THE INSENSITIVITY OF 99mTc PERTECHNETATE FOR DETECTING METASTASES OF A FUNCTIONAL THYROID CARCINOMA IN A DOG

This report describes the use of ^99mtechnetium pertechnetate (^99mTcO₄⁻) and ¹³¹[for imaging of a metastatic thyroid carcinoma in a dog. The ¹³¹] imaging showed metastatic lesions undetected by the ^99mTcO₄⁻ imaging on 2 separate occasions. The possible mechanisms for the discrepancies between ¹³¹I and ^99mTcO₄⁻ imaging of thyroid carcinomas are discussed. The use of ¹³¹I for the imaging of functional thyroid carcinomas in the dog is recommended.     

Effect of oral administration of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphyenl on the intestinal microbiota of Sprague–Dawley rats

The effect of the endocrine-disrupting chemical 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphyenl (PCB 126) on intestinal microbiota after oral administration, and the improvement of intestinal microbiota and feces quantity by the subsequent administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus or Lactobacillus reuteri was investigated. All the rats were given 100 μg/kg bodyweight of PCB 126. The changes in bacterial counts were confirmed using a culture method. The administration of PCB 126 tended to decrease the bacterial counts of lactobacilli (10^9.6−10^10.2 to 10^8.8−10^9.2) and bifidobacteria (10^5.3−10^6.1 to 10^3.6−10^4.2), and to increase those of Enterobacteriaceae (10^8.2−10^9.1 to 10^9.4−10^10.3) and staphylococci (10^6.6−10^7.4 to 10^7.2−10^8.4) compared to no PCB 126 administration. After administration of PCB 126, L. acidophilus or L. reuteri orally administered to rats caused Enterobacteriaceae and staphylococci counts to decrease, suggesting that the intestinal microbiota was improved by the lactobacilli. The administration of L. acidophilus and L. reuteri improved the balance of intestinal microbiota, and defecation volume returned to its normal level. L. acidophilus and L. reuteri have a remedial effect on intestinal microbiota affected by PCB 126 and can function to lessen accumulated PCB 126 volume.     

Differential cytokine expression in T cell subsets from bovine peripheral blood

Although distinct cytokine expression in T cell subsets is well understood in mice and humans, limited information is available on bovine T cell subsets. In the present study, we analyzed the mRNA expression of 10 kinds of cytokines and CD25 expression in CD4⁺, CD8⁺, WC1⁺ and WC1^-γδ T cell subsets in bovine peripheral blood by Concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation. CD25 expression was significantly increased in CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and WC1⁺γδ T cells, but not in WC1^-γδ T cells by Con A stimulation. In CD4⁺ T cells, the mRNAs of Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF-β and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were expressed in control cultures, and IL-3, IL-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were newly expressed when the cells were stimulated with Con A. CD8⁺ T cells expressed the mRNAs of IL-6, TNF-α, TNF-β and TGF-β in control cultures, and newly expressed those of IL-2, IFN-γ and GM-CSF, but did not express those of IL-3, IL-4 or IL-10 after Con A stimulation. The cytokine expression profile of WC1⁺γδ T cells was similar to that of CD8⁺ T cells. However, WC1^-γδ T cells did not express any cytokine mRNA except TGF-â mRNA. These results will contribute to elucidate the participation of T cell subsets in immune responses against infectious disease in cattle.     

Haematological findings in captive dolphins and whales

Objective To examine haematological features in five species of healthy, captive marine mammals.
Animals Twenty bottlenose dolphins ( Tursips truncatus ), seven Pacific white-sided dolphins ( Lagenorhynchus obliquidens ), five Risso dolphins ( Grampus griseus ) and five false killer whales ( Pseudorca crassidens ).
Results and conclusion The red blood cell count was 4.21 × 10¹²/L in bottlenose dolphins, 5.32 × 10¹²/L in Pacific white-sided dolphins, 4.35 × 10¹²/L in Risso dolphins and 4.43 × 10¹²/L in false killer whales. The haemoglobin concentration was 1.51 g/L and packed cell volume 44.7% in bottlenose dolphins; the corresponding values were 1.71 g/L and 48.9% in Pacific white-sided dolphins, 1.72 g/L and 49.4% in Risso dolphins, and 1.52 g/L and 47.8% in false killer whales. The white blood cell count was 7.097 × 10⁹/L in bottlenose dolphins, 5.928 × 10⁹/L in Pacific white-sided dolphins, 5.001 × 10⁹/L in Risso dolphins and 7.921 × 10⁹/L in false killer whales. There were no significant differences in these values among bottlenose dolphins and Pacific white-sided dolphins. The proportion of eosinophils in the differential leukocyte count ranged from 10.3% to 11.5% in bottlenose dolphins, Pacific white-sided dolphins and false killer whales, but was only 0.4% in Risso dolphins. The eosinophilic granules were larger in Risso dolphins and false killer whales than in bottlenose and Pacific white-sided dolphins.     

Numbers of nitrate-reducing bacteria in the rumen as estimated by competitive polymerase chain reaction

Cell numbers of known species of nitrate- and nitrite-reducing bacteria, Selenomonas ruminantium, Veillonella parvula and Wollinella succinogenes , in the rumen of goats (25–30 kg) were estimated by competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The number of S. ruminantium was the largest of the three species examined, and tended to be greater in goats fed a high-concentrate diet (5.6 × 10⁷ cells/mL rumen fluid) than in goats fed a high-roughage diet (1.3 × 10⁷ cells/mL). The number of V. parvula tended to be greater when goats were fed a high-roughage diet (6.7 × 10³/mL) than when fed a high-concentrate diet (3.2 × 10³/mL). The number of W. succinogenes was below the detectable level (< 1.0 × 10²/mL) when a high-concentrate diet was fed, but was significantly increased by feeding a high-roughage diet (1.6 × 10³/mL). Addition of potassium nitrate (6 g/day) to the high-concentrate diet tended to increase V. parvula , and significantly increased W. succinogenes , indicating that these two bacteria can be increased by feeding a diet containing nitrate.     

Pretaping of the Aorta Prior to Patent Ductus Arteriosus Ligation

SURGICAL repair of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common cardiovascular procedures performed in veterinary and human medicine.^1–3 The techniques have been well documented and used successfully.^2–5     

Cutaneous presentation of canine intravascular lymphoma (malignant angioendotheliomatosis)

A 9-year-old female spayed Boxer dog presented with variably sized, firm, black, raised, exudative subcutaneous masses on her head, neck and trunk, that tended to fluctuate in size and frequently ulcerate. Skin biopsy showed that the dermis was expanded by a densely cellular mass of proliferative capillaries distended with large pleomorphic neoplastic round cells mixed with fibrin and erythrocytes. Intravascular lymphoma was diagnosed and immunostains were compatible with a CD8⁺ T lymphocyte histogenesis (CD3⁺/CD79a⁻/TCRαβ⁺/CD8α⁺). Post-mortem examination, four months after diagnosis, revealed neoplastic T-cells within meningeal arteries. We are unaware of other reports of a cutaneous presentation and ante-mortem diagnosis of intravascular lymphoma in the dog. Additionally, this vasoproliferative form of intravascular lymphoma has not been previously described in dogs.     

Die Verteilung der Spermien im weiblichen Genitale des Schweines nach Insemination von frischem und tiefgefrorenem Sperma

Inhalt: 1. In Versuchen an insgesamt 24 weiblichen Schweinen wurde die Verteilung von Spermien im Uterus und Eileiter 4 bis 6 Stunden und 20 Minuten nach künstlicher Besamung mit 20 × 10⁹ Spermien untersucht. Die Spermien waren normal oder tief-gefroren konserviert und in einem Verdünner von 120 und 100 ml suspendiert.
2. Von den ehemals tiefgefrorenen Samenzellen konnten 4 bis 6 Stunden post inseminationem nur 0,0073 × 10⁶ (weniger als 1%) wiedergefunden werden, während in Vergleichsgruppen mit normal konserviertem Sperma 0,4080 × 10⁶ bzw. 52,4770 × 10⁶ Spermien ermittelt wurden.
20 Minuten nach der Insemination wurden TGN₂-Spermien in ähnlicher Zahl wie normal konservierte gefunden.
Nach Insemination mit abgetöteten Spermien waren im Eileiter keine Samenzellen nachzuweisen.     

Age-related changes in leukocytes and T cell subsets in peripheral blood of Japanese Black cattle

It is well known that the immune system changes with age during development and maturation in Holstein cattle. But age-related changes in leukocytes and T cell subsets in peripheral blood of Japanese Black cattle still remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate comparative changes of leukocytes (granulocytes, monocytes, B cells and T cells) and T cell subsets (CD4⁺, CD8⁺, γδ, CD8⁺γδ and WC1⁺γδ T cells) in Japanese Black cattle aged 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 18 and 36–41 (adult) months on flow cytometry using specific monoclonal antibodies for the cell surface markers. T cell proportion was approximately 40% in 2-month-old cattle and decreased to 20.6% in adults. In contrast, B cell proportion significantly increased from 7.4% to 28.2% with age. In T cell subsets the percentage of CD4⁺ T cells significantly increased from 40.5% to 60%, but that of WC1⁺γδ T cell subset significantly decreased with age. The percentages of CD8⁺ and CD8⁺γδ T cells did not change. The present study details the proportional changes in leukocyte and T cell subsets with age in the peripheral blood of Japanese Black cattle and these findings are similar to those described for Holstein cattle.     

Einsatz von 3H-Aktynomyzin/3H-AMD/ in den mikroautoradiographischen Untersuchungen der Alterungsprozesse eines langfristig in flüssigem Stickstoff aufbewahrten Bullenspermas

Mit dem mikroautoradiographischen Verfahren unter Einsatz von ^/3 H-Aktynomyzin/ ³ H-AMD/ wurde bereits im Verlauf des Einfriervorganges eine Störung des Gleichgewichtszustandes im Bereich der DNP-Komplexe des Spermienkopfes ermittelt. Diese Erscheinung zeigt sich in einer ansteigenden Anzahl von Einschlussen von ³ H-AMD. Es wurde eine Abhängigkeit dieses Proresses aber nicht nur von den Einfrierphasen, sondern auch vom Alter der Bullen und der Zeitdauer der Konservierung des Spermas nachgewiesen. Die niedrigsten Werte der Einschlüsse von ³ H-AMD wurden bei einer Aufbewahrungsdauer der Spermienproben von 3 Monaten bis 5 Jahre ermittelt. Die aus den 6–9 Jahre aufbewahrten Samenproben gewonnenen Spermien waren durch einen hohen Markierungsgrad charakterisiert, was auf Störungen der elektrostatischen Einwirkungen zwischen DNP und Kernproteinen dieser Samenzellen hindeutet .     

Studies on the Leucogram of Female Camels (C. dromedarius) at Various Reproductive Phases

The leucocytic picture in 90 mature, healthy dromedary-cows, representing the different reproductive phases, as well as, the non-cyclic one, was determined. The non-cyclic camels possess high total leucocytic count (15.5 × 10 ³ /cm ³ ) compared with other ruminants. Moreover, neutrophilic domination (58.7%) with increased N / L ratio (1.5) in camels is not typical for other quadrupeds. At oestrus, there was a mild neutrophilia, eosinopenia and lymphopenia (61.1%, 0,4% and 37,4%, respectively versus respective values of 58.7%, 0, 7% and 39, 7% in non-cyclic camels). However, the total number of leucocytes was reduced (13.7 vs. 15.5 × 10 ³/ cm ³ ). A steady neutrophilia, eosinophilia and lymphopenia was associated with advancement of gestation in camels. An exceptional transient leucocytosis (P<0.05), with elevation in the lymphocyte proportion, occurred during the 9 ^th and 10 ^th month. At the preparturient period, a significant (P < 0.01) leucopenia, with neutrophilia (P < 0.01), lymphopenia (P < 0.05), and eosinopenia were reported. During early puerperium, the dromedary's leucogram revealed a typical moderate hematologic response to stress, manifested by lymphopenia (P < 0.01), eosinopenia (P < 0.05) and neutrophilia (P < 0.01) resulting in leucocytosis (P < 0.05 ).     

Clinical, immunological and histopathological findings in a subpopulation of dogs with pododermatitis

Abstract   Clinical, immunological and histopathological findings in 20 adult dogs of varying breeds with chronic (≥ 6 months) inflammation confined to the pedal skin were compared over a 2-year period with those of a group of age-matched controls ( n  = 20). All affected dogs were pruritic but systemically well. Lesions were present on all four feet in 18/20 cases. Affected feet were characteristically erythematous, swollen, painful and alopecic. Sinus tracts were evident in 4/20 dogs. Despite a methodical series of diagnostic tests, no underlying cause was identified. None of the dogs responded to antimicrobial therapy administered for 8 weeks, none had evidence of ectoparasitism and none satisfied the criteria for atopic dermatitis. There was no response to a dietary trial using a novel protein source. The condition was characterized histopathologically by epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, spongiosis, dermal oedema and perivascular aggregates of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Clinical signs did not correlate with histopathological findings. Affected dogs had significantly elevated serum IgG and IgM concentrations. The results of lymphocyte proliferation assays and phenotypic studies to determine the relative percentage of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and CD21⁺ lymphocyte subsets, and the ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ cells were not significantly different between groups. No age, sex or seasonal predilections were noted. All dogs subsequently responded to immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone or cyclosporin. The term immunomodulatory-responsive lymphocytic–plasmacytic pododermatitis is proposed to denote what may be a previously unrecognized condition in some dogs with pododermatitis of undetermined aetiology.     

Subcutaneous larval Taenia serialis in a ring-tailed possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus)

Coenuriasis is a condition resulting in subcutaneous cyst formation associated with infection by the larval stage of Taenia serialis , a tapeworm of the dog and associated carnivores.^1,2 This article is the first report of coenuriasis in an Australian arboreal marsupial (I Beveridge personal communication) and only the second in an Australian marsupial.³     

Inhibitory effect of dietary anacardic acid supplementation on cecal lesion formation following chicken coccidial infection

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects on male chicken performance of anacardic acid and cashew nut shell oil as feed supplements during an experimental coccidial infection. Seven-day-old chicks wer e fed a corn-soybean diet containing anacardic acid at 0, 0.4 or 0.8% (Experiment 1), or cashew nut shell oil at 0, 0.1, 0.2 or 0.4% (Experiment 2) for 10 days. On the third day of each experiment, half of the birds fed each diet were individually inoculated orally with 2 × 10³ or 5 × 10⁴ (Experiment 1) and 1 × 10⁴ or 1 × 10⁵ (Experiment 2) Eimeria tenella oocysts. In Experiment 1, body weight gain and cecal length decreased significantly according to the level of oocyst inoculation, while oocyst production per cecum (log value) and cecal lesion score significantly increased. Dietary anacardic acid supplementation had no effect on these parameters except for that of lesion score, which was improved (i.e. decreased) by anacardic acid supplementation of 0.8% at the inoculation level of 2 × 10³ oocysts, and of 0.4 and 0.8% for the higher inoculation (5 × 10⁴ oocysts). Results of Experiment 2 also showed that cashew nut shell oil affected neither cecal length nor oocyst production per cecum (log value) at either of the inoculation levels, but the lesion score was improved by cashew nut shell oil supplementation at 0.2 and 0.4% in the diet at the inoculation level of 1 × 10⁴ oocysts and at 0.4% for the higher inoculation. The present study provides the first evidence of the reducing effects of anacardic acid and cashew nut shell oil on the severity of cecal lesions in chickens during an experimental coccidial infection.     

QUANTITATIVE THYROID SCINTIGRAPHY IN GREYHOUNDS SUSPECTED OF PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM

The existence of hypothyroidism in greyhounds remains controversial and its investigation is complicated by the low circulating thyroid hormone concentrations typically found in healthy dogs of this breed. Quantitative measurement of thyroidal technetium-99m pertechnetate (^99mTcO₄⁻) uptake is known to be useful in assessing thyroid function in other breeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate thyroid scintigraphy as a method of assessing thyroid function in greyhounds suspected of primary hypothyroidism. Twenty greyhounds (eight females, 12 males) were studied. Thirteen had bald thigh syndrome and seven poor performance and low total T4. Total T4 concentrations were decreased in 18 (90%), and free T4 in two (10%) dogs. All canine thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations were within the reference interval. Thyroidal ^99mTcO₄⁻ uptake values (mean ± SD, 0.76 ± 0.26%) were within the reference limits published for euthyroid dogs (0.39–1.86%) making hypothyroidism highly unlikely. There were no significant differences ( P <0.05) when comparing data between dogs with bald thigh syndrome (13 dogs) and the remaining dogs (seven dogs). Seventeen (85%) dogs had higher uptake in the left thyroid gland than in the right that might reflect an anatomic feature of the greyhound breed. Calculation of percent thyroidal uptake of ^99mTcO₄⁻ is more accurate than thyroid:salivary gland ratios because of high variability in salivary gland uptake. Percent thyroidal uptake of ^99mTcO₄⁻ should be used when assessing thyroid function scintigraphically in the greyhound breed.     

Yohimbine prevents the retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder of dogs induced by xylazine

This study was carried out to determine whether yohimbine antagonizes the retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder of dogs caused by xylazine. Adult dogs were assigned to one of four groups of six dogs each and treated as follows: saline control, xylazine (2.2 mg/kg, i.m.), yohimbine (0.2 mg/kg, im.), yohimbine/xylazine (yohimbine, 0.2 mg/kg, i.m., followed 10 min later by xylazine. 2.2 mg/kg, i.m.). Pre- and post-treatment urine were collected by cystocentesis from all dogs. The mean (± SD) adjusted total number of spermatozoa in the post-treatment urine of xylazine-treated dogs (141.02 ± 136.75 × 10⁶) was 15 times higher ( P < 0.05) than the number in the post-treatment urine of control dogs (9.16 ± 20.26 × 10⁶), 1763 times higher ( P < 0.05) than the number in the urine of yohimbine-treated dogs (0.08 ± 0.20 × 10⁶), and 56 times higher ( P < 0.05) than the total number in the post-treatment urine of yohimbine/xylazine-treated dogs (2.54 ± 4.54 × 10⁶). These results confirm that xylazine induces a significant ( P = 0.007) displacement of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder of dogs and demonstrate that pre-treatment with yohimbine prevents this effect.     

SCINTIGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF FOUR DOGS WITH PROTEIN-LOSING ENTEROPATHY USING 111INDIUM-INDIUM-LABELED TRANSFERRIN

The purpose of this sutdy was to determine the clinical utility of ¹¹¹ In-labeled transferrin ( 111 In-TF) scintigraphy for evaluating dogs suspected of having protein-losing enteropathies. Four dogs were injected intravenoulsy with autologous ¹¹¹In-TF after 30 min incubation (at 37°C) of 18.5 MBq (0.5mCi) ¹¹¹In CI₃ with one ml of autologous plasma, Serial right lateral, left lateral and dorsal images were obtained 2, 4, and 24 hours post ¹¹¹ In-TF administration, Images were subjectively evaluated for the presence or absence of ¹¹¹ within the gastrointestinal tract. The results of total protein, albumin and globulin legels and results form gastrointestinal tract. the results of total protein, albumin and globulin levels and results from gastrointestinal biopsies were recorded. In one dog, a follow-up scientigraphic study was done six months after initial evaluation and initiation of treatment for plasmocytic-lymphocytic enteritis. Gastrointestinal activity was noted by two hours in two dogs, while all four dogs had gastrointestinal activity on the 24 hour images. The mean (±std dev) plasma protein, albumin and globulin levels were 3.5 (±0.9), 1.7 (±1) and 1.8 (±0.3) respectively at the time of initial presentation. In the one dog that was evaluated after therapy, faint visualization of radioactivity within the colon was noted on the 24 hour image. Based on this study, ¹¹¹In-TF appears to be a viable scientigraphic method for evaluating dogs with suspected dogs withfd suspected protein-losing enteropathies, Potential limitations of tjis radiopharmaceutical include cost and prolonged isolation of the animal prior to release to the client due to the long physical half-life (T_½= 2.82 days).     

Atipamezole increases medetomidine clearance in the dog: an agonist—antagonist interaction

Medetomidine, an α₂-adrenoceptor agonist, is a potent sedative and analgesic agent in the dog. When necessary, its action can be effectively antagonized by atipamezole. The present work was designed to study the effects of these drugs on each others' pharmacokinetics when a single intramuscular dose of medetomidine (50 μg kg^-1) was followed by a dose of atipamezole (250 μg kg^-1). Three different treatments were used: medetomidine alone, atipamezole alone, and atipamezole after medetomidine. Drug concentrations in plasma were measured by GC-MS. Statistical analysis of the results (anova) revealed significant differences between treatments in the kinetic parameters of medetomidine. Atipamezole decreased the AUC of medetomidine from 41.3 to 28.6 ng h ml"¹(P = 0.005), t_1/4 from 1.44 to 0.87 h ( P = 0.015), and increased Cl from 21 to 31 ml min^-1kg^-1(P = 0.017). Differences in V₂ did not reach statistical significance. The only statistically significant effects of medetomidine on the pharmacokinetics of atipamezole in this study were the slight decrease of Cl and C _max as well as the increase of AUC . It is suggested that the large dose of medetomidine used caused haemodynamic changes, resulting in decreased hepatic circulation and slower drug metabolism. Antagonism by atipamezole restored the hepatic blood flow and, consequently, increased the elimination of medetomidine by biotransformation.     

Metabolites of Monascus ruber in silages

A total of 233 silages were examined and found that Monascus ruber was present in 43 samples with counts between 1 × 10³ and 9 × 10⁶ colony-forming units (CFU)/g (mean: 2 × 10⁵ CFU/g). Monacolin K_L and the hydroxy acid monacolin K_A were detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in 45 and 50 of 233 samples at levels ranging from 25–15 600 and 28–65 400  μ g/kg, respectively. Citrinin was found with high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (FLD) in 14 (6%) samples, the concentrations varied between 2.4 and 64.2  μ g/kg. The concentrations of citrinin were low and toxic effects are not anticipated. Monacolin K_A and monacolin K_L occur frequently and in considerable amounts in silages. These metabolites are believed to influence the metabolic activity of rumen anaerobic fungi resulting in a poorer digestion of crude fibre.     

High performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetics of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug oxindanac in calves

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, oxindanac, in calf plasma is described. Recoveries over the concentration range 0.3 75 to 62.5 μg/ml were 90.2–107.8% with interassay coefficients of variation of 2.1–22.3%. The limit of detection was estimated as 0.10 μg/ml and the limit of quantification calculated to be 0.24 pg/ml in a 1 ml plasma sample. This method was used to establish the pharmacokinetics following intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and oral (p.o.) administration to calves of oxindanac at a dose rate of 2 mg/kg. The elimination t ¹/₂, was long ( t 1/2 21.2 h after i.v. injection) and absorption was rapid (t¹/_2B 0.072 h) and complete ( F > 100%) following i.m. administration. Bioavailability was incomplete ( F = 66.6%) following p.o. administration to calves that had been fed on milk, and Wagner-Nelson analysis revealed twoabsorption phases ( t ¹/₂'s 0.20 and 1.9 h). Oxindanac produced long-lasting inhibition of serum TxB₂ production, with mean k_max values (% inhibition) of 96.8, 94.1 and 81.3 following i.v., i.m. and p.0. administration, respectively. A single i.v. or i.m. injection of 2 mg/kg oxindanac will probably be active in calves for at least 36–48 h.