to FHB is a quantitative trait and is most likely governed by several genes. We present the results of an F₁ diallel analysis of FHB resistance involving six resistant and one susceptible European winter wheat genotypes of diverse origin in order to identify promising combinations for the selection of improved cultivars. Parents and F₁s including reciprocals were evaluated for FHB resistance in an artificially inoculated field trial. Two traits were assessed: visual disease symptoms on the heads and the percentage of Fusarium damaged kernels in a harvested sample. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were statistically significant for visual symptoms and kernel damage, whereas reciprocal effects were small or not significant. Heterosis for resistance was common, indicating that the parental genotypes possess different resistance genes. Selection of transgressive segregates should be feasible from such heterotic combinations. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Assessment of Gossypium sturtianum and G. australe as potential sources of Fusarium wilt resistance to cotton

When challenged with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov) from vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) 01111 and 01112 in glasshouse tests, Gossypium australe Mueller and Gossypium sturtianum Willis accessions showed a variety of disease responses ranging from highly resistant to highly susceptible. Under high disease pressure G. sturtianum accession Gos-5275 was significantly more resistant than the commercial G. hirsutum cultivars that are designated standards for Fusarium resistance by Australian cotton breeders. Under low disease pressure G. sturtianum accession Gos-5250 was more susceptible than a highly susceptible commercial cultivar. A series of glasshouse tests was performed at two locations (Indooroopilly, QLD. and Canberra, ACT), and under low and high disease pressure. In these tests, a hexaploid cross (Gos-5271) generated from a Fusarium-resistant G. sturtianum (Gos-5275) and a Fusarium-susceptible G. hirsutum L. (CPI-138969) was significantly more resistant to Fusarium wilt than its G. hirsutum parent. Thus G. sturtianum, with a diploid genome and a range of responses to Fov challenge, has the potential to provide the basis for the elucidation of the genetic basis of resistance to Fusarium wilt in cotton species. In addition, resistant accessions of G. sturtianum are identified as a potential source of Fusarium wilt resistance genes for cotton breeding. In the glasshouse tests used to assess the resistance of various Gossypium accessions to Fusarium wilt disease, the scoring of vascular browning was found to give a more reliable indication of disease severity than the scoring of foliar symptoms. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

黄瓜抗枯萎病相关基因cDNA的分离及鉴定

黄瓜枯萎病是造成黄瓜减产的主要病害之一,研究黄瓜枯萎病抗性分子机理对黄瓜抗病育种有重要意义。以黄瓜抗枯萎病材料Cu14为试材,采用基因差异显示技术(DDRT-PCR)研究黄瓜接种枯萎病生理小种4后基因的表达情况,分离出1个接种后在根茎部特异表达的差异cDNA片断,命名为A178-2。A178-2基因片段的328个核苷酸中有145个核苷酸与拟南芥泛素蛋白同源,氨基酸序列同源性达到85%。     

北京昌平地区草莓根腐病菌种类鉴定

明确草莓根腐病的主要致病真菌种类,可正确有效地指导草莓根腐病的防治。本试验采用单孢分离法和组织分离法从昌平地区所采集的草莓根腐病株中共分离得到41个菌株。采用病土定植法测定菌株对草莓幼苗的致病性,结果表明所分离的菌株均可引起草莓根腐病,致使草莓根部及根茎基部发育受阻,缢缩变黑,腐烂折断;造成地上部生长不良,叶片变黄,甚至死亡。通过形态学、分子生物学手段对菌株的分类地位进行鉴定,其中39株可以鉴定到种,分别属于10个属的15个种,另外有1株只鉴定到属,1株只鉴定到科。在41个菌株中,立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)等4个种所占比例较高,分别占菌株总量的29.25%、12.20%、12.20%、9.75%;致病力最强的种类为伏革菌科真菌、棒形拟盘多毛孢和胶孢炭疽菌,其次为尖孢镰刀菌、立枯丝核菌、木贼镰刀菌、茄病镰刀菌,发病率均可达50%;淡色生赤壳、伏革菌科菌、Plectosphaerella cucumerina、Stachybotrys chartarum、Neonectria radicicola等为首次报道的草莓根腐病致病菌。研究结果可以指导北京昌平地区草莓主产区中草莓根腐病的防治,并为草莓根腐病快速检测方法的研发提供参考。     

甘肃高寒阴湿区豌豆根腐镰刀菌种群及致病性研究

甘肃省高寒阴湿区豌豆镰刀菌根腐病的病原有5种,即茄病镰刀菌[Fusarium solani(Mart.)Sacc]、茄病镰刀菌蓝色变种(Fusarium sola-ni var.coeruleum)、半裸镰刀菌(Fusarium semitec-tum)、单隔镰刀菌(Fusarium dimerum)、拟丝孢镰刀菌(Fusarium trichothecioides)。茄病镰刀菌致病性最强,拟丝孢镰刀菌和茄病镰刀菌蓝色变种次之,半裸镰刀菌和单隔镰刀菌的致病性较弱。其中半裸镰刀菌、单隔镰刀菌、拟丝孢镰刀菌是中国豌豆病原菌上的新纪录。     

User‐friendly markers linked to Fusarium wilt race 1 resistance Fw gene for marker‐assisted selection in pea

Fusarium wilt is one of the most widespread diseases of pea. Resistance to Fusarium wilt race 1 was reported as a single gene, Fw, located on linkage group III. The previously reported AFLP and RAPD markers linked to Fw have limited usage in marker‐assisted selection due to their map distance and linkage phase. Using 80 F₈ recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of Green Arrow × PI 179449, we amplified 72 polymorphic markers between resistant and susceptible lines with the target region amplified polymorphism (TRAP) technique. Marker–trait association analysis revealed a significant association. Five candidate markers were identified and three were converted into user‐friendly dominant SCAR markers. Forty‐eight pea cultivars with known resistant or susceptible phenotypes to Fusarium wilt race 1 verified the marker–trait association. These three markers, Fw_Trap_480, Fw_Trap_340 and Fw_Trap_220, are tightly linked to and only 1.2 cM away from the Fw locus and are therefore ideal for marker‐assisted selection. These newly identified markers are useful to assist in the isolation of the Fusarium wilt race 1 resistance gene in pea.     

Identification of QTL controlling high levels of partial resistance to Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi in pea

Fusarium root rot is a common biotic restraint on pea yields, and genetic resistance is the most feasible method for improving pea production. This study was conducted to discover quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling genetic partial resistance to Fusarium root rot caused by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. f.sp. pisi (F.R. Jones) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hans (Fsp). A RIL population was screened in a Fusarium root rot field disease nursery for 3 years. Composite interval mapping was employed for QTL detection using the means of disease severity from three growing seasons. Five QTL were identified, including one QTL identified in all three years. The multiyear QTL Fsp‐Ps2.1 contributed to a significant portion of the phenotypic variance (22.1–72.2%), while a second QTL, Fsp‐Ps6.1, contributed 17.3% of the phenotypic variance. The other single growing season QTL are of additional interest as they colocate with previously reported pea–Fusarium root rot resistance QTL. QTL Fsp‐Ps2.1, Fsp‐Ps3.1, Fsp‐4.1 and Fsp‐Ps7.1 are flanked by codominant SSRs and may be useful in marker‐assisted breeding of pea for high levels of partial resistance to Fsp.     

Different quantitative trait loci for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> resistance in wheat seedlings and adult stage in the Wuhan/Nyubai wheat population

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe), is an important wheat disease. In addition to head blight, F. graminearum also causes Fusarium seedling blight (FSB) and produces the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in the grain. The objectives of this study were: (1) to compare the relationship between resistance of wheat lines to F. graminearum in the seedlings and spikes and (2) to determine whether the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FSB were the same as QTLs for FHB resistance and DON level reported for the same population previously (Somers et al. 2003). There was no relationship between FSB infection and FHB index or DON content across the population. A single QTL on chromosome 5B that controlled FSB resistance was identified in the population; the marker WMC75 explained 13.8% of the phenotypic variation for FSB. This value implies that there may be other QTL with minor effects present, but they were not detected in the analysis. Such a QTL on chromosome 5B was not reported previously among the QTLs associated with FHB resistance and DON level in this population. However, because of recombination, some lines in the present study have Fusarium resistance for both seedling and head blight simultaneously. For example, DH line HC 450 had the highest level of resistance to FSB and FHB and was among the ten lines with lowest DON content. This line is a good candidate to be used as a parent for future crosses in breeding for Fusarium seedling resistance, together with breeding for head blight resistance. This approach may be effective in increasing overall plant resistance to Fusarium.     

A CAPS marker TAO1902 diagnostic for the I-2 gene conferring resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 2 in tomato

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici inhabits most tomato-growing regions worldwide, causing tomato production yield losses. A molecular marker linked to resistance would be useful for tomato improvement programmes. Thus, a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker TAO1₉₀₂ was developed to identify tomato genotypes possessing the I-2 gene, which confers resistance to F. o. lycopersici race 2. The Rsa I or Fok I restriction fragments corresponded to the presence or absence of the I-2 allele in a segregating 100 F₂ progeny, tomato cultivars, 16 resistant and 20 susceptible to Fusarium wilt, respectively, lines and F₁ hybrids, representing various tomato gene pools. TAO1₉₀₂ may be helpful for selection of F. o. lycopersici -resistant tomato germplasm.     

镰刀菌毒素对植物形态和结构的影响

镰刀菌毒素是镰刀菌产生的非寄主选择性毒素,可导致植物萎蔫、根腐、穗腐等各种病症。本文综述了镰刀菌毒素的主要种类、产毒菌种及其侵染的主要植物,毒素作用机理及其对植株外观形态、细胞及细胞器结构、维管束等的影响,并提出了镰刀菌毒素研究在抗性材料筛选和抗性机理研究方面的应用前景。     

Common resistance of wheat to members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex and F. culmorum

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is the most important disease of wheat in Central Europe. Although common resistance of wheat against several Fusarium species has been proposed recently, no data were available for the recently described species/lineages of F. graminearum and F. culmorum . In this study, twenty wheat genotypes were tested under field conditions by spraying inocula of isolates of eight species of the F. graminearum species complex, and three lineages of F. culmorum in 2003–2004. The severity of FHB, Fusarium damaged kernels, yield reduction and deoxynivalenol/nivalenol contamination were measured. F. culmorum isolates were in general more aggressive to wheat than those belonging to the F. graminearum species complex. The various wheat genotypes exhibited similar reactions against the different Fusarium isolates, indicating that resistance to F. graminearum sensu stricto was similar to that for the other species of the F. graminearum species complex examined. This is an important message to breeders as the resistance relates not only to any particular isolate of F. graminearum , but similarly to isolates of other Fusarium species.     

Employment of wheat grain properties in evaluation of Fusarium head blight resistance

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive fungal diseases. Wide spread of FHB causes yield loss, quality reduction, and accumulation of poisonous mycotoxins. Twenty-three Korean wheat cultivars and a known FHB resistant cultivar ‘Sumai 3’ were tested for Type I and Type II resistance to FHB and evaluated for grain characteristics. Wheat cultivars showed infection scores of 0.6 (the lowest) to 7.8 (the highest) in response to the Fusarium inoculation for Type I evaluation. Three Korean cultivars, ‘Chungkye’ (1.8), ‘Tapdong’ (1.8), and ‘Jinpoom’ (1.6) showed relatively good FHB resistance compared to ‘Sumai 3’ (0.6) for Type I evaluation. On the other hand, Type II evaluation scores ranged between 1.4 and 3.6. The infection scores of ‘Uri’ (1.4) and ‘Jinpoom’ (1.4) were particularly low and even lower than “Sumai 3” (1.6). The relationship between grain properties and FHB severity was evaluated. Grain length was positively correlated with Type II evaluation. Spike length and total polyphenol content were negatively correlated with FHB severity of Type I evaluation. Grain properties were negatively or positively correlated with FHB severity. The obtained results indicated that some of the grain parameters could be employed in the development of wheat lines with improved FHB resistance.     

马铃薯干腐病主要致病菌DNA提取方法比较

马铃薯干腐病是由镰刀菌导致的马铃薯窖储真菌病害之一,获得高质量镰刀菌的DNA是建立马铃薯干腐病分子检测的前提。本试验采用改良SDS法和2×CTAB法对黑龙江省马铃薯干腐病五种镰刀菌的DNA提取方法进行了比较。结果表明,在腐皮镰刀菌（Fusarium solani (Mart.)）和拟丝孢镰刀菌（Fusarium trichothecioides Wollenw）的DNA提取过程中,改良SDS法优于2×CTAB,获得的DNA含量较高、条带较亮、纯度较高、完整性较好,而对于燕麦镰刀菌（Fusarium avenaceum (Corda & Fr.) Sacc）、接骨木镰刀(Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel)和拟枝镰刀菌（Fusarium sporotrioides Sherb）的DNA提取两种方法差异不大,但获得的DNA都可以很好的应用到后面的分子实验过程中,此试验获得的结果可以为马铃薯干腐病致病菌的分子生物学研究提供基础。