利用巢式PCR快速鉴定牛传染性鼻气管炎

为了快速检测牛传染性鼻气管炎,采用SDS-蛋白酶K法,提取病毒模板DNA。根据IBRV gB基因序列设计了1对特异引物,在其上下游引物的内侧又分别设计了1对引物,以这4条引物对IBRV模板进行扩增。结果成功扩增出预期目的片段,建立了巢式PCR检测方法。敏感性、特异性等检测试验结果表明该方法能特异检测IBR病毒。本方法具有快速、灵敏、特异的优点,适用于在牛及其遗传物质的进出口检疫中进行牛传染性鼻气管炎快速病原鉴定。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒内蒙古分离株gG基因的PCR扩增

参考牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒全基因序列(GenBank)设计1对特异性引物,以牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒内蒙古分离株提取的总DNA为模板,运用PCR方法成功地扩增出牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒内蒙古分离株gG基因,并用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增产物。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒套式PCR检测方法的建立

利用套式PCR技术建立一种快速检测牛传染病鼻气管炎病毒(bovine infectious rhinotracheitis virus,IBRV)并能区分野毒株和gB基因缺失疫苗的方法。根据基因库中牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒的gB和gE基因序列,应用pri mer5.0软件设计了gB/BN和gE/EN的2套套式PCR引物,分别对IBRV标准株进行PCR扩增,结果表明,这2套引物均能扩增出与设计目的片段大小一致的特异性条带;用此引物对同属的伪狂犬病毒、马立克氏病毒、鸭瘟病毒进行扩增,具有良好的特异性。引物gB/BN和gE/EN的检测灵敏度分别为0.01TCID50和0.1TCID50。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒LAMP检测方法的建立

为建立一种利用颜色判定的快速、简单、灵敏度高的检测方法,即可视化环介导等温扩增(LAMP)方法,采用针对牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)基因保守序列设计的特异引物,优化反应条件,建立了IBRV LAMP检测方法,并进行了特异性和灵敏性试验。结果显示,所建立的LAMP方法具有良好的特异性,其检出灵敏度为10~3 copies/μL,仅需1 h即可肉眼观察检测结果。结果表明,本试验建立的LAMP方法可用于IBRV的进出口检疫。     

牛病毒性黏膜/腹泻病毒与牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒双重PCR检测方法的建立

为了建立同时检测牛病毒性黏膜/腹泻病毒(BVDV)与牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)的双重PCR方法,试验采用文献记载的检测BVDV和IBRV的单项PCR方法,设计并合成引物,通过优化反应条件和反应体系,以及特异性和灵敏度试验,建立同时检测BVDV和IBRV的双重PCR方法。结果表明:建立的方法具有高度特异性,可同时扩增出BVDV的244 bp和IBRV的362 bp片段,而对猪瘟病毒(CSFV)与牛轮状病毒(BRV)均无扩增;并且该双重PCR方法对BVDV和IBRV的检测下限均为10 pg;用25份临床样本对双重PCR方法与单项PCR方法进行对比验证,二者的符合率为100%。说明建立的双重PCR检测方法具有特异、灵敏、快速的特点,可用于BVDV和IBRV的同时检测。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒双重PCR检测方法的建立

为建立牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)的双重PCR检测方法,根据GenBank中登录的IBRV gE和gB基因序列,设计2对特异性引物。结果表明,建立的方法特异性强,对牛支原体、牛副流感病毒3型、牛病毒性腹泻病毒、巴氏杆菌、牛和羊布鲁菌进行检测,结果均为阴性。研究表明,所建立的双重PCR检测方法具有快速、敏感、准确等优点,可以用于IBRV的检测。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

根据牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)保守基因gB和gE序列,分别设计两对引物及其相应的TaqMan探针,建立、优化反应体系后,利用10倍稀释的病毒进行扩增以检测其灵敏度,同时对伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、马立克病病毒(MDV)、鸭瘟病毒(DPV)进行特异性检测.结果显示,建立的扩增gB和gE基因的荧光PCR可用于检测IBRV,其灵敏度为0.02 TCID50,而与PRV等非IBRV无交叉反应.本研究所建立的荧光PCR具有快速、灵敏、准确、低污染等优点,可用于IBRV的检测.     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为检测牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒,通过设计针对gB基因的特异性引物扩增gB基因,构建阳性重组质粒。经过优化建立了牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒的SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果显示,建立的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法在阳性标准质粒拷贝数在5.474×10⁴～5.474×10⁹拷贝/μL时线性关系良好,线性相关系数R²=0.999 3。该方法最低检测限为5.747×10²拷贝/μL;可以特异性检测牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV),与牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)、牛副流感病毒(BPIV)、牛呼吸道合胞体病毒(BRSV)不发生交叉反应。病毒滴度与拷贝数的线性关系良好,线性相关系数R²=0.985 4。该方法为牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒的快速检测提供了技术支持。     

牛疱疹病毒gD-PCR鉴别检测方法的建立

建立一种PCR技术,既能快速检测疱疹病毒1型成员牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(bovine infectious rhinotracheitisvirus,IBRV),又能区分牛疱疹病毒5型和伪狂犬病毒。根据基因库中牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒的gD基因序列,应用primer 5.0软件设计了gD PCR引物,建立PCR方法,反应条件是:94℃预变性5min,94℃1min,58℃1min,72℃1min,30个循环,72℃7min,4℃5min。该方法能从IBRV阳性样本和参考毒株中扩增出372bp的目的片段,而从同属的牛疱疹病毒5型中扩增出440bp和206bp两条目的片段,从同属的伪狂犬病毒中扩增出303bp的目的片段,但不能从非疱疹病毒属成员猪呼吸与繁殖综合征病毒中扩增出目的条带。该PCR检测IBRV的灵敏度可达1PFU/mL以上。鉴于其灵敏度高、特异性好,可望在牛疱疹病毒感染快速鉴别检测方面发挥重要作用。     

牛腺病毒7型PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank中牛腺病毒7型(BAdV-7)的蛋白酶基因序列,设计一对特异性的引物,扩增该序列中775 bp的片段,建立了BAdV-7的PCR检测方法.以Fukuroi株BAdV-7 DNA为模板进行特异性和敏感性试验,结果显示,该方法检测BAdV-7 DNA最小检测量为1ng;与牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)、牛冠状病毒(BCV)、牛轮状病毒(BRV)、牛呼吸道舍胞体病毒(BRSV)和鸡产蛋下降综合征病毒(EDSV)无交叉反应.方法为BAdV-7感染的临床诊断和流行病学调查奠定了基础.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein