Investigation on Bio gas as a Fuel in Spark Ignition Engine

以不同比例的天然气和二氧化碳气体混合物来模拟不同气源的生物质气并在一台改装后的Ｒｉ－ｃａｒｄｏＥ６四冲程单缸点燃式发动机试验机上进行试验。文中给出了燃烧这些燃料时发动机的动力性、经济性以及ＣＯ、ＴＨＣ、ＮＯｘ等排放数据。试验结果表明,生物质气中的二氧化碳能改善ＮＯｘ排放指标,但降低了功率和热效率。提高压缩比能有效的改善动力性和经济性,但同时也增加了ＮＯｘ和ＴＨＣ的排放量。采用稀燃技术可望兼顾二者的要求。     

火花点火生物质气发动机性能研究

利用农林废弃物可控热裂解产生的生物质气,经除尘、除焦油及冷却处理后作为火花点火生物质气发动机的燃料,对发动机的性能进行试验研究。通过测试发动机的转速波动、燃气消耗率和有害排放物,分析发动机的动力性、经济性、运转稳定性和排放性。试验数据表明：发动机怠速运转稳定;较大的功率范围内具有较低且平坦的气耗率曲线;全负荷范围内的转速波动率满足并网发电的需要;发动机的HC、CO和NOx的排放水平较低;燃烧过程中无焦油沉积现象。因此,农林废弃物可控热裂解产生的生物质气,可以作为火花点火发动机的代用燃料。     

植物油燃料及其在发动机上的应用

从分析植物油的主要物性参数出发,探讨了植物油作为代用燃料在压燃式发动机上使用的可行性及发动机对植物油燃料的适应性。对发动机燃用植物油时工作过程的有效组织进行了简要分析。在发动机上使用植物油,是借助于植物间接利用太阳能的重要途径;植物油燃料作为一种生态能源,在缓解能源危机和环境污染方面有着极其重要的作用;大规模生产植物油燃料,是未来农业工程的一项新课题。     

190型热裂解生物质气发动机性能研究

为了解不同运行参数和不同材料的热裂解生物质气对发动机功率和有害排放物的影响,该文利用热裂解低热值生物质气作为大缸径非增压火花点火发动机的燃料,研究了生物质气发动机的动力性、经济性和排放性。试验数据表明:发动机全工况范围内稳定运行;发动机的燃烧速度较慢,点火提前角为BTDC32℃A时发动机燃烧效果最好;发动机的排放性较好,NO排放随负荷的增大而升高,HC和CO排放随负荷的增大而降低,随裂解气热值的增加NO排放升高。因此,低热值热裂解生物质气作为大缸径发动机的燃料可以实现发动机的稳定运行,并具有较好的经济性和排放性。     

氢能作为内燃机燃料的研究

该文论述了氢发动机运转中所存在的问题，提出了氢发动机的燃烧改进方案。研究表明，采用高压喷射、火花点火，并优化调整喷射正时和点火正时，就可控制异常燃烧，获得良好的性能     

热裂解生物质气发动机怠速燃烧及排放特性

为了研究热裂解生物质气发动机的怠速燃烧特性及控制怠速排放的方法,利用低热值热裂解生物质气作为内燃机的燃料,采集火花点火生物质气发动机怠速运转时的示功图及怠速排放指标,分析了发动机怠速放热率、燃烧参数及排放特性。试验结果表明：不完全燃烧及燃烧参数的变化主要是由于缸内充量的波动及火焰发展的差异而造成的;怠速失火和不完全燃烧现象,导致发动机的怠速CO排放为4.07%～4.32%、HC排放为350×10-6～400×10-6;怠速运转时存在0.2～0.4 BSU的碳烟排放。减小缸内充量的波动性可以有效改善非正常燃烧现象并降低怠速排放。     

利用酒糟生物质发酵生产燃料乙醇的试验研究

研究了采用固态发酵工艺利用酒糟生物质生产燃料乙醇的工艺。向酒糟生物质中加入0.05%液化酶，0.06%糖化酶，0.8%纤维素酶，0.4‰TH-AADY，调整酒糟生物质的酸度为3.0，含水率为60%，起始温度为22～24℃，发酵周期为9 d的条件下，燃料乙醇产率可达4.18%。中试结果表明，该工艺可正常生产燃料乙醇，产率为4.03%。本研究可以为酒糟生物质资源的合理利用、消除酒糟对环境的污染、开发可再生新能源提供一条新工艺。     

生物质颗粒燃烧器燃料适应性试验

为深入研究生物质颗粒燃料的燃烧特性,探讨自动燃烧器的燃料适应性,该文基于PB-20型生物质颗粒燃烧器,选择了5种灰分小于25%(空气干燥基)的颗粒燃料,分别研究了燃烧工况中进料量和空气量对燃烧性能的影响。试验结果表明灰分含量大于20%的颗粒燃料燃烧不充分,工况不稳定,效率低,结渣大,易熄火,不适用于此类生物质颗粒燃烧器;灰分含量为12.40%的颗粒燃料推荐参数为进料量4 kg/h,风机转速2 600~2 800 r/min,清渣速度为3 r/min,转5 s/停35 s;灰分在7.21%的颗粒燃料推荐控制参数为进料量3~4 kg/h,风机转速2 600~2 800 r/min,清渣速度相对应为3 r/min,转5 s/停60~55 s;灰分值低于1%的颗粒燃料均以进料量3~4 kg/h,风机转速2 600~2 800 r/min,不需清渣为推荐参数。该研究总结了生物质颗粒燃烧器的燃料适用控制参数,为燃烧器的推广应用提供了数据支持。     

国内外生物质成型燃料质量标准现状

中国生物质成型燃料标准体系建设初步取得了一些成效,但与欧美发达国家相比标准制定工作进展较为缓慢,一定程度上制约了产业发展。该研究分析了国内外生物质成型燃料标准体系和质量认证体系现状,研究生物质成型燃料质量影响因素及质量要求;与ISO国际标准比较,分析了木质、非木质生物质成型燃料各指标质量分级要求,结合中国国情,提出中国生物质成型燃料质量标准仍需进一步完善。同时与国内煤炭质量相关标准进行比较,生物质成型燃料灰分含量低,硫含量、砷和汞等重金属含量极低,对环境友好,是良好的替代散煤的固体燃料。通过研究提出建议成立生物质成型燃料国家标委会,亟需制定质量分级和污染物排放国家标准,并应区分商用、民用以及工业用等不同应用对象的燃料质量要求。     

生物质成型燃料产业化的理性思考

本文运用经济学和社会学的方法,对中国农村能源现状和生物质成型燃料的产业化进行了详细的分析,指出成型燃料产业化的前景和政府政策在成型燃料发展中的作用,为调整农村能源结构、缓解能源短缺、建设社会主义新农村提供新的思路。     

引燃柴油量及喷射间隔对直喷天然气发动机排放的影响

为优化直喷天然气发动机的喷射策略,在一台六缸电控直喷天然气发动机上,用试验方法研究了引燃柴油量及柴油/天然气喷射间隔对发动机HC、CO和NO_x排放的影响。试验结果表明:喷射间隔一定时,HC排放随引燃柴油喷射量的增加而降低;在引燃柴油喷射量为4.0 mg时,HC排放随喷射间隔的增加而增加;引燃柴油喷射量在6.0~11.5 mg范围内,HC排放在喷射间隔从0.5 ms变化到1.1 ms时,变化较小;喷射间隔增加到1.4 ms时,HC排放升高趋势明显。CO排放随引燃柴油喷射量的变化规律为先降低后升高;在不同的柴油喷射量下增加喷射间隔,CO排放均降低。NO_x排放随引燃柴油喷射量的增加先降低后升高;在喷射间隔为0.5 ms时,NO_x排放相对较小,在喷射间隔为1.4 ms时,NO_x排放最高。增加引燃柴油喷射量有利于HC的减排,对CO排放的影响较小,但会导致NO_x排放的恶化;增加喷射间隔会促使HC和NO_x排放的升高,但CO排放有所降低。     

农用柴油机喷油系统中液—汽两相流动过程的试验研究

利用CCD摄像机、A/D转换卡、微型计算机、图像采集卡和其它测试设备对农用1105柴油机喷油系统中液—汽两相流动过程进行了试验研究。在实际运转中的1105柴油机中发现了在空转、额定功率及最大扭矩等工况下其喷油系统内存在着大量的汽泡现象,汽泡的运动规律极其复杂,并在各种工况下对发动机性能有不同程度的影响。     

硅胶管气样原位采集技术研究土壤N_2O浓度及通量变化

箱法被广泛用于监测土壤N_2O排放通量,但在原位采集高浓度土壤N_2O、全天候监测N_2O通量变化、动态研究土壤剖面N_2O的行为等方面存在弊端.本研究通过室内模拟硅胶管对N_2O的通透性,探索硅胶管用于原位采集土壤气样的理论可行性.田间试验设施用铵态氮肥(NH_4~+)、施用硝态氮肥(NO_3~-)及施用硝态氮肥加葡萄糖(NO_3~-+C)等3个处理,同时安置硅胶管和采样箱,验证硅胶管法在原位采集高浓度土壤N_2O气样、监测土壤N_2O浓度以及排放通量的实际效果,并与箱法进行比较.结果表明,硅胶管内外的N_2O气体经2.9 h达到95%的平衡,完伞能满足大田采样要求;用硅胶管法原位采集高浓度土壤N_2O气样的效果显著优于箱法采样.其浓度变化表现出明显的时间规律,浓度梯度法计算的N_2O排放通量与箱法测定结果呈显著正相关,但数值偏低;偏低的程度取决于采样位置和土壤中N_2O产生位置的匹配程度.建议采用埋于土壤表层的硅胶管计算地面N_2O排放通量,或在不同土层埋人硅胶管研究土壤剖面N_2O行为的时空变异.     

Effects of biochar addition on greenhouse gas emissions during freeze–thaw cycles in a black soil region,Northeast China

As global warming intensifies, the soil environment in middle to high latitudes will undergo more extensive and frequent freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs), which will significantly affect the carbon and nitrogen cycles of soil ecosystems and aggravate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Biochar can increase soil organic carbon storage and mitigate climate change. To effectively control GHG emissions, soil supplemented with biochar at different application rates (0%, 2%, 4% and 6% [w/w]) under different numbers of FTCs (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12) was selected as the research object. The soil GHG emission characteristics in different experimental treatments and their relationships with soil physical and chemical properties were determined. Our results showed that N₂O and CO₂ emissions were promoted during FTCs, with values of 3.13–50.37 and 16.22–135.50 μg m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively. The order of N₂O and CO₂ emissions with respect to biochar application rate was as follows: 2% > 0% > 4% > 6%. CH₄ emissions were negative during FTCs, varying from −1.62 to −10.59 μg m⁻² h⁻¹, and negative CH₄ emissions were promoted by biochar. Correlation analysis showed that N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ emissions were significantly correlated with pH, soil moisture and soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}$–N contents (p < .01). The conceptual path model demonstrated that GHG emissions were significantly influenced by FTCs, moisture, SOM and biochar application rate. Our results indicate that the effects of FTCs on GHG emissions were greater than those of biochar application. Biochar application rates of 4% or 6% should be considered in the future to reduce soil GHG emissions in the black soil region of Northeast China. Our results can help provide a theoretical basis and effective strategy to reduce soil GHG emissions during FTCs in seasonally frozen regions.     

High soil Mn and Al,as well as low leaf P concentration,may explain for low natural rubber productivity on a tropical acid soil in Vietnam

The aim of the current study was to identify major soil and leaf factors accounting for low natural rubber (NR, Hevea brasiliensis) productivity on tropical acid Acrisols in Vietnam. Twenty NR plots were measured with NR productivity, leaf factors (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, and Zn), soil factors (pH, particle size distribution, total C, N, P, K, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, Al, Mn, Fe, Zn, available P). Cluster analysis showed that NR productivity could be separated into three clusters with low (23.2), medium (38.2), and high (61.3 g tree^?1 harvest^?1) yield. High-yield cluster had higher leaf P concentration and soil pH, while low-yield cluster had higher leaf Mn, soil exchangeable Al, and Mn concentration. Simple and multiple linear regression analysis applied with backward elimination procedure suggested that leaf and soil toxic concentration may be responsible for low NR productivity in the study soil.     

Effect of plant-mediated oxygen supply and drainage on greenhouse gas emission from a tropical peatland in Central Kalimantan,Indonesia

Abstract

To evaluate the hypothesis that plant-mediated oxygen supplies decrease methane (CH₄) production and total global warming potential (GWP) in a tropical peatland, the authors compared the fluxes and dissolved concentrations of greenhouse gases [GHGs; CH₄, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O)] and dissolved oxygen (DO) at multiple peatland ecosystems in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Study ecosystems included tropical peat swamp forest and degraded peatland areas that were burned and/or drained during the rainy season. CH₄ fluxes were significantly influenced by land use and drainage, which were highest in the flooded burnt sites (5.75 ± 6.66 mg C m^?2 h^?1) followed by the flooded forest sites (1.37 ± 2.03 mg C m^?2 h^?1), the drained burnt site (0.220 ± 0.143 mg C m^?2 h^?1), and the drained forest site (0.0084 ± 0.0321 mg C m^?2 h^?1). Dissolved CH₄ concentrations were also significantly affected by land use and drainage, which were highest in the flooded burnt sites (124 ± 84 μmol L^?1) followed by the drained burnt site (45.2 ± 29.8 μmol L^?1), the flooded forest sites (1.15 ± 1.38 μmol L^?1) and the drained forest site (0.860 ± 0.819 μmol L^?1). DO concentrations were influenced by land use only, which were significantly higher in the forest sites (6.9 ± 5.6 μmol L^?1) compared to the burnt sites (4.0 ± 2.9 μmol L^?1). These results suggest that CH₄ produced in the peat might be oxidized by plant-mediated oxygen supply in the forest sites. CO₂ fluxes were significantly higher in the drained forest site (340 ± 250 mg C m^?2 h^?1 with a water table level of ?20 to ?60 cm) than in the drained burnt site (108 ± 115 mg C m^?2 h^?1 with a water table level of ?15 to +10 cm). Dissolved CO₂ concentrations were 0.6–3.5 mmol L^?1, also highest in the drained forest site. These results suggested enhanced CO₂ emission by aerobic peat decomposition and plant respiration in the drained forest site. N₂O fluxes ranged from ?2.4 to ?8.7 μg N m^?2 h^?1 in the flooded sites and from 3.4 to 8.1 μg N m^?2 h^?1 in the drained sites. The negative N₂O fluxes might be caused by N₂O consumption by denitrification under flooded conditions. Dissolved N₂O concentrations were 0.005–0.22 μmol L^?1 but occurred at < 0.01 μmol L^?1 in most cases. GWP was mainly determined by CO₂ flux, with the highest levels in the drained forest site. Despite having almost the same CO₂ flux, GWP in the flooded burnt sites was 20% higher than that in the flooded forest sites due to the large CH₄ emission (not significant). N₂O fluxes made little contribution to GWP.     

硅胶管气样原位采集技术研究土壤N2O浓度及通量变化

箱法被广泛用于监测土壤N2O排放通量,但在原位采集高浓度土壤N2O、全天候监测N2O通量变化、动态研究土壤剖面N2O的行为等方面存在弊端。本研究通过室内模拟硅胶管对N2O的通透性,探索硅胶管用于原位采集土壤气样的理论可行性。田间试验设施用铵态氮肥（NH+4）、施用硝态氮肥（NO-3）及施用硝态氮肥加葡萄糖（NO-3+C）等3个处理,同时安置硅胶管和采样箱,验证硅胶管法在原位采集高浓度土壤N2O气样、监测土壤N2O浓度以及排放通量的实际效果,并与箱法进行比较。结果表明,硅胶管内外的N2O气体经2.9 h达到95%的平衡,完全能满足大田采样要求; 用硅胶管法原位采集高浓度土壤N2O气样的效果显著优于箱法采样。其浓度变化表现出明显的时间规律,浓度梯度法计算的N2O排放通量与箱法测定结果呈显著正相关,但数值偏低; 偏低的程度取决于采样位置和土壤中N2O产生位置的匹配程度。建议采用埋于土壤表层的硅胶管计算地面N2O排放通量,或在不同土层埋入硅胶管研究土壤剖面N2O行为的时空变异。     

Influence of Azolla (Azolla microphylla Kaulf.) compost on biogenic gas production,inorganic nitrogen and growth of upland kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) in a silt loam soil

Azolla microphylla Kaulf. (Azolla) biomass was composted to create a high nitrogen (N) organic matter amendment (Azolla compost). We examined the effect of this Azolla compost on carbon (C) and N mineralization and the production of biogenic gases, nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), in a soil incubation experiment. A pot experiment with upland kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) examined plant growth in silt loam soil treated with three levels of Azolla compost. The results showed that N₂O production from soil increased with urea amendment, but not with Azolla compost treatments. The Azolla-amended soil showed enhanced CO₂ production throughout the 4-week incubation. The Azolla-treated soils showed a 98% lower global warming potential compared to urea treatment over the 4-week incubation. However, Azolla-amended soil had higher nitrate (NO₃^–) levels compared to urea-fertilized soil at 1 week of incubation, and these were maintained until the fourth week. Soils amended with Azolla compost showed lower ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) levels than those in the urea-fertilized soils. The height and dry weight of upland kangkong fertilized with Azolla compost were similar to plants receiving urea fertilization. Therefore, the use of Azolla compost as a substitute for urea fertilizer would be beneficial for reducing the production of N₂O while maintaining plant growth.     

气源及活性剂对曝气滴灌带水气单双向传输均匀性的影响

曝气滴灌过程中水、氧、气传输均匀性是评价曝气灌溉质量的重要指标。活性剂的添加和传输方式的优选对曝气滴灌传输过程中微气泡的存在和溶解氧的保持有重要意义。为提高水气耦合物在滴灌过程中传输的距离和均匀性,该文采用Mazzei 1078文丘里空气射流器进行曝气增氧,以空气和氧气为供试气源,研究活性剂BS1000浓度(0、1、2和4 mg/L)和传输方式(单向和双向)对曝气滴灌下水、氧、气传输特性的影响。结果表明:曝气导致单向传输下流量均匀性略有下降,但可显著提高灌溉水中溶解氧和掺气比例;随着活性剂浓度的增加,掺气比例显著增加(P0.05);活性剂的添加促进了氧气曝气下溶解氧的增加;溶氧均匀性和流量均匀性随着活性剂浓度的增加无显著性变化,但单向传输下4 mg/L BS1000的出气均匀性较未添加活性剂显著降低;双向传输的流量均匀性、溶氧均匀性和出气均匀性分别在95%、96%和67%以上,较单向传输分别平均提高14.00%、4.05%和30.64%(P0.05),是曝气滴灌长程管道传输推荐的布置方式。研究结果为曝气滴灌过程中灌溉技术参数优化和管道的科学布置提供理论依据。