5个枣树品种花粉量和花粉萌芽率测定

以冬枣、雪枣、鸡蛋枣、灰枣、梨枣等5个枣树品种的花粉为试材,采用纤维素酶法和离体培养法,测定花粉量和花粉萌芽率。结果表明:枣树不同品种间花粉量和萌芽率存在差异,冬枣、雪枣、鸡蛋枣、灰枣、梨枣等5个品种的单花药花粉量分别为1 775、789、1 072、953、864粒。花粉量多的枣树品种,其萌芽率不一定最高;在最佳培养基中,雪枣的花粉萌芽率高达33.6%,冬枣的为27.2%,而鸡蛋枣的仅为20.4%。蔗糖及硼酸浓度对花粉萌芽率影响显著。适宜花粉萌芽的最佳蔗糖浓度为15%;硼酸能够促进花粉萌芽,但是浓度过高时会抑制花粉萌芽,硼酸浓度为0.05 g/L时花粉萌芽率最高。枣树花粉萌芽的最佳培养基是0.05g/L硼酸+10%蔗糖+1%琼脂。     

西南桦花粉离体萌发的适宜条件与萌发特征

应用各种浓度蔗糖、蔗糖 硼酸培养基于系列温度下开展西南桦花粉萌发对比试验,研究了蔗糖、硼酸浓度对西南桦花粉离体萌发的影响,筛选出适合西南桦花粉萌发培养基的适宜组分和适宜培养温度,并应用4个单株的花粉对其萌发特征进行了初步研究.结果表明:蔗糖基本培养基上添加硼酸能够显著促进西南桦花粉萌发;西南桦花粉离体萌发的合适培养基为15%蔗糖 200 mg·kg-1硼酸,适宜培养温度为30℃;在此条件下培养3 h后花粉萌发率基本稳定,培养7 h后花粉管长度也趋于稳定.     

不同枣品种花粉的形态特征和萌发特性

为调控枣花芽分化,为丰产栽培提供理论指导,以鸡蛋枣、以色列1号枣、以色列3号枣、引-10枣、中秋酥脆枣5个枣品种为试材,采用纤维素酶法、电镜扫描、琼脂培养法对其进行花粉量、花粉形态、花粉萌发特性的研究。结果表明:(1)5个枣品种单药花粉量为311~1 115,其中以色列3号枣的花粉量最少,中秋酥脆枣的花粉量最多;(2)5个枣品种的花粉形态为长椭圆形或细长椭圆形,具3条狭长萌发沟,极端不汇合,表面为网状雕纹;(3)不同品种花粉萌发对培养基中硼酸及蔗糖浓度具有选择性,以色列1号枣、引-10枣、鸡蛋枣的最适硼酸质量浓度为10.0 mg/L,以色列3号枣、中秋酥脆枣的最适硼酸质量浓度分别为30.0、50.0 mg/L。引-10枣、鸡蛋枣的最适蔗糖质量分数分别为20%、15%,以色列3号枣、中秋酥脆枣的最适蔗糖质量分数为10%。以色列1号枣在各种培养条件下,平均萌发率为2.04%,属于雄性高度不育品种。     

两种连翘的花粉萌发力研究

通过测定不同蔗糖浓度、硼酸、4种生长调节剂以及不同培养时间对2种连翘花粉萌发情况的影响,阐明连翘花粉的适宜萌发条件。结果表明:适宜散粉条件为阴干,适宜蔗糖和硼酸浓度分别为15%和400mg/L,大部分生长调节剂对花粉萌发起抑制作用,花粉活力随培养时间的延长而下降,连翘花粉抗寒性较差。     

硼、钙离子对杉木花粉萌发和花粉管生长影响

采用固体培养法分析了蔗糖、硼酸和钙离子等花粉生长因子对杉木花粉萌发的影响.结果表明,适宜浓度的硼酸和钙离子对花粉的萌发有较大的促进作用,但当超过一定浓度时则起抑制作用.杉木花粉离体培养的最适硼酸和钙离子浓度分别为0.04 g/L和0.2 g/L,在5%蔗糖+0.04 g/L H3803+0.2 g/L Ca2++0.5%琼脂培养基上,杉木花粉萌发率为84.8%.     

培养基成分对平榛花粉离体萌发的影响

以平榛花粉为试验材料,采用花粉离体培养法研究了培养基组分蔗糖、硼酸、硝酸钙不同浓度对平榛花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响,从而找到适合平榛花粉离体萌发的最佳培养基组分。结果表明:蔗糖、硼酸、硝酸钙在一定浓度范围内可促进平榛花粉的离体萌发,超过该范围则会抑制花粉的萌发,筛选出较适宜平榛花粉离体萌发的培养基成分为蔗糖15%+硼酸0.01%+硝酸钙0.015%。     

台湾桤木花粉生活力测定方法初探

以台湾桤木新鲜花粉为试材,采用花粉离体培养萌芽法,对台湾桤木花粉萌发的适宜液体培养基进行了筛选研究,结果表明:台湾桤木花粉离体培养的适宜培养液为:10%蔗糖 100 mg/L硼酸,最适培养温度为25℃;通过TTC染色法、I2-KI染色法、过氧化物酶沉淀法等方法的比较,找出快速测定台湾桤木花粉生活力的方法,结果表明:过氧化物酶沉淀法是快速测定台湾桤木花粉生活力的适宜方法。     

暴马丁香花粉萌发适宜培养基的筛选

为了探明影响暴马丁香花粉萌发的因素,筛选适宜花粉萌发的培养基,以暴马丁香新鲜花粉为试材,采用离体培养方法,通过正交设计L_(16)(4~5)研究培养基中不同浓度的蔗糖、硼酸、氯化钙及pH值4个因素对暴马丁香花粉萌发的影响。结果表明:4个因素对暴马丁香花粉萌发影响的主次关系依次为硼酸、氯化钙、蔗糖和pH值,适宜的蔗糖浓度为100～150 g/L,此时的发芽率平均为23.1%～26.6%;适宜的硼酸浓度为0.65 g/L,此时的发芽率平均为33.4%;适宜的氯化钙浓度为0.15 g/L,此时的发芽率平均为27.5%;适宜的pH值为5,此时的发芽率平均为26.8%。暴马丁香花粉萌发的最适培养基成分组合为蔗糖浓度150 g/L、硼酸浓度0.65 g/L、氯化钙浓度0.15 g/L、pH值5,在此培养基下花粉发芽率达到53.94%。     

4种蓝莓花粉量及花粉萌芽率的测定

以蓝莓4个品种花粉为试材,采用纤维素酶法和离体培养法,测定其花粉量,研究不同培养基上花粉萌芽率。结果表明:不同品种间花粉量存在差异,奥尼尔、夏普蓝、蓝玉一号、灿烂的平均花粉数分别为127、546、216、144粒/花药。培养基种类、温度对花粉萌芽率影响显著。适宜花粉萌芽的蔗糖浓度为15%;硼酸能够促进花粉萌芽,但是浓度过高时会抑制花粉萌芽,300μg·L-1硼酸浓度花粉萌芽率最高;25℃温度处理下,花粉萌发率较高。     

毛竹花粉活力测定及其适宜保存条件研究

试验立足于毛竹花粉种质的保存,得出毛竹花粉萌发的适宜条件为25℃、15%蔗糖+0.001%硼酸培养1 h,萌发率可达92.5%。适合毛竹花粉较长时间保存的条件为:新采集的花药,室内阴干1 h,离心管密封保存于4℃冷藏室,可维持80 h的活力。零下低温保存毛竹花粉技术需要进一步探索。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.