基于元数据的农田信息存储、管理和共享

为实现基于元数据的农田信息的存储、管理和共享,在建立农田信息数据元的基础上,采用空间数据库技术,构建了农田信息的分级存储与管理模型;利用元数据服务和组件技术,在SuperMap GIS平台上构建了农田信息共享服务与互操作模型。通过对“基于WebGIS的小麦生产精准施肥决策系统”和“基于GIS的河南省作物生产潜力评价系统”数据元的提取和封装,实现了两个系统数据的无损共享,结果表明,在建立农田信息标准元数据的基础上,利用元数据和元数据服务技术来解决农田信息一体化存储、管理和共享是可行和有效的。     

基于WebGIS和条码技术的土壤空间信息管理系统

针对精准农业土壤肥力诊断的需要,基于条码技术和WebGIS构建了针对土壤样品采集、化验和存储以及分析数据的空间管理与发布的松耦合系统。该系统基于条码技术对土壤样品采集、化验及存储等流程进行管理,基于WebGIS进行空间数据管理和发布,同时,基于Web Service技术实现数据同步,较好地解决了分布式系统中异构数据库数据的同步问题。应用实践表明,系统的设计思想和架构符合精准农业信息获取、信息管理的需要,同时,在大规模土壤调查、土壤监测领域也具有良好应用前景。     

A social learning video method: Identifying and sharing successful transformation knowledge for sustainable soil management in Switzerland

To enhance sustainable land use, a From Farmer to Farmer project was conducted in Switzerland (2001–2010). A multi‐stakeholder discussion group co‐produced nine videos with experienced farmers and wine producers showing sustainable soil management practices. We analysed the video audio‐visual content and drew on reflections of the co‐production process, referring to concepts of system, target and transformation knowledge, as well as on social learning. The analysis showed a broad range of means (or actions) for sustainable soil management in arable land management, fodder production and wine growing that are aligned to transformation knowledge. The research showed that farmers refer to three phases of social learning, light‐bulb moments, coping with challenges and gaining successful expertise. These are not just linear processes of individuals. Four types of social learning were found in the video analysis: (a) learning from observing actions of others, (b) sharing experiences with storytelling, (c) informal social interactions and (d) being a role model with a large social network. Videos enable transformation knowledge to be shared with peers using storytelling; this powerful narrative communication style provides credibility and respects the ‘thought style’ of the target audience group. We conclude that for successful implementation of sustainable actions, it is important to address a specific target group and share their transformation knowledge built upon system and target knowledge. The social learning video method is a viable way to enable social learning between science, administration and practice and has potential for fostering change in sustainable soil management.     

Sharing soil knowledge and evaluating progress in the New South Wales Soil Knowledge Network

The New South Wales (NSW) Soil Knowledge Network (SKN) is a group of retired soil specialist volunteers, who strive to promote the importance of soils through knowledge and expertise. The Soil Knowledge Network is unique and represents a new direction in knowledge sharing using the passion of recently retired soil scientists to support new and early career soil scientists. The terms ‘legacy science’ and ‘sharing legacy knowledge’ are used here to describe SKN activities. This paper reflects on the progress of the SKN and assesses its positive impact on raising the awareness and understanding of soils using qualitative examples from workshops, a survey of soil team coaches at the 2018 National soil judging competition, and metrics from social media and online resources. SKN successes and learning experiences are discussed along with notions of trust, credibility and the importance of people in delivering positive outcomes.     

Local versus expert knowledge in forest management in a semi‐arid part of India

This study analyzes the differences between the villagers' and the Forest Department's preferences in the choice of tree species to be planted in eastern Rajasthan, India. Locals learned to manage the tree resources in a sustainable manner before the formal knowledge perspectives started to dominate through various state forestry programmes in which decision making is dominated by expert perspectives in a given political context. The study also attempts to identify the problems of complementary relationships between local and expert knowledge and the resulting management implications. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tillage and the environment in sub-tropical Australia—Tradeoffs and challenges

Tillage is defined here in a broad sense, including disturbance of the soil and crop residues, wheel traffic and sowing opportunities. In sub-tropical, semi-arid cropping areas in Australia, tillage systems have evolved from intensively tilled bare fallow systems, with high soil losses, to reduced and no tillage systems. In recent years, the use of controlled traffic has also increased. These conservation tillage systems are successful in reducing water erosion of soil and sediment-bound chemicals. Control of runoff of dissolved nutrients and weakly sorbed chemicals is less certain. Adoption of new practices appears to have been related to practical and economic considerations, and proved to be more profitable after a considerable period of research and development. However there are still challenges. One challenge is to ensure that systems that reduce soil erosion, which may involve greater use of chemicals, do not degrade water quality in streams. Another challenge is to ensure that systems that improve water entry do not increase drainage below the crop root zone, which would increase the risk of salinity. Better understanding of how tillage practices influence soil hydrology, runoff and erosion processes should lead to better tillage systems and enable better management of risks to water quality and soil health. Finally, the need to determine the effectiveness of in-field management practices in achieving stream water quality targets in large, multi-land use catchments will challenge our current knowledge base and the tools available.     

三维配电网地理信息系统的研究与实现

提高电力企业信息化管理水平是配电网管理中的一项重要内容,目前二维配电网GIS系统已经成为主要的管理手段。针对配电网特点和二维配电网GIS系统中几何图形简单,无法真实反映配网设备及周围环境情况的不足,进行了三维GIS研究,提出了建立三维配电网GIS系统的实施方案。系统采用SuperMap组件式GIS平台,商用关系型数据库SQL2005和VB进行开发,实现了对配电线路和供用电设备等的可视化管理,并具有进行基本的空间分析和数据处理 功能。     

Farmer knowledge,perception and management of soils in the Las Vegas agricultural district,Madrid, Spain

A sample group of 119 farmers from a semi‐arid district of Madrid was interviewed to determine the knowledge of individuals about soil conservation and management. Farmers commonly identify physical factors in the landscape that are visually recognizable and those chemical factors that clearly affect productivity. Often, factors, such as salinity or pH that require laboratory analysis, are less readily identified. Farmer knowledge of soils is influenced by their main source of income, gender, education and age. Although there is a high degree of correspondence between scientific and traditional knowledge of soil, some gaps have been identified, notably those related to erosion. Key steps identified for promoting the adoption of sustainable soil management practices to farmers were as follows: involvement of public institutions, the need for increased agricultural prices and an improvement in training and public awareness. Farmers were aware of their own limitations and demanded capacity building, technical and policy support.     

Testing the public–private soil data and information sharing model for sustainable soil management outcomes

Soil data form the basis of soil information systems across the globe. Soil information needs, and the questions posed by users, are likely to evolve in response to advances in technology in this era of Big Data. This poses a challenge to the pedological community which is already experiencing a decline in soil knowledge and expertise. With a decrease in soil data collection by governments, it is timely to reconsider how and what soil information should be provided to future users. A public–private partnership is advocated to deliver timely and accessible soil information to users. Two public–private provisioning programs are presented, and advantages and considerations for sharing soil data and information amongst industry, government, research organizations, service providers and land managers for these are discussed. Interoperable, open‐source and agreed soil community standards are used to present soil data and information through spatial web portals with tools for interpretation of soil data for public and private beneficiaries.     

中国农业管理信息系统发展现状、问题、趋势与对策

回顾了国内外农业管理信息系统的产生和发展历史,阐述了农业管理信息系统在国内外的发展应用现状,并总结了中国农业管理信息系统存在的一些问题。最后,在总结现状和问题的基础上,预测了中国农业管理信息系统发展的方向和趋势,以及应采取的措施。     

中国农业管理信息系统发展现状、问题、趋势与对策

回顾了国内外农业管理信息系统的产生和发展历史,阐述了农业管理信息系统在国内外的发展应用现状,并总结了中国农业管理信息系统存在的一些问题.最后,在总结现状和问题的基础上,预测了中国农业管理信息系统发展的方向和趋势,以及应采取的措施.     

玉米水分管理动态知识模型的设计与实现

农田水分管理与模型构建一直是农业生产的一个热点和难点问题。运用知识模型的构建原理，将系统分析方法和数学建模技术应用于玉米水分管理专家知识表达体系中，根据土壤水分平衡原理，分阶段定量灌溉与玉米和环境影响因子之间的关系，建立了具有系统性和适用性的玉米水分管理动态知识模型，可用于设计不同地区不同降雨年型玉米生育期所需的灌溉定额和灌水定额。利用北京昌平、山东泰安、辽宁沈阳3个不同地区的常年气象资料和玉米品种农大108的品种特征资料对不同生态点常年气候条件下玉米水分管理模型进行了检验；利用北京昌平区不同降雨年型气象     

油菜栽培管理知识模型及决策支持系统研究

将系统分析原理和数学建模技术应用于油菜管理知识表达体系，通过解析和提炼油菜生育指标及栽培技术与生态环境和生产技术水平之间的基础性关系和定量化算法，构建了具有时空规律的油菜栽培管理动态知识模型；并进一步利用软构件技术在Visual C⁺⁺平台上构建了基于知识模型的油菜管理决策支持系统(KMDSSRM)，实现了不同环境条件下的油菜播前方案设计及产中调控指标预测。其中，播前方案设计包括产量目标与产量结构，品种选择，播种期，基本苗和播种量，移栽方案，肥料运筹及水分管理等；调控指标预测包括叶龄动态，叶面积指数动态，角果皮面积指数动态和干物质积累动态等。油菜栽培管理知识模型的建立，克服了传统油菜栽培模式及专家系统地域性强和广适性差的不足，从而为实现油菜栽培管理决策的定量化和数字化奠定了基础。     

作物管理知识模型系统设计与开发框架研究

在提炼小麦栽培管理知识模型框架的基础上，通过综合不同作物管理知识模型系统的共性及软件设计与开发的特点，初步确立了作物管理知识模型系统的通用设计与开发框架，包括系统总体结构框架、软构件的基本标准、开发平台框架及系统应用框架等。其中，开发平台框架包括系统开发平台的结构和功能、模型库管理系统的功能设置和模型库管理系统的框架及构件；系统应用框架包括系统应用框架结构、应用系统开发框架、应用系统功能框架及构件、应用系统功能构件的输入输出接口框架及应用系统自定义构件中的通用算法函数框架等。研究结果对于提高作物管理知识模     

Indigenous and scientific knowledge: the choice and management of cultivation sites by bedouin in Upper Egypt

Abstract. This paper investigates the ways in which some bedouin in the Nubian Desert of southeastern Egypt take decisions about both the choice of site for cultivation and the subsequent management of their soils. It explores the complementarity of formal and informal sciences and how each might profitably inform the other. Results show that the bedouin understand the physical limitations and nutrient supply properties of soils, but not aspects such as pH. Decisions on the choice of cultivation site are often made with regard to other perceived risks, such as soil loss and intermittent inundation, rather than just soil quality. It is also apparent that there exists among bedouin a plurality of indigenous knowledge mediated by factors such as experience, wealth levels, household circumstances and production priorities. Understanding indigenous knowledge is essential in helping to develop better use of the soil in this area, about which little is known and which has only a short history of small scale cropping.     

基于远程通讯的农田信息管理系统设计与实现

为实现农田信息远程智能化管理,该文按照软件工程思想设计并实现基于远程通讯的农田信息管理系统。远程农田信息管理系统是移动式农业智能服务系统的一个重要组成部分, 是实现农田信息管理的核心。远程农田信息管理系统通过GPRS实时接收来自移动终端（农田PDA）的农田信息数据,将其存放到农田信息数据库中;按照农田处理模型对其进行分析、处理,并进行可视化表达,为农田变量控制提供决策支持。根据系统的主要功能,将系统划分为地图管理、PDA管理、数据管理和系统管理等四大模块。远程农田信息管理系统实现了农田信息的实时采集、处理、可视化和传输,为用户提供全面的决策信息和技术支持。     

Soil compaction and soil management – a review

Soil compaction is an important component of the land degradation syndrome which is an issue for soil management throughout the world. It is a long standing phenomenon not only associated with agriculture but also with forest harvesting, amenity land use, pipeline installation, land restoration and wildlife trampling. This review concentrates on the impact of soil compaction on practical soil management issues, an area not previously reviewed. It discusses in the context of the current situation, the causes, identification, effects and alleviation of compaction. The principal causes are when compressive forces derived from wheels, tillage machinery and from the trampling of animals, act on compressible soil. Compact soils can also be found under natural conditions without human or animal involvement. Compaction alters many soil properties and adverse effects are mostly linked to a reduction in permeability to air, water and roots. Many methods can be used to measure the changes. In practical situations, the use of visual and tactile methods directly in the field is recommended. The worst problems tend to occur when root crops and vegetables are harvested from soils at or wetter than field capacity. As discussed by a farmer, the effects on crop uniformity and quality (as well as a reduction in yield) can be marked. By contrast, rendzinas and other calcareous soils growing mainly cereals are comparatively free of compaction problems. The effect of a given level of compaction is related to both weather and climate; where soil moisture deficits are large, a restriction in root depth may have severe effects but the same level of compaction may have a negligible effect where moisture deficits are small. Topsoil compaction in sloping landscapes enhances runoff and may induce erosion particularly along wheeltracks, with consequent off‐farm environmental impacts. Indirect effects of compaction include denitrification which is likely to lead to nitrogen deficiency in crops. The effects of heavy tractors and harvesters can to some extent be compensated for by a reduction in tyre pressures although there is concern that deep‐seated compaction may occur. Techniques for loosening compaction up to depths of 45 cm are well established but to correct deeper problems presents difficulties. Several authors recommend that monitoring of soil physical conditions, including compaction, should be part of routine soil management.     

基于WebGIS的农场生产管理信息系统的设计与实现

针对"农场+生产队"管理模式的大中型农场农业生产管理的需求,该文设计开发了基于WebGIS的农业生产管理信息系统。系统开发采用浏览器/服务器(B/S)架构,Java作为开发语言,属性数据库使用MySQL数据库管理系统,采用ArcGIS API for JavaScript作为WebGIS前端开发技术,实现农场农业生产各关键环节数据的填报、统计以及可视化。功能模块包括:农场机构管理、生产资料管理、生产数据上报、专题分析、信息服务发布、系统管理。目前系统已在安徽龙亢农场,呼伦贝尔谢尔塔拉农场、特泥河农场、院士工作站等农场或农业基地开展示范应用。结果表明:系统具有简单易用、普适性强、扩展性好等特点,可协助农场生产管理者科学、便捷、高效地进行生产管理,提升农场生产管理的信息化、现代化水平,增强决策层的宏观掌控能力。     

高校图书馆实施知识管理的基本原则和策略

知识管理已经成为现代高校图书馆实行管理变革的重要理论指南。但高校图书馆实施知识管理,应该在遵循相应原则的基础上,制定详细的实施策略,并按部就班、循序渐进地进行。