在饲料中添加中草药对黄颡鱼性腺发育的影响

在以鱼粉和豆饼为蛋白源的含粗蛋白量为42.0%的基础饲料中,分别加入益母草、川芎(F1)、山药、党参(F2)、熟地、何首乌(F3)、枸杞、女贞子(F4)、淫羊霍、杜仲等(F5)中草药,在流水网箱中饲养平均体重12.0g的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson),以不添加中草药组为对照组(F 0),研究了中草药对2冬龄黄颡鱼性腺发育的影响。     

复方中草药制剂对黄颡鱼长和非特异性免疫功能的影响

在基础饲料中添加0.5%、1.0%、2.0%的复方中草药制剂,连续投喂60d后,通过测定供试黄颡鱼的生长性能、血细胞的吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活性,比较了复合中草药制剂对黄颡鱼促生长及非特异性免疫功能的影响。结果显示:饲料中添加0.5%的复方中草药制剂对黄颡鱼的生长影响显著(P0.05),添加1.0%和2.0%的中草药制剂对黄颡鱼的血细胞的吞噬活性、溶菌酶活力影响极显著(P0.01)。试验组可显著提高黄颡鱼生长、血细胞的吞噬活性、溶菌酶活力。     

枸杞多糖对黄颡鱼免疫细胞活性的影响

选取540尾黄颡鱼,连续投喂含不同水平枸杞多糖的配合饲料(300、600、900、1200、1500 mg/kg饲料)8周.采用Percoll密度梯度离心等技术,对黄颡鱼头肾巨噬细胞和外周血白细胞进行分离纯化,使用NBT还原法、Griesse试剂显色法和MTT法测定头肾巨噬细胞的呼吸爆发活性和外周血白细胞的增殖能力,以探讨枸杞多糖对黄颡鱼免疫细胞活性的影响.试验结果表明:枸杞多糖各水平组均能显著地提高黄颡鱼头肾巨噬细胞的氧呼吸爆发活性(P＜0.05),且900～1200 mg/kg水平组的提高作用极显著(P＜0.01);虽然各水平组均能提高黄颡鱼头肾巨噬细胞的氮呼吸爆发活性,但只有1200～1500 mg/kg的水平组能极显著提高该活性(P＜0.01);枸杞多糖还能明显提高黄颡鱼外周血白细胞的增殖能力(P＜0.01).可见,枸杞多糖可以有效地提高黄颡鱼免疫细胞的活性.     

中草药预防黄颡鱼疾病试验

用6只规格为6m×6m×2m的网箱,饲养黄颡鱼。分为3组,第1组(F1),适时投喂中草药药饵;第2组(F2),定期投喂西药(氟苯尼考)药饵;第3组(F0),整个饲养期不喂任何药物,用于对照。经过120d试验,结果表明:F1的存活率(93.78%),极显著高于F2(72.9%)和F0(58.67%)(p<0.01)。F1的因伤死亡率(4.17%)显著低于F2(8.71%)(p<0.05);极显著低于F0(11.97%)(p<0.01)。试验表明:用中草药防病,不仅存活率高,经济效益好;而且养出的鱼全部达到输韩水产品标准。从而保证了食品安全和出口安全。     

精氨酸和赖氨酸对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

以初始体质量(2.12±0.01) g的瓦氏黄颡鱼为研究对象,在室内流水系统中进行为期56 d的摄食生长实验,探讨饲料中精氨酸、赖氨酸水平及其交互作用对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼生长和非特异性免疫力的影响。采用3×3双因子实验设计,制作9种Arg和 Lys不同配比的饲料(粗蛋白42%、粗脂肪10%),其中Arg水平为2.41%、4.86%和6.81%(饲料蛋白),在每个Arg水平分别设1.95%、5.84%和8.27%(饲料蛋白)3个Lys水平。每种饲料随机投喂3桶(养殖桶规格:40 L),每桶30尾实验鱼。实验结果表明,饲料中Arg、Lys水平对瓦氏黄颡鱼生长和头肾巨噬细胞呼吸爆发活性均有显著影响(P<0.05),当Arg/Lys为6.81/5.84(饲料蛋白)时,实验鱼生长最佳,而头肾巨噬细胞活性最高值出现在 Arg/Lys 为4.86/8.27(饲料蛋白)水平。饲料中Arg水平对瓦氏黄颡鱼血清一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性有显著影响(P<0.05),且在适中和高Arg水平时,血清NOS活性均高于低水平Arg组。饲料中Arg、Lys水平对血清精氨酸酶(ARG)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲料中Arg和Lys对瓦氏黄颡鱼的生长存在交互作用,而对体组成、肝指数、头肾巨噬细胞呼吸爆发活性、血清中NOS、ARG和CAT活性均无交互作用。     

花生粕替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼生长及饲料表观消化率的影响

试验旨在探讨花生粕替代鱼粉对全雄黄颡鱼生长及饲料表观消化率的影响。选择初始体质量为(9.12±0.05)g全雄黄颡鱼240尾,随机分成2组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别投喂基础饲料(对照组)和16.98%花生粕替代11.5%鱼粉的等氮等脂饲料(替代组),进行55 d生长及消化试验。结果表明:(1)替代组体增重、增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率及饲料系数与对照组差异不具有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)饲料干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、能量、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸表观消化率两组间无统计学意义差异(P0.05);替代组饲料苏氨酸和缬氨酸表观消化率显著低于对照组(P0.05),精氨酸表观消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:用花生粕部分替代鱼粉应用于全雄黄颡鱼饲料是可行的。     

饲料中添加酵母培养物对黄颡鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫和肠道健康的影响

为研究饲料中添加酵母培养物对黄颡鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫和肠道健康的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0、1%和2%的酵母培养物YC1(粗蛋白含量为50%)、1%和2%的酵母培养物YC2(粗蛋白含量为55%),配制5种等氮等脂 (42%粗蛋白和8%粗脂肪) 的实验饲料,分别命名为C、YC1-1、YC1-2、YC2-1和YC2-2。选择初始体质量为 (4.87±0.00) g 的黄颡鱼375尾,随机分为5组 (每组3个重复,每个重复25尾),进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果显示,YC2-1和YC2-2处理组黄颡鱼的增重率 (WG) 显著高于对照组,YC2-2处理组的特定生长率 (SGR) 显著高于对照组;YC2-1和YC2-2处理组黄颡鱼肌肉的蛋白沉积率 (PPV) 显著高于对照组,蛋白质效率 (PER) 随着酵母培养物添加水平的上升呈先上升后下降的趋势,YC2-1处理组的PER最高;YC2-1和YC2-2处理组的饲料系数 (FCR) 显著低于对照组,YC2-2处理组的FCR显著低于YC2-1处理组;YC2-1和YC2-2处理组肝脏溶菌酶 (LSZ) 和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 活性均显著高于对照组;YC2-1处理组的肠道皱襞高度显著高于YC1-1处理组,皱襞宽度和上皮细胞高度显著高于YC2-2处理组。嗜水气单胞菌攻毒实验中,酵母培养物组的平均累积死亡率 (CMR) 均低于对照组,YC2-1处理组的CMR显著低于对照组。研究表明,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加酵母培养物YC2能有效改善黄颡鱼机体非特异性免疫功能、提高抗氧化能力、维持肠道健康以及提高黄颡鱼抗嗜水气单胞菌感染的能力。     

黄颡鱼幼鱼对蛋白质和脂肪的需要量

在水温23±5℃下,将平均体质量10．32g的黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus fulvidraco）放养在27个60cm×60cm×120cm的微流水网箱中,饲喂3个蛋白质水平（32．0％、40．0％、48．0％）,每个蛋白质水平设3个脂肪水平（3．0％、10．0％和17．0％）的饲料,饲养100d。结果表明：在3．0％脂肪水平下,黄颡鱼摄食含40．0％蛋白质的饲料时,平均末体质量、特定生长率和蛋白质效率显著提高,饲料系数降低（P〈0．05）。在10．0％脂肪水平下,黄颡鱼摄食含48．0％蛋白质饲料时,饲料系数显著降低（P〈0．05）,摄食含40．0％的蛋白质饲料次之。黄颡鱼摄食含48．0％蛋白质与3．0％脂肪饲料组和40．0％蛋白质与10．0％脂肪组的干物质消化率最高（P〈0．01）;蛋白质消化率在48．0％蛋白质与3．0％脂肪达到最高（P〈0．01）,脂肪消化率均在40．0％蛋白质与10．0％脂肪达到最高（P〈0．01）。实验表明,黄颡鱼幼鱼较为适宜的蛋白质和脂肪需要量分别为40．0％和10．0％。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼在稻田和池塘养殖中的生长性能和肌肉品质比较

4—6月,在南宁市司百客水产养殖基地667 m2左右的稻田(FR)和池塘(PC)中比较两种养殖方式下瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus vachelli)的生长性能和肌肉品质。当稻田水稻40 cm高、鱼沟蓄水位80 cm、池塘水位80cm时,放入平均体质量10 g的黄颡鱼,密度均为3尾/m2,每组各3个重复,每天投喂1号黄颡鱼饲料2次(8:00和18:00),研究养殖方式对黄颡鱼生长性能、营养成分和肌肉品质的影响。结果显示,养殖12周后,FR组黄颡鱼体长(LG)、体质量(WG)、肥满度(K)和特定生长率(SGR)分别比PC组显著高19.01%、15.30%、17.52%和52.81%(P<0.05),蛋白质和脂肪含量分别显著提高30.27%和降低28.53%(P<0.05),肌肉纤维面积低51.73%,而纤维密度高16.52%(P<0.05)。FR组黄颡鱼肌肉中风味氨基酸含量占总氨基酸含量的84.60%,显著高于PC组(69.79%)(P<0.05),FR组的甘氨酸Gly、天冬氨酸Asp、苏氨酸Thr、谷氨酸Glu、丙氨酸Ala和脯氨酸Pro含量显著高于PC(...     

养殖密度和抗菌肽含量对网箱养殖的黄颡鱼生长性能的影响

在水温19.1～23.2℃下,将平均湿体质量为(19.9±3.5)g的黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco以2kg/m~3(D1)、3kg/m~3(D2)、4kg/m~3(D3)和5kg/m~3(D4)kg/m~3的密度饲养在水库中长2.0m×宽2.0m×高2.0m的网箱中,投喂基础饲料;再按D2组的密度饲养上述规格黄颡鱼幼鱼,分别投喂基础饲料(CK组,对照组)和添加10mg/kg(G1)、30mg/kg(G2)、60mg/kg(G3)和(G4)100mg/kg饲料抗菌肽(水溶)的饲料,研究养殖密度和饲料中添加抗菌肽对黄颡鱼生长性能和体成分的影响。抗菌肽(水溶)用海藻酸钠(剂量250mL,0.5%)包埋,自然风干。70d的养殖结果表明:黄颡鱼末体质量、末体长、特定生长率(SGR)和肥满度(K)随养殖密度增高而下降,饲料系数则上升;D1组黄颡鱼幼鱼末体长、末体质量、日增重率(DBW)、K、存活率(SR)显著高于D3和D4组(P0.05),但D1和D2组的鱼体K、饲料系数(FC)无显著差异(P0.05)。饲料中添加10～30mg/kg抗菌肽可以显著提高黄颡鱼的DBW以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,当添加量为30mg/kg时,SGR最高;当添加量为100mg/kg时,肝脏的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与血清中溶菌酶(LSZ)活性较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。实验证明,黄颡鱼网箱养殖适宜放养密度为3～4kg/m~3,饲料中抗菌肽添加量不超过60mg/kg能促进鱼的生长。添加抗菌肽10mg/kg组鱼的CAT活性最高,显著高于60mg/kg、90mg/kg以及对照组(P0.05);当添加量为30～60mg/kg时,DBW、SGR、K出现差异显著(P0.05),60mg/kg时DBW、SGR和K达到最高,高于其余各组,饲料系数FC下降。     

伊乐藻抗椭圆萝卜螺牧食损害能力研究

观测椭圆萝卜螺（Radix swinhoei）对伊乐藻（Elodea nuttallii）植株造成的牧食损害程度,研究伊乐藻的抗牧食损害能力以及受损后的生长特性,进一步了解伊乐藻生态适应性以及入侵能力,为合理利用和控制伊乐藻提供依据。 选取15~20 cm的伊乐藻嫩枝,除去附生生物,用蒸馏水冲洗干净,快速称量鲜重2 g。螺的类型据重量分为大螺（0.17±0.02）g、中螺（0.1±0.01）g和小螺（0.03±0.01）g。玻璃缸水平置于室内靠窗户的位置,加入2 L稀释10倍的Hoaglands培养液。试验组分3组,每组放1种大小的螺4只,螺在培养液中饥饿48h后用于试验;对照组不放螺。每种处理3个重复,试验期15d。螺主要取食伊乐藻茎干和顶芽,取食优先顺序为茎干、顶芽、叶 。中螺危害最甚,该组中伊乐藻的生物量增量约为对照组的40%;大螺危害次之,小螺危害最小,2组中伊乐藻生物量增量分别占对照组的92%和96%。受牧食损害后的伊乐藻仍有较高的成活率,形成的断枝也有较高的萌发率,大螺、中螺、小螺组伊乐藻断枝上腋芽萌发的数量占原枝条数的比例分别为41.7%、22.6%和10%。椭圆萝卜螺可对伊乐藻造成明显的牧食损害,但伊乐藻抗牧食损害能力较强。     

茯苓、白芍、鱼腥草及大黄复方药用植物添加剂对施氏鲟生长性

在水温(22±2)℃下,通过8周的生长实验,研究了饲料中添加含药用植物茯苓(Poria)、白芍(Radix Paeoniae Alba)、鱼腥草Herba Houttuyniae)及大黄(Radix et Rhizoma Rhei)的混合添加剂对初始体质量为(137.61±22.26)g的施氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)生长性能和血液生化指标的影响.药用植物添加剂配比:茯苓、白芍、鱼腥草、大黄质量比为7:5:4:4(干粉).将施氏鲟饲养在室内圆形水族箱(半径44 cm,水深50 cm)中,每箱8尾,每日3次饱食投喂添加上述药用植物的饲料,添加量为饲料总质量的0％(对照组)、0.5％、1％和2％,每组3个平行.结果表明,当药用植物添加量为0.5％时,施氏鲟的摄食量、增重率、特定生长率以及蛋白质表观消化率最高(分别为385.76 g、241.46％、2.19％/d和75.59％),显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).当添加量为1％时,施氏鲟血浆酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于对照组(P＜o.05),0.5％及1％添加量可显著提高血浆总蛋白和球蛋白的含量(P＜0.05).植物性添加剂使施氏鲟血浆中总胆固醇、甘油三酯含量均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).当添加量达到2％时,施氏鲟血浆谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶以及乳酸脱氢酶活性显著升高(P＜0.05).饲料中添加0.5％的植物添加剂可以显著降低施氏鲟血浆中皮质醇含量(P＜0.05);0.5％～1％添加量可以显著提高血浆甲状腺素含量(P＜0.05).饲料中添加适量的药用植物对施氏鲟具有一定的促生长、缓解应激、提高免疫力及降低血脂的作用.     

Effects of dietary Radix Rehmanniae Preparata polysaccharides on the digestive enzymes,morphology, microbial communities and mucosal barrier function of the intestine of Luciobarbus capito

In this study, we assessed the effects of Radix Rehmanniae Preparata polysaccharides (RRPP) on the digestive enzymes, morphology, microbial communities and mucosal barrier function of the intestine of Luciobarbus capito. Fish were fed different amounts of RRPP (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4%) for 60 days. The results revealed that intestinal amylase and trypsin activities significantly increased after the 0.2% RRPP treatment (p < .05). Increases in intestinal fold height, wall thickness and fold density were observed in Luciobarbus capito fed an RRPP‐supplemented diet, and the best effect was observed in the proximal intestine. Sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA V4 region showed that dietary RRPP reduced intestinal microbial community richness and species diversity. Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia were the dominant bacterial phyla in the intestine of Luciobarbus capito. Dietary RRPP affected the overall microbial community and increased the abundance of the genus Cetobacterium. Moreover, RRPP significantly upregulated the expression of occludin, zonula occludens (ZO)‐1 and claudin‐c in the intestine (p < .05). In summary, supplementing the diet of Luciobarbus capito with RRPP can improve digestive enzymes activities and intestinal morphology, modulate the microbial composition and enhance intestinal mucosal barrier function.     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来,我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐,参与市场竞争,努力提升企业和产品竞争力,经济社会事业发展较快,对国家的贡献提升,职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善,示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓,战略定位与发展方向不明,经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑,没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系,投资匮乏,发展后劲不足,人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状,提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估,改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作,改革时机的选择,处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系,调整好内部利益分配关系,自觉融入区域经济,与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展,建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。