光敏、温敏核不育水稻核不育基因等位性及基因对数的研究

以光敏核不育系农垦58S及其衍生的光敏核不育系7001S、温敏核不育系W6154S、增矮64S，以及温敏核不育系安农S－1及其衍生的温敏核不育系810S、安湘S、香125S为材料进行相互杂交，在长日高温条件下观察F1的育性，根据其可育性和不育性确定核不育基因的等位性。结果表明：7001S、W6154S、培矮64S与核不育基因供体农垦58S之间有等位点的核不育基因；但温敏核不育系W6154S与培矮64S之间，不具等位点的温敏核不育基因。该结果说明光敏核不育系农垦58S至少存在一对光敏核不育基因和两对温敏核不育基因，而且各对温敏核不育基因可独立遗传，在夏季高温条件下其不育性得到充分表达。安农S－1与其衍生的不育系之间以及衍生的不育系与不育系之间都具有等位点的温敏核不育基因。农垦58S及衍生的核不育系与安农S－1及衍生的核不育系之间没有等位点的核不育基因。     

淡绿叶标记光-温敏核不育水稻叶色及育性的遗传分析

以2个淡绿叶色标记的粳稻光温敏核不育系（TS1、TS3）和4个正常叶色可育系杂交,对其F2、F3群体进行叶色和育性遗传分析,结果表明,淡绿叶遗传受2对基因控制,其中1对基因对另1对基因有抑制作用;不育性的遗传由2对主效基因及一些微效多基因共同影响;控制叶色和育性的基因各自独立遗传。应用累积分布曲线基因分析方法证明TS     

水稻的感光性、感温性与光温诱导雄性不育性之间的相关研究

以农垦58S等10个光温敏不育系为材料,研究了感光性、感温性与光温诱导雄性不育的相关关系。试验表明：光温敏核不育系同时存在光敏不育性与温敏不育性,它们之间呈显著的负相关;感光性与光敏不育性表现极显著正相关,与温敏不育性表现显著负相关;感温性与光敏不育性及与温敏不育性均无相关关系;不育期内同穗颖花间花粉育     

农垦58S基因源及其衍生后代与农垦58和湘早籼13号杂交F2育性变化规律的研究

以光敏核不育系农垦58 S基因源及其衍生的温敏核不育系W6154S和培矮64S,在长日高温条件下分别与农垦58和湘早籼13号杂交,在长日高温条件下对各杂交F2进行单株花粉镜检,分析其育性变化规律,利用不同的育性划分标准对各不育系进行遗传分析,研究遗传背景等因素对杂交F2育性变化规律的影响.结果显示光温敏核不育水稻杂交F2育性分离是很复杂的,其中遗传背景是影响核不育基因表达的重要因素,核不育基因的表达可能受多个不同调控位点的影响,从而各不育基因在不同的遗传背景下表达的程度不同.     

小麦光温敏雄性不育遗传研究进展

小麦光温敏雄性不育系的发现,开辟了两系法利用小麦杂种优势的新途径。由于小麦光温敏雄性不育性是一种典型的生态敏感型遗传现象,其遗传行为既受内部基因控制,又受外部光、温等环境因子的调节,遗传机制非常复杂。因此,加强小麦光温敏不育系遗传机制的研究,明确光温敏雄性不育基因控制的方式,将为光温敏不育系的选育、鉴定,以及充分利用两系杂交小麦的杂种优势提供重要的理论依据。本文对小麦光温敏雄性不育类型与理论、不育性遗传机制和分子生物学的研究及不育系的选育进行了综述,并探讨了该领域的研究前景。     

一对等位基因互作控制的核雄性不育性

通过遗传工程能够产生由两个基因共同作用而形成的雄性不育。一个可以是能够导致雄性不育的基因,另一个可以是该雄性不育基因的活化基因,它们共同存在的时候表现雄性不育。利用位点特异性重组和转基因技术能够将这两个基因安排在植物同源染色体的相同位置上表达,成为等位基因,而获得分别只具有其中一个基因的两转基因系。它们之间杂交,F1中两个基因同时存在,F1产生雄性不育而成为不育系。常规品系与此F1不育系杂交,在杂种植株中,这两个基因不能同时存在,所有植株育性恢复。利用光温敏核不育性,化学杀雄和人工去雄可解决此不育系繁殖问题。该雄性不育性利用方式优越,育种简便易行,能够满足对最佳组合选育的要求,且能够定向培育目标杂交组合。     

温度对水稻光敏、温敏核不育基因表达影响的研究

在温度和光照自动控制的生物人工气候箱内研究了温度对安农S-1等6个温敏（Thermo-sensitive)不育材料和农垦58S等4个光敏(Photo-sensitive)不育基因表达的影响。结果表明：温敏不育材料在高温（昼温31℃，夜温28℃）条件下为不育，在低温（昼温24℃，夜温22℃）条件下为可育。它们对温度敏感的时期在花粉母细胞形成期至单核花     

甘蓝型油菜NCa CMS育性相关候选线粒体基因及其恢复基因的转录调控

用10个线粒体基因为探针，对NCa不育系、保持系和可育F1幼蕾的线粒体RNA进行了Northern检测。结果表明，atp6、atp1、cox1、cox2、cob、rrn5S和rnn26S等7个线粒体基因探针在不育系、保持系、可育F1中的转录没有差异，只有orf222、orf139和atp9等3个探针检测到转录本的差异。orf222和orf139分别在不育系和可育F1中产生相同大小和丰度的转录本，但是在保持系中没有检测到转录本；orf222检测到的3条转录本分别为1．1、0．9和0．6kb，orf139检测到0．8和0．6kb2条带。atp9探针在不育系和保持系中都检测到1条0．6kb转录本，而在可育F1中检测到0．6和1．2kb的转录本。NCaCMS不育的形成可能与orf222、orf39和atp9基因的表达有关。讨论了恢复基因在F1育性恢复过程中对育性相关候选基因的可能调控方式。     

利用分子标记辅助选育白菜薹复等位基因型雄性不育系

为解决白菜薹杂种优势利用中的杂交制种手段问题,以大白菜复等位基因型雄性不育系为不育源,设计定向转育方案,采用连续回交的方法转育不育性和农艺性状,同时利用分子标记辅助选择目标基因型植株,向白菜薹自交系中转育不育基因,创制白菜薹雄性不育系。通过26对SSR引物的筛选鉴定,获得与显性雄性不育基因Ms紧密连锁、且同样可以标记同一位点恢复基因Msf和可育基因ms的分子标记GSSR1。经过3个世代的回交转育,创制出了具有100%不育度和100%不育株率的白菜薹复等位基因型雄性不育系BGMS-3。以BGMS-3为母本,与6个白菜薹自交系杂交,筛选出1个强优势组合C3。     

水稻新质源(CMS-FA)雄性不育恢复基因的遗传

发掘水稻新型雄性不育细胞质源CMS-FA,育成系列优质米不育系和系列新质源恢复系,在组配成强优势杂交稻组合的基础上,研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的恢复基因遗传.采用新质源(CMS-FA)不育系金农1A与恢复系金恢3号杂交获得杂交F1和F2代种子.用F1分别与不育系或保持系回交,获得(不育系//不育系/恢复系和不育系/恢复系//保持系)2个测交群体.同时种植P1、P2、P3、F1、F2、B1F1和B2F1等群体,考察花粉染色率、套袋结实率和自然结实率,卡平方测验遗传分离适合度.结果表明,不育系与恢复系杂交F1代正常可育,育性恢复(可育)基因为显性遗传.F2代分离出可育:不育适合3:1,育性恢复(可育)基因为1对显性基因控制.B1F1和B2F1代2个测交群体的可育:不育都适合1:1分离规律,验证了F2代育性恢复(可育)单基因的遗传模式.暂时确定新质源(CMS-FA)核质互作三系的基因型为不育系S(SS)、保持系F(SS)和恢复系S(FF).     

The wi gene causes genic male sterility in Allium choenoprasum

Segregation studies following the transfer of the gene wi to different cytoplasm types, which have been distinguished by means of restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses using mitochondrial gene probes, revealed the formation of the wi‐sterility in each of the four cytoplasms examined. The male sterility is therefore only caused by the nuclear wi gene, i.e. an additional factor of a specific cytoplasm can be excluded. Hence, the wi‐sterility proved to be a genic male sterility (GMS) and not a cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). The expression of the wi‐sterility appears to be stable, since it is not affected by high temperatures or tetracycline. Accordingly, a temporary pollen production, which would allow self‐fertilization for the maintenance of sterile lines, cannot be induced by controlling these environmental factors. In terms of hybrid breeding, this GMS therefore has no advantage over the previously described CMS system.     

Development of TGMS lines for developing two-line rice hybrids for the tropics

A breeding program was initiated at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1990 to develop thermosensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) rice lines for developing two-line rice hybrids for the tropics. The TGMS trait was transferred from a temperate japonica TGMS mutant, Norin PL 12, to indica and tropical japonica rice varieties using the pedigree selection procedure. Six new TGMS rice lines adapted to tropical conditions were developed which showed complete pollen and spikelet sterility when maximum temperature was higher than 30 ^°C 1–2 week after panicle initiation. However, up to 85.5% spikelet fertility was observed when these lines were exposed to 26–29 ^°C during the critical stage. Using two of these TGMS lines, some heterotic rice hybrids showing 1–1.6 t/ha higher grain yield than the inbred check varieties were identified in unreplicated observational yield trial conducted at IRRI. Two of the six two-line hybrids yielded significantly higher than the check variety in a replicated preliminary yield trial. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Molecular mapping of genic male-sterile genes ms15, ms5 and ms6 in tetraploid cotton

Two genic male sterile (GMS) lines, Lang-A conditioned by ms ₁₅ and Zhongkang-A conditioned by ms ₅ ms ₆ duplicate recessive genes in Gossypium hirsutum L., were chosen to map GMS genes. These two lines were crossed with Gossypium barbadense cv. 'Hai7124' to produce segregating populations. The ms ₁₅ gene was mapped on chromosome 12, and was flanked by two simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, NAU2176 and NAU1278, with a genetic distance of 0.8 and 1.9 cM respectively. The ms ₅ and ms ₆ genes were mapped to one pair of homoeologous chromosomes, ms ₅ on chromosome 12 flanked by three SSR markers, NAU3561, NAU2176 and NAU2096, with genetic distances of 1.4, 1.8 and 1.8 cM, respectively, and ms ₆ on chromosome 26 flanked by two SSR markers, BNL1227 and NAU460, with a genetic distance of 1.4 and 1.7 cM respectively. These tightly linked markers with the ms ₁₅ , ms ₅ and ms ₆ genes can be used in the marker-assisted selection among segregating populations in a breeding programme, and provide the foundation for gene isolation by map-based cloning for these three genes.     

Male sterility in soybean: Occurrence,molecular basis and utilization

In plants, male sterility (MS) is a specific breeding target trait. With the advancements in agriculture, utilization of heterosis breeding in hybrid production through MS lines has become the main breeding tool of various cross‐pollinated and even self‐pollinated crops. Soybean is an essential source of oil and protein; however, the low yield is a major factor limiting its development. Soybean MS mainly comprises cytoplasmic‐nuclear MS and nuclear/genic MS (NMS/GMS), which can effectively utilize heterosis to improve soybean yield. This review outlines the recent research progress on the development of new genetically MS lines, exploring the underlying molecular mechanism of MS, identification and cloning of MS and fertility restoration genes, and the application of MS lines. We further discussed and prospected the future developmental scenario direction of the soybean MS, based on the previous studies of other crops sterility system. Moreover, this review also provides comprehensive information for better application of MS to soybean breeding programme.     

甘蓝型油菜隐性核不育系,可育,不育型初花前后特性的观察

甘蓝型油菜隐性核不育系不育型花蕾比可育型细长,手摸松软,死蕾较多,初花比可育型晚。制种拨除可育株可从不育型见花后开始,可同时拨除开花株和能识别但未开花的植株,每隔5天左右进行一次。     

油菜隐性细胞核雄性不育的研究进展

油菜细胞核雄性不育是油菜杂种优势利用的重要途径。近年来,油菜隐性细胞核雄性不育研究取得了一些进展并育成了一批核不育杂交种。为了促进核不育研究的深入及油菜杂种优势利用水平,对双隐性核不育和隐性上位互作核不育2种类型的核不育系统的遗传模式、相关基因定位以及其不育分子机理方面的研究进行综述,并对其研究成果在将来油菜杂交育种中的利用进行展望。     

甘蓝型油菜隐性核不育材料ZWA的遗传利用研究

通过遗传测交试验表明:甘蓝型油菜核不育系ZWA的不育性由两对隐性重叠基因和一对上位抑制基因共同控制.当两对重叠隐性基因呈双隐性纯合体(m1m1m2m2),而另一对抑制基因的基因型为RfRf或Rfrf时,植株表现为不育(m1m1m2m2RfRf或m1m1m2m2Rfrf,其相应临保系的基因型为三对隐性纯合体(m1m1m2m2rfrf.纯合两型系不育株(m1m1m 2m2RfRf与可育株(M1m1m2m2RfRf或m1m1M2m2RfRf兄妹交,后代可育株与不育株的分离比例为1:1;可育株自交,其可育株与不育株比例为3:1.利用纯合两型系中m1m1m2m2RfRf不育株与临保系(m1m1m2m2rfrf测交可获得基因型为(m1m1m2m2Rfrf全不育系,全不育系与相应恢复系(M1M1 或M2M2 )杂交可获得全可育杂交种,从而将隐型核不育系ZWA的三系杂交种应用于生产.     

甘蓝型油菜温敏细胞核雄性不育系160S花药败育的形态学特征和细胞学研究

明确甘蓝型油菜温敏核雄性不育系160S花器形态变化、花药败育的时期和细胞学特征,初步探究败育的原因,为深入研究不育系160S的内在分子调控机制提供理论基础,也对其在油菜两系杂交育种中的实际应用具有指导意义。本研究在15℃和28℃条件下培养试验材料160S,利用体式显微镜分别观察花发育形态特征;采用醋酸洋红染色方法观察各时期小孢子发育形态;通过石蜡切片和苏木精-伊红染色对可育植株(MaleFertile/160S-MF)和不育植株(MaleSterile/160S-MS)花药细胞学特征进行显微观察;TUNEL染色法检测花药发育各时期绒毡层细胞凋亡情况。160S-MF在15℃表现为可育,雄蕊正常发育,成熟的花药呈黄色,形态饱满,正常开裂,表面一层有活性的花粉附着在上面;28℃条件下, 160S-MS花朵的雌蕊、萼片与160S-MF花朵无差异,但花瓣变小,花丝变短,雄蕊明显退化,花药干瘪呈黄褐色,无花粉粒附着在花药上,表现出雄性完全不育。160S-MF的小孢子能正常发育为成熟有活力的花粉。而160S-MS由于雄蕊完全败育,未观察到小孢子和花粉粒。160S-MS花药在造孢时期和花粉母细胞时期与160S-MF无明显差异,但在减数分裂期,160S-MS花药绒毡层形态和结构出现异常,绒毡层细胞排列不整齐,细胞空泡化,伴随提前解体。同时花粉母细胞发育受阻,无四分体结构形成,最终在减数分裂期完成前形成空的花粉囊。TUNEL检测发现, 160S-MS花药绒毡层细胞在减数分裂期开始凋亡。本研究结果表明, 160S属花粉母细胞败育型不育系,败育时期发生在减数分裂期,绒毡层异常降解,绒毡层未向腺质型转化,不能提供花粉母细胞发育所需要的营养物质,致使花粉母细胞发育受阻无法形成四分体结构,从而导致小孢子无法形成,花药形成空的花粉囊,产生雄性不育。     

甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育系统不育系材料选育中常见的育性分离及基因型判断

隐性上位互作核不育授粉控制系统是甘蓝型油菜杂种优势利用安全、高效的授粉控制系统,因其育性稳定、恢复源广等优点,在油菜杂交育种中越来越受到重视.根据隐性上位互作核不育系的遗传机理,结合多年从事隐性上位互作核不育三系选育的育种实践,梳理出在甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育系材料选育中,自交或杂交下一代常见的不育株分离比例,并依...     

Cytological screening of rice TGMS lines

An investigation was undertaken to develop new stable thermo‐sensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) rice lines in intermated progenies (IMPs) of TGMS lines by using an anther clearing technique. The results indicate that both pre‐ and post‐meiotic genetic systems operate during anther development for the expression of sterility in TGMS lines. In all the TGMS lines, sterile anthers were small with empty pollen grains of irregular shape, except for TS 16, which showed pollen‐free anthers. This indicates that the sensitive stage of TS 16 is around stage IV (stamen and pistil primordia) of panicle development. Distinct differences were observed between sterile and fertile phases with respect to anther size, shape and colour of the pollen grains in TS 18 and TS 29. The pollen grains at the sterile phase were small and irregular in shape while in the fertile phase they were plump and larger with a yellow colour, establishing that the occurrence of sterility in TS 18 and TS 29 is post‐meiotic. Three distinct classes of pollen fertility percentage viz. <20%, 50‐70% and >90% were observed in IMPs. Anther clearing in IMPs showed distinct developmental patterns of pollen production with respect to distinct classes of pollen fertility. Less than 20% pollen fertility was observed in hybrids such as TS 15 × TS 16, TS 15 × Co 47, TS 18 × TS 16 and TS 18 × Co 47 which hold promise for developing new TGMS lines with a good plant type and acceptable quality.