光身稻两用核不育系光153S的育性特性观察

对光身稻光(温)敏核不育系光153S的育性转换、光温临界值和开花习性等进行了观察.结果显示:(1)光153S为典型的晚熟核不育系.(2)光153S在三明自然条件下的稳定不育期在89d,与CK(SE21S)相当.(3)光153S经人工气候箱鉴定表明:雄性不育临界光温指标为14.5h/24℃左右,比较适合在日照较长的稻区制种应用.     

籼型光温敏两系不育系H153S的选育及应用

光温敏核不育系转育起点温度的高低是决定两系杂交水稻制种能否安全的关键因素之一,选育起点温度较低的光温敏核不育系可以显著提高两系杂交水稻制种纯度。本课题组利用系谱选育法,将播始历期较短、不育起点温度较高、农艺性状较好的两系不育系中间材料7HS006与播始历期较长、育性转换温度较低的绿102S进行杂交,选育出籼型两系不育系H153S,该不育系的不育起点温度较低,育性稳定,可繁性、农艺性状较好。H153S将在两系杂交水稻制种和推广中起重要的实际应用价值。     

光温敏核不育水稻育性稳定性研究Ⅳ.不育起点温度漂移规律

以培矮64S和安湘S等不育基因来源不同的5个水稻光温敏核不育系为材料，在人工气候室进行长日低温处理，考查各材料从核心种子至原种一代各世代平均花粉不育度，以探明不育起点温度漂移规律。结果表明：1）不育起点温度漂移普遍存在于不同不育基因来源的光温敏不育系中；2）不育基因来源不同的不育系起点温度漂移幅度和漂移频率均存在明显差异。对不同不育系不育起点温度漂移规律以及生产上对光温敏不育系的利用策略进行了讨论。     

籼型水稻光温敏核不育系伍S的选育与应用

伍S是以不育起点温度较低的不育系C815S为母本,与理想株型不育系1892S杂交后选育成的新水稻光温敏核不育系。该不育系不育起点温度较低,2018年通过安徽省农作物品种审定委员会技术鉴定。利用伍S与华占配组育成的杂交组合伍两优华占于2021年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

水稻光温敏核不育机理设想及光温敏核不育系选育策略

为更深入了解水稻光温敏核不育的遗传机理,综述了我国水稻光温敏核不育机理研究取得的成就及存在问题,提出了水稻光温敏核不育机理新设想,即水稻光温敏不育系中不存在光敏不育基因和温敏不育基因,其育性转换是主效不育基因与发育感光基因或(和)发育感温基因相互作用的结果;正常水稻品种中存在的不育基因位点(微效不育基因)可影响光温敏核不育系的不育起点温度,微效不育基因聚合越多,则不育系不育起点温度越低;微效不育基因完全纯合,则不育起点温度不会漂变。基于不育机理新设想,提出了光温敏核不育系选育的策略,即不同生态区、不同生态类型的光温敏核不育系选育的光温指标不一样,增压选择是选育低不育起点温度核不育系的技术核心,全面提高综合性状水平和配合力是选育实用光温敏核不育系技术的关键。     

一种水稻光温敏核不育系提纯繁殖方法的初步研究

针对水稻光温敏核不育系高世代提纯繁殖过程中起点温度漂变的问题,利用生产用安农810S、P88S和C815S 3个光温敏核不育系种子,通过建立2个遗传背景完全相同的不育系大群体,实现核心单株筛选与繁殖同步进行,研究一种不育系提纯繁殖的方法.     

优质籼型旱稻光温敏核不育系GHS的光温反应特性

通过9种人控光温组合处理,结合分期播种试验,研究了早稻光温敏核不育系GHS育性的光温反应特性.结果表明,日长对GHS的育性有一定的影响,在日长15.0 h条件下,其不育起点温度低于23.0℃;在13.0 h条件下,不育起点温度为24.0℃以下;在11.0 h条件下,不育起点温度上升到24℃以上.GHS光敏性较强,可育花粉率的光长影响率达72.53%,比对照培矮64S高出7.12个百分点.对GHS可育花粉率的方差分析表明,GHS的温度效应不显著(P＞0.05),光长效应显著(0.01＜P＜0.05),光温互作效应极显著(P＜0.01),属不育起点温度较低、不育临界光长较短的光温互作型两川核不育系.在湛江自然条件下,GHS有2个育性转换期,连续稳定不育期达145 d以上,正常年份可进行晚季安全制种,但没有适合GHS繁殖的光温条件.     

4个新选育水稻光身光温敏核不育系的主要农艺性状及其配合力研究

光身稻具有光身、抗倒、米质优等特点,是重要的育种资源。为探明4个新选育的光身不育系的形态特征及其主要农艺性状的配合力表现,以非光身光温敏不育系Y58S及以其为亲本新选育的4个光身光温敏不育系为供试材料,考查其播始历期和上三叶、地上部节间形态特征;以5个不育系与6个恢复系按不完全双列杂交试验设计配置的30个杂交组合为供试材料,考查播始历期、株高、单株有效穗数、每穗总粒数、结实率、单株产量、穗长、千粒重、单株一次枝梗数等主要农艺性状指标,对供试组合主要农艺性状进行配合力分析。结果表明,新选育的4个光身不育系叶片、颖壳均光滑无毛,为典型的光身不育系;且上三叶形态特征优于对照Y58S,具有长、宽的特点。配合力方差分析结果表明,株高、单株有效穗数以及每穗总粒数主要受基因加性效应的影响;结实率、单株产量主要受基因非加性效应的影响;穗长、千粒重、单株一次枝梗数、播始历期既受基因加性效应的影响,又受基因非加性效应的影响,但加性效应的影响大于非加性效应。不育系的千粒重和结实率一般配合力方差大于恢复系,说明千粒重和结实率受不育系的影响较大;恢复系的播始历期、株高、单株有效穗数、穗长、每穗总粒数、单株一次枝...     

低温处理水稻光温敏核不育系筛选核心单株的效果研究

用水稻光温敏核不育系安农810S、P88S、C815S生产用种作为试验材料,连续2 a用相对稳定低温处理处于幼穗分化雌雄蕊形成期的不育系群体,分析低温处理后群体的育性分布情况。结果表明:根据光温敏核不育系鉴定时育性起点温度设定处理温度,不同不育系的群体育性分布频率不同;用接近鉴定时的育性起点温度的低温处理时,群体育性分布表现为偏向于完全不育和半不育的左截尾正态分布;用显著低于鉴定时的育性起点温度的低温处理时,群体育性分布表现为偏向于育性恢复的右截尾正态分布;第2年,用相对稳定低温处理核心株群体,3个不育系群体育性分布趋于一致,完全不育株占大多数,但仍存在一定比例的半不育株和育性恢复50%以上的单株。因此,用低温处理生产用种来筛选核心单株时,需要用相对稳定的接近不育系鉴定起点温度的适宜低温连续筛选多年,才能得到比较理想的核心种子或者原原种。     

光身杂交稻选育研究进展

利用美国光身稻种质资源,培育出野败型三系光身杂交稻配套亲本光香A、B和光身R及光身光温敏核不育系光S,并用其配组率先育成一批三系光身杂交稻组合,如光香优德87、光香优602、光香优613等;还选配出一批非光身的优质高产三系杂交稻新组合如光香优7号、光香优13和光香优6号以及两系杂交稻组合光两优113和光两优193等.光身杂交稻及其配套亲本的选育成功,将进一步促进水稻亚种间杂种优势利用,可望实现我国杂交稻育种在米质、产量、抗性和适应性方面新的突破.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).