浅谈我国马铃薯种薯市场发育现状与发展思路

本文在分析我国马铃薯种薯生产与市场发育现状、存在问题和发展潜力的基础上,提出了建立健全的脱毒种薯繁育体系和严格的质量检测监督体系;建设规模化、工厂化的原原种生产体系和规模化、机械化、良种良法配套的种薯繁育基地,提高种繁育能力;建立种薯市场准入制度,规范种薯销售市场等种薯产业健康持续发展的初步思路和建议。     

石属植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性(DUS)测试指南的研制

对石榴新品种DUS测试指南的研制原则、测试对象、测试性状选择、标准品种、测试方法和判定标准进行概述,选择35个测试性状,包括植株、枝条、叶片、花、果实和种子,测试性状涵盖石榴的品种特征性状,包括植株性状有3个、枝干性状3个、叶片性状8个、花性状9个、果实性状8个、种子性状4个;采用花瓣颜色、果实宽度、果皮颜色、籽粒颜色和种子硬度作为分组性状,其中质量性状(QL)2个、数量性状(QN)19个、假性质量性状14个.并概述中国石榴新品种权申请现状,石榴DUS测试指南的制订对增强石榴新品种保护,促进中国植物新品种保护事业的发展具有积极意义.     

基于多元线性回归的辽宁省中熟玉米品种产量相关性分析

[目的]明确影响中熟玉米品种产量的主要因素,为辽宁省中熟玉米品种选育和生产提供参考.[方法]根据2019年参加辽宁省中熟玉米区域试验种植的9个玉米新品种相关的农艺性状数据,利用多元线性回归法对玉米新品种的主要性状进行相关性分析,揭示其变化规律,为玉米农艺性状的选择提供参考.[结果]辽宁省中熟玉米品种与产量密切相关的农艺...     

Effect of seed piece size on performance of three potato varieties in the Klamath Basin of Oregon

A survey of cut seed lots from Klamath Basin commercial potato operations showed poor uniformity of seed piece size and numerous undersize seed pieces in most of the 18 seed lots examined over two years. Experiments were conducted in 1995, 1996, and 1997 to evaluate effects of seed piece size on the performance of Russet Burbank, Russet Norkotah, and Century Russet cultivars. Weighed seed tubers were cut into four pieces to obtain seed piece sizes of 21, 35, 50, 64, and 78 g (+/-2 g). Seed pieces less than 50 g resulted in delayed emergence and reduced stem numbers in all varieties. Effects of seed piece size on yield and tuber size distribution were greatest for Century Russet and least for Russet Norkotah, but were significant for all varieties over the three-year study. Increasing seed piece size increased yield of U.S. No.1 and total yield, while reducing tuber size. An economic analysis, based on crop values for fresh market use and seed costs, found optimum seed piece sizes of 64 g for Russet Burbank and Century Russet and 50 g for Russet Norkotah.     

Seed yielding ability of landraces of lucerne in Italy

Seed yield is of crucial importance for the marketing of lucerne varieties. Statistical records for farmers’ production of certified seed suggested a slightly higher seed‐yielding ability of Italian landraces over improved varieties (proportionately 0·052). The aims were to: (i) assess the variation among landraces, and compare the germplasm of landrace and improved varieties, for seed‐yielding ability; and (ii) investigate the relationships between seed yield, environment of origin and forage yield of the landraces. Thirteen farm landraces belonging to the seven commercial ecotypes of northern Italy and four improved varieties were evaluated for seed yield in the third cropping year and for herbage yield over twelve harvests. Landraces differed in seed yield and herbage yield (P < 0·05). Landrace material, compared with variety germplasm, showed a non‐significant trend towards higher seed yield (proportionately 0·047) and had similar herbage yield and plant density at the onset of the third cropping year. Seed yield of landraces was unrelated to forage yield and was associated with frequent mowing and earlier year of seed production on its farm of origin.     

夏播大豆产量的环境响应及高产品种的主要特性

为明确生长环境对夏播大豆产量的影响及高产品种的主要性状特征,选用50份大豆品种在黄淮海夏播大豆生态区的蒙城、阜南、龙亢试验点进行连续三年的田间试验,研究不同环境下夏播大豆产量和高产大豆品种的农艺、品质、适应性等。结果表明:(1)试点间、年份间及品种间产量差异均达到极显著水平,试点间方差占总方差的15.75%,年份间方差占6.48%,品种间方差占24.90%。3个试点中,蒙城点产量最高,龙亢点最低,平均产量相差在343.63~1 133.28 kg·hm-2,三年均达极显著水平。(2)有14份品种在3年9点次试验中平均产量高于2 700.00 kg·hm~(-2),其中11份是亚有限生长习性,3份是有限生长习性,产量位于前4位的全部是亚有限生长习性品种。高产品种中,亚有限生长习性品种的生殖期、单株粒数等均值大于有限生长习性品种,结荚高度、百粒重等小于有限生长习性品种。与普通品种比较:高产大豆品种的生殖期、主茎节数、单株粒重、种子脂肪含量均值均大于普通品种达极显著水平(t=2.94**;t=3.23**;t=2.87**;t=2.89**),种子蛋白含量低于普通品种达极显著水平(t=2.98**)。(3)筛选出14份高产大豆品种,其中产量位于前四位的分别是高丰1号、GR8836、铁杆1号及中品661,均有较好的广适性。同时,高产品种在蒙城试验点,具有更高的产量和更好的适应性表现。不利的生长环境是目前黄淮夏播生态区大豆产量的主要限制因素之一,针对大豆生长的不利因素,优化栽培技术并配合高产品种,可以起到增产、稳产作用。高产大豆品种一般具有生殖期较长、主茎节数较多、单株粒重较大,脂肪含量较高的特点。亚有限生长习性品种可能因为具有更好的环境适应能力,所以在试验中有更好的产量表现,应该在未来的研究中给予重视。     

建国50年来中国高粱品种改良发展阶段及代表品种

中国高梁品种改良从1949年至今经历了3个发展阶段，一是农家品种整理利用；二是新品种选育推广；三是杂种优势的利用与研究。通过回顾高梁品种改良发展历史，总结经验，为中国高梁育种今后的发展提供参考，以育出更优良品种。     

Understanding smallholder farmers’ access to maize seed and seed quality in the drought-prone Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

Despite efforts made by the Ethiopian research and extension system during the past 40 years to disseminate improved maize (Zea mays L.) variety seeds for increased crop production, the diffusion and use remained low, particularly in moisture-stressed areas. The topic of smallholder farmers’ access to quality seed is an ongoing issue in Ethiopia. The purpose of this paper is to identify and explain maize seed sources for smallholder farmers and assess the seed quality status in the drought-prone Central Rift Valley (CRV) of Ethiopia. Data for this study were obtained from farm households and other stakeholders survey in 2011 from East Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional National State. The survey results indicated that informal seed sources contributed 84% of annually planted maize seed. Sixty percent of maize growers obtained improved seed through farmer-to-farmer seed exchange and the informal seed market (ISM). Regarding the socioeconomic characteristics and maize seed acquisition behavior of the farm-household heads, a higher proportion of female-headed households and resource-poor farm households depended on other farmers and ISM than male-headed farm households. A quarter of the better-off maize-grower households also used ISM. Formal seed sources were found to be key in new variety introduction. The quality of the seeds obtained from informal sources was found to be acceptable relative to purity and germination. The effectiveness of the seed-supply system tended to rely on the complementary integration of formal and informal seed systems, as both systems had their own peculiarities in serving the farm community to enhance food security.     

The utilized metabolizable energy output of grassland on hill farms in Northern Ireland

Forty hill farms in Northern Ireland were surveyed to obtain information on stocking rates and output and to identify factors affecting output. The mean farm area of 194 ha was composed of 155 ha hill land and 39 ha inbye land with a mean stocking rate of 0–7 cow-equivalents ha⁻¹.
On the average farm most of the grassland (88%) was over 20 years old. The preferred species content of the swards averaged 22% over the whole farm and 42% in cut swards. This latter result may be attributed to the relatively high level of fertilizer N applied to these swards (131 kg ha⁻¹) compared to the mean application rate over the whole farm of only 29 kg N ha⁻¹ and 93 kg ha⁻¹ applied to the inbye land.
Output data calculated as utilized metabolizable energy (UME) per unit area for the whole farm and separately for hill and inbye components showed that although only 21% of the farm area was inbye land almost half the annual total metabolizable energy requirements of stock had to be met by grazing inbye. The capacity of herbage to meet stock energy demands was much lower on the hill with supplementary feed having to be provided over the winter.
Calculated output from inbye land was 39 GJ ha⁻¹ compared to 7 GJ ha⁻¹ from the hill and 15 GJ ha⁻¹ from the whole farm. UME output of the whole farm was negatively correlated with farm size (r=−0 55) and positively correlated with stocking rate (r = 0 89), applied N level (r = 0 63)     

我国水稻主栽品种SSR多样性的比较分析

采用40个SSR标记,比较分析了151份20世纪50年代(78份）和近10年（73份）我国常规稻主栽品种的遗传差异,发现有39个标记具有多态性,多态性位点共检测到213个等位基因,每个位点2～11个,平均5.5个;平均Nei基因多样性指数(He)为0.649,范围在0.309（RM174）～0.869（RM418）。籼粳亚种间SSR多样性差异明显,籼稻平均等位基因数（Na）和Nei基因多样性指数（Na = 4.4,He = 0.458）均高于粳稻品种（Na = 4.0,He = 0.395）。比较了78份20世纪50年代与73份近10年水稻主栽品种的遗传多样性,籼、粳亚种表现出相近的变化趋势,即Nei多样性指数和等位基因数20世纪50年代主栽品种高于近10年的。虽然Nei基因多样性指数的变化并不显著（籼稻：z= 1.471,P=0.141;粳稻：z= 1.932,P=0.053）,但等位基因数目的变化达到显著水平（籼稻：z= 2.677,P=0.007;粳稻：z= 3.441,P=0.001）。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,遗传变异绝大部分存在于两时期内,尽管时期间平均贡献的遗传变异仅占1.9％,但仍然达到5％的显著水平;籼、粳亚种两时期间平均贡献的遗传变异高于整个分析样本,分别为5.0％和8.2％;籼、粳亚种不同位点的遗传分化程度也各不相同,籼稻和粳稻品种分别有13个（占33.3％）和11个（占28.2％）SSR位点的等位基因在两时期间差异显著,而其余位点的遗传变异则是因时期内品种间的差异引起的。研究表明近10年我国常规稻主栽品种丢失了一部分等位基因,水稻育种仍应加强更广泛的种质亲本的选择。     

The silage yield potential of hybrid ryegrass over a 5-year period in Northern Ireland relative to other ryegrasses and timothy

The yield and persistency of grass species within a managed sward are a major consideration when determining species mixtures for either long-term or short-term sward management systems. Perennial ryegrass is lower yielding but more persistent than Italian ryegrass. Hybrid ryegrass, an interspecies cross between perennial and Italian ryegrass, may be higher yielding than perennial ryegrass and more persistent than Italian ryegrass. Therefore, the yield and persistency of hybrid ryegrass was investigated in Northern Ireland in five experiments, each harvested over five consecutive years, and compared with that of Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and timothy. The performance of the five grass species were in the expected order; Italian ryegrass was higher yielding than hybrid ryegrass, which was higher than perennial ryegrass, with timothy the lowest, whereas perennial ryegrass and timothy had significantly higher sward densities than the hybrid and Italian ryegrasses. In addition, it was found that the rate of decline in yield and sward density with age was the same for all species. Consequently, this study indicated that the higher yielding Italian and hybrid ryegrasses could continue to out-perform perennial ryegrass for 5 years, opening the possibility of more extensive farming use of these species, particularly in Northern Ireland.     

2010-2019年河南省玉米品种利用及育种单位分析

基于2010-2019年河南省年种植面积0.67×10⁴hm²以上玉米品种的种植面积及育种单位信息,分析河南省玉米品种利用及育种单位推广情况,为河南省玉米生产选种及种业发展提供参考。结果表明,2010-2019年河南省年种植面积0.67×10⁴hm²以上的品种200个,累计种植年数4年以上的品种73个,累计种植面积33.33×10⁴hm²以上的品种19个,其中,16个已过种植高峰期,生产上面临品种更新换代压力。种子企业和科研院所是品种选育的主要力量,随着年份更替,种子企业选育品种数量及种植面积占比不断攀升,远超科研院所。外省选育品种种植面积占比呈上升趋势,外资进入对河南省玉米种业造成一定冲击,河南省迫切需要进一步加强培育本省种业品牌。近几年,河南省先后建设了国家生物育种产业创新中心及神农种业实验室,积极推进现代种业强省建设,努力为我国打好种业翻身仗做出贡献。     

不同花生品种白藜芦醇含量鉴定评价

本研究选取59份花生品种,连续2年在武汉、石家庄、濮阳和周口4个地点共8个环境种植,成熟收获后检测花生籽仁白藜芦醇含量。结果表明,供试花生品种白藜芦醇含量在品种间、环境间均存在极显著差异。武汉环境下所有材料两年白藜芦醇含量均值相对较高。综合分析2年4点种植的检测结果,筛选出多个环境下白藜芦醇含量表现较高且稳定的材料2份（冀花2号和冀花13号）。结合前期对这些品种的含油量和脂肪酸检测结果的相关性分析表明,花生籽仁白藜芦醇含量与含油量和8种主要脂肪酸含量均不存在显著相关性。本结果为培育高白藜芦醇兼具高油和优良脂肪酸组成的花生品种提供了理论基础。     

山西省大豆地方品种与选育品种农艺性状及SSR标记遗传多样性比较分析

以山西省地方品种和选育品种为材料，对其质量性状、数量性状及SSB标记进行了遗传多样性分析。旨在探明地方品种与选育品种之间遗传多样性的差异，为山西省大豆品种资源的研究与利用提供理论依据。结果表明，184份选育品种和180份地方品种在8个质量性状、5个数量性状上都存在较广泛的遗传多样性。选育品种与地方品种相比，遗传多样性较低。在质量性状方面，选育品种的籽粒颜色、生长习性变异性呈下降趋势，而脐色和茸毛色都表现出增加的趋势；在数量性状方面，除粗蛋白低于选育品种外，地方品种的变异程度高于选育品种。对两类品种各13份材料进行SSR分析，结果表明，45个SSR位点基本可以将地方品种和选育品种分开，表明地方品种和选育品种在分子水平上也发生了一定的分化，但地方品种的遗传多样性要高于选育品种。表型和分子检测结果都表明，山西大豆品种的选育在一定程度上降低了遗传多样性。     

The effect of blending white clover varieties and their contribution to a mixed grass/clover sward under continuous sheep stocking

The effect of blending small- and medium-leaved white clovers together in a mixture of varieties was examined under continuous sheep stocking over a period of three years. Four varieties were used, S184 and Gwenda, small-leaved varieties suitable for intensive sheep grazing, together with medium leaved varieties Menna and Donna, which are mainly used in general purpose seed mixtures for medium term leys. The small-leaved varieties were blended with Menna or Donna, sown with a commercial grass mixture and managed as near as possible to farm practice. Although the leaf size of Gwenda is only slightly greater than that of S184, blends based on these two small-leaved varieties behaved differently. In spring of the first harvest year the yield of Gwenda and of the clover in mixtures containing Gwenda was 27% greater than the yield of the same mixtures which contained S184. As the season progressed this difference decreased. In terms of total annual yields and saving in fertilizer N, the benefits of including white clover in a seed mixture were more pronounced when Menna was mixed with S184 and Gwenda, rather than when Donna was used, although both varieties are in the medium-leaf category. It was concluded that the slower establishment and the lower clover yield of S184, when compared with larger leaved varieties, can be overcome by blending with a variety that is slightly larger in leaf size, such as Menna, although the choice of variety may depend on sward management and its persistency under grazing.     

玉米大斑病暴发流行对玉米产量和性状表征的影响

2012年8月中旬~9月中旬,对吉林省大斑病危害玉米性状表征和产量损失情况进行调查,并对发生严重的梨树、双辽、长岭、农安4个县市5个乡镇的玉米田进行产量损失研究。结果表明,2012年大斑病发生级别较往年同期提高了3～5级,大斑病暴发流行对玉米性状表征和产量造成较大的影响,受害玉米子粒不饱满,果穗短而细,秃尖程度严重。调查田块大斑病发生严重的地块产量损失率24.19%～46.15%,因此,建立品种、机械化、药剂和宣传为一体的防治体系是做好大斑病防治工作的关键。     

辽宁省大豆品种在晋南夏播的表现

报道辽宁省大豆品种在晋南麦后夏播区生态条件下的特征特性及产量表现,结果表明所有7个品种均表现为:生育期缩短,植株变矮,但由于单株英数增加,百粒重提高,仍可获得较高产量,其中辽豆15、辽豆17生态适应性较好,产量高,商品性也好,经过本省区试后可以夏播种植.     

红麻无刺新型品种金光1号的选育

采用外源DNA导入与辐射诱变相结合的方法，获得稀有无刺红麻突变体901，并通过杂交回交和轮回定向选择的遗传改良，选育出中偏迟熟红麻新品种金光1号，该品种1999—2000年参加全国红麻新品种区试鉴定，产量比对照红引135增产2．26％，表现纤维与种子产量高，茎杆无刺光滑，杆硬抗倒、易剥皮等特性，深受麻农的欢迎。金光一号的育成，不仅丰富了红麻的遗传资源，且在北方红麻生产应用上具有广阔的前景。     

吉林省不同年代主栽玉米品种生理成熟后的抗倒伏特性

以吉林省过去50年来大面积种植的8个春玉米品种为试验材料（1980s、1990s、2000s和2010s各2个代表性品种）,采用整体研究思路和随机区组试验设计,分析不同年代主栽玉米品种生理成熟后茎秆质量变化规律与农艺性状相关性。结果表明,不同年代更替品种的植株农艺性状更加优化,适应密植群体;节间长度分布更加优化,上部节间长度增加,下部节间长度相对降低。以基部第3节间的穿刺强度、第4节间的断裂强度和第5节间的弯折强度综合衡量茎秆质量,2010s年代品种完熟期至收获期茎秆基部节间质量明显优于1980s、1990s和2000s年代品种,降低生理成熟后植株倒伏的风险。1980s、1990s、2000s和2010s年代品种完熟期后21 d第3节间的穿刺强度降幅分别为42.8%、47.5%、36.2%和31.3%;第4节间的断裂强度降幅分别为57.1%、52.6%、45.8%和51.8%。2010s年代品种收获期子粒产量最高,分别较1980s、1990s和2000s年代品种显著增加57.2%、23.1%和18.8%。     

Geographical distribution of GmTfl1 alleles in Chinese soybean varieties

Stem growth habit is an important agronomic trait in soybean and is subject to artificial selection. This study aimed to provide a theory for genotypic selection of stem growth habit for breeding purposes by analyzing the alleles of Gm Tfl1 gene in Chinese soybean varieties and establishing a database of Gm Tfl1 variation. Using knowledge of insertion and deletion(Indel) in the non-coding region and four single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in the coding sequences of the Gm Tfl1 gene, four CAPS and one Indel markers were developed and used to test 1120 Chinese soybean varieties. We found that the dominant Gm Tfl1 allele was prevalent in accessions from the Northern ecoregion, whereas the recessive allele, Gmtfl1, was more common in the Southern ecoregion, and the proportions of Gm Tfl1 and recessive alleles were respectively 40.1% and 59.9% in the Huang-Huai ecoregion. The proportion of Gm Tfl1 decreased and that of Gmtfl1 increased, gradually from north to south. Allele Gm Tfl1-a was present in higher proportions in the Huang-Huai spring, Huang-Huai summer, and Northern spring sub-ecoregions than that in the other sub-ecoregions. Gm Tfl1-b was common in the Northeast spring, Northern spring and Southern summer sub-ecoregions. Gmtfl1-ta was found mainly in the Huang-Huai spring,Huang-Huai summer and Southern spring sub-ecoregions. The Gmtfl1-ab allele was distributed in all six soybean sub-ecoregions. The Gmtfl1-bb allele was distributed mainly in the Huang-Huai spring and summer and Southern spring and summer sub-ecoregions,but the Gmtfl1-tb allele was detected only in the Huang-Huai summer sub-ecoregion. The distributions of Gm Tfl1 and Gmtfl1 have shown no large changes in nearly 60 years of breeding, but the frequency of the recessive genotype Gmtfl1 has shown a rising trend in the last 20 years. This study provides a theoretical foundation for breeding new soybean varieties for different ecoregions.