口蹄疫病毒3C蛋白酶的T4噬菌体表面展示

对FMDV3C基因克隆质粒p3C-T进行PCR扩增，获得了口蹄疫病毒3C蛋白酶基因片段，将此片段与T4噬菌体整合质粒pR的EcoR I酶切片段连接，转化E．coli DH5a工程菌，经EcoR I酶切、质粒PCR扩增、插入方向筛选及测序鉴定，成功获得了T4噬菌体重组整合质粒pR-3C。将其转化E．coliE2后，与SOC基因缺失的噬茵体9T4-Z1同源重组，经溶菌酶依赖性筛选，获得了快速溶菌型噬菌体9T4—3C。经噬菌体PCR扩增、SDS-PAGE分析和Western-blot分析，重组噬菌体可展示约26ku的重组蛋白；其大小与预期相符，具有免疫原性。     

PRRSV GP5蛋白的噬菌体展示及其动物免疫试验

为了验证猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒(PRRSV)结构蛋白GP5的免疫原性,试验根据发表的PRRSV CH-1a株的基因组序列,参照T7选择型展示系统的上下游翻译阅读框,以无信号肽基因片段的GP5基因为模板,进行PCR扩增,扩增产物酶切后与T7噬菌体展示载体T7Select10-3b连接,构建重组噬菌体T7Select10-3b-GP5。对PCR鉴定的阳性克隆进行SDS-PAGE检测蛋白表达情况,Western-blot检测重组噬菌体的免疫原性。将重组噬菌体与石河子大学人兽共患病致病机制与防控实验室保存的四种不同佐剂F1、F2、F3、F4组合并分别对小鼠进行分组免疫,分别为C、D、E、F四组,设生理盐水空白对照组(A组)、商品化疫苗对照组(B组)。用爱德士PRRSV抗体检测试剂盒检测注射疫苗后4周内各组小鼠体内抗体水平,分析其变化情况。结果表明:PCR检测到的目的条带大小约为520 bp,SDS-PAGE检测的蛋白大小为40 ku, T7噬菌体展示的GP5蛋白具有良好的免疫原性。动物免疫试验中,E组小鼠抗体水平良好,基本达到了商品化疫苗的标准,且持续时间达到3周,6个试验组的抗体阳性率分别为0、80%、40%、50%、80%、20%。说明成功构建出了免疫原性良好的重组噬菌体(E组),该重组噬菌体有成为备用疫苗的潜质。     

T4噬菌体展示系统研究进展

T4噬菌体展示技术是一种将外源蛋白与噬菌体表面特定蛋白质融合并展示于其表面,从而获得特定功能蛋白质的基因工程技术。本文主要介绍T4噬菌体展示技术的原理、展示方式和应用。     

猪圆环病毒2型多表位串联体诱导表达及其免疫活性

为了获得体外诱导表达的具有良好免疫原性的PCV2多表位串联体。本试验筛选PCV2主要抗原表位,顺序组成多表位串联体,人工合成其cDNA序列,通过BamHⅠ和SalⅠ定向克隆至原核表达载体pEGX-4T-1多克隆位点,转化BL21感受态细胞,筛选阳性克隆,进行IPTG诱导表达。使用SDS-PAGE对目的基因表达情况进行分析,提取与纯化融合蛋白多肽,Western blot鉴定表达多表位串联蛋白免疫活性。融合蛋白多肽免疫BALB/c小鼠,ELISA测定其抗体,评价其免疫原性。结果显示,成功构建了含7个PCV2抗原表位串联体的表达重组质粒pEGX-4T-1-ep,SDS-PAGE分析显示,融合蛋白多肽在大肠杆菌中获得了有效表达,其分子量约35ku,主要以可溶性形式存在。Western blot结果显示,提取与纯化融合蛋白多肽与PCV2阳性血清具有良好的反应原性。ELISA检测结果显示,纯化的融合蛋白多肽可有效刺激机体产生PCV2特异性抗体,具有良好的免疫原性。结果表明,构建的PCV2多表位串联体表达重组体具有良好的体外表达特性,表达蛋白具有良好的免疫原性。该研究为PCV2表位筛选,功能鉴定及多表位疫苗研究奠定了一定基础。     

PCV2衣壳蛋白羧基端基因在T4噬菌体表面的展示及ELISA方法的建立

用PCR扩增猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型广东分离株的衣壳蛋白羧基端基因,将PCR产物连接到pR质粒,转化DH5α细胞,筛选阳性克隆进行PCR鉴定并测序后,转化E2菌,将重组E2菌与缺陷型噬菌体T4-Z1同源重组后,得到重组噬菌体,经SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析,表明衣壳蛋白片段在噬菌体表面正确展示,表达的融...     

鸡胸腺素β_4基因的克隆与原核表达

为了找到一种能经济、简便获得胸腺素β4(Tβ4)活性蛋白的方法,试验利用基因工程的方法原核表达重组鸡Tβ4串联体(2Tβ4)并对其进行克隆。将鸡Tβ4串联体基因克隆入原核表达载体pET-32a(+)中,用重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,IPTG诱导表达后盐析、疏水层析和离子交换层析纯化重组蛋白,采用免疫印迹方法对重组蛋白进行鉴定。结果表明:获得了纯化的重组2Tβ4蛋白,并具有生物学活性。说明成功构建、表达和纯化了2Tβ4。     

噬菌体展示技术及其在抗血吸虫疫苗研究中的应用

噬菌体展示技术是新近发展起来的将外源肽或蛋白与特定噬菌体衣壳蛋白融合,并展示于噬菌体表面的一项新技术。示系统主要包括丝状噬菌体展示系统、入噬菌体展示系统、T4噬菌体展示系统及T7噬菌体展示系统等。该技术在抗血吸虫疫苗研究上的应用主要集中在模拟血吸虫抗原位点和直接作为疫苗载体方面,而在分析血吸虫保护性抗原位点、发现新的功能蛋白或抗原基因方面的应用研究还有待加强。本文就噬菌体展示拉术及其在抗血吸虫疫苗研制中的应用进行了简要概述,为抗血吸虫疫苗的研究提供。     

新城疫病毒HN蛋白球状头部在T4噬菌体衣壳表面的展示

用RT-PCR扩增新城疫病毒(NDV)hn基因，得到大小约1700bp的片段，将其克隆至pGEM-T easy载体并测定其核苷酸序列。根据测序结果，另设计1对引物带有EcoR I限制位点，用PCR扩增基因主要功能区即编码HN蛋白球状头部的hngd片段，将其分别克隆至pSOC和pR质粒soc基因3′端，重组质粒pSOC-HNGD转化E．coli BL-21(DE3)感受态细胞，以终浓度1mmol／L的1PTG诱导表达，在SDS-PAGE凝胶上检测到相对分子质量大小约67000的目的蛋白条带。随后将重组质粒pR-HNGD转化T4宿主菌E2感受态细胞．阳性克隆用溶菌酶缺陷的T4-Z1感染，用不加溶菌酶的SC平板筛选阳性克隆。经PCR鉴定，hngd片段已整合在T4-Z1的基因组中。纯化后的重组噬菌体T4-Z1-HNGD用SDS-PAGE和Western-blot可检测到67000的特异条带。结果表明，HNGD蛋白成功展示在T4噬菌体衣壳表面，且与NDV抗血清具有良好的反应性。     

安氏隐孢子虫肌动蛋白部分编码基因的表达及免疫保护性

以筛选安氏隐孢子虫T7噬菌体展示文库获得的肌动蛋白（CA42）部分编码基因的序列设计特异性引物,扩增目的基因CA42,构建重组表达载体pET-28a-CA42,通过大肠杆菌BL21的诱导表达,产物经SDS-PAGE和Western-blotting鉴定。然后纯化重组蛋白,免疫BALB／c进行体液和细胞免疫水平的检测,并观察重组蛋白对微小隐孢子虫的交叉保护性效果。结果显示,成功构建重组原核表达质粒pET-28a-CA42,Western-blotting显示重组蛋白约为19ku,能被安氏隐孢子虫免疫小鼠的多克隆抗体识别。重组蛋白免疫BALB／c小鼠的抗体水平差异显著（P〈0．05）,CD4^＋T淋巴细胞数差异均显著,CD4^4／CD8^＋T淋巴细胞数的值与佐剂对照组和空白对照组相比差异均显著（P〈0．05）。各组小鼠经接种微小隐孢子虫卵囊后,试验组与各对照组相比卵囊减少率为32．2％,差异均显著（P〈0．05）。结果表明,成功表达了重组安氏隐孢子虫肌动蛋白,纯化的重组蛋白具有一定的免疫原性和交叉保护性。     

T4噬菌体蛋白的分子改造及其应用前景

T4噬菌体是一种病毒,其基因、结构和生物学特性已清晰,利用各种分子操作技术可以对其进行进一步改造。利用位点特异性诱变,研究T4噬菌体某些基本蛋白的功能;普遍用来进行噬菌体改造的噬菌体展示技术已经成功在T4衣壳平台上展示目的抗原;位点特异性诱变及噬菌体展示技术都可以用于改造噬菌体使其与哺乳动物细胞发生相互作用,也能获得除细菌宿主之外的可被噬菌体感染的细胞;还可在不断发展的噬菌体治疗研究中得到应用。这些噬菌体的改造方法都将会促进疫苗技术、噬菌体疗法和其他生物及医学科学分支的发展。论文对T4噬菌体的蛋白结构、噬菌体展示技术及相关的噬菌体治疗等内容进行了综述。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein