大别山三种杜鹃花资源遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

大别山独特的地理环境为杜鹃花资源提供了独特的生境地,是中国杜鹃花资源重要的多样性分布中心。该研究以大别山黄杜鹃、云锦杜鹃、满山红3个种群为试验材料,采用9个SSR标记对其进行扩增,以期探究种群遗传多样性和遗传结构的特征。结果表明:9个标记位点共扩增出45个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数为3~7;3个种群中Shannon信息指数平均值为0.87~0.91;平均观察杂合度和期望杂合度为0.523~0.651和0.517~0.536;总近交系数Fit和种群内近交系数Fis平均值分别为0.075 9和-0.173 3,即3个种群内均存在近交现象;9个位点的平均基因流为0.927 0;在聚类分析中,黄杜鹃和云锦杜鹃亲缘关系最近,与满山红最远。该研究为杜鹃花属植物的进化研究奠定了基础。     

常绿杜鹃不同杂种群间杂交的可育性分析

为研究杜鹃花属常绿杜鹃亚属中不同杂种群间杂交的可育性规律,对属于腺柱杜鹃花杂种群(Gr)、云锦杜鹃花杂种群(F)、美国山石南杜鹃花杂种群(Ga)、高加索杜鹃花杂种群(C)和东石楠杜鹃花杂种群(D)的33个品种组配302个杂交组合,对各杂种群间的杂交坐果率、结籽率和种子发芽率进行统计分析;以Ga和F杂种群为父本的杂交组合的花粉萌发率、花粉管长度/花柱长度和胚珠受精率进行荧光显微观察。结果表明:(1)从坐果率考虑,在33个品种中,‘Blurettia’、‘Sun Fire’和‘Surrey Heath’等11个品种适宜作为母本,‘Mrs. P. Denouden’、‘Marcel Menard’和‘Catawbiensis Boursault’等5个品种适宜作为父本,‘Alfred’、‘Delta’和‘XXL’等16个品种作为母本或父本皆可,而‘Cosmopolitan’不适宜作亲本;在5个杂种群中,Gr适宜作为母本,F适宜作为父本,Ga作为母本或者父本皆可,C和D的杂交效果与其配组有关;不同杂种群间杂交存在单向不育、双向可育或不育现象。(2)5个杂种群作为母本杂交的坐果率、结籽率和种子发芽率大小则分别为Ga Gr C D F,Ga CGr D F,Ga C F G r D;作为父本杂交的坐果率、结籽率和种子发芽率大小分别为F Ga GrD C,F Ga D C Gr,F Ga Gr C D;作为亲本的坐果率、结籽率和种子发芽率大小分别为Ga F Gr D C,Ga F D C Gr,F Ga C Gr D。(3)从花粉荧光显微观察结果来看,除D×F的花粉不萌发外,其余组合的花粉均能萌发,但各杂交组合的花粉管长度/花柱长度不同,且胚珠受精率低下。综上所述:常绿杜鹃不同杂种群间杂交存在明显不育现象,包括不能坐果、不能结籽和种子不萌发,而受精前障碍和受精后障碍可能是其杂交不育的关键原因。     

毛茛铁线莲开花结实生物学特性研究

定点观察毛茛铁线莲的开花物候、开花动态、单花的功能形态特征、花粉活性、访花昆虫的种类及频率,利用去雄、套袋、人工授粉对毛莨铁线莲结实生物学特性进行观察与调查.结果表明:(1)毛茛铁线莲10～11月开花,单花花期为14～18 d.(2)在散粉当天,花粉活性及柱头可授性均最高,随开花时间的延长,柱头可授性及花粉活力逐渐降低.(3)自然结实率、自花结实率和异花结实率差异显著,其中异花结实率最高.     

花蕊成熟度及花粉贮藏条件对朝天椒杂交结实率的影响

对花蕊成熟度及花粉贮藏条件影响朝天椒杂交结实率进行了研究。试验结果表明,不同成熟度花蕊的授粉受精能力差异明显,开花前5d的过嫩花蕾基本不具备授粉受精能力,开花前4d的嫩花蕾开始具备授粉受精能力,无论雌蕊还是雄蕊均以开花当天和开花前1～2d的花蕾(朵)有较高的杂交坐果率和结籽率。朝天椒花粉的生活力与温度、空气相对湿度和贮藏时间密切相关,相对低温高湿的环境有利于延长花粉的贮藏时间,并能保持较高的杂交坐果率和结籽率。     

十字花科蔬菜对蛞蝓生长发育的影响

在25℃、开灯1 h,关灯23 h(光照1L:23 D)、湿度20%~30%条件下,采用甘蓝、油菜、花椰菜、大白菜、小白菜饲养蛞蝓,研究蛞蝓的生物活性。结果表明:大白菜上蛞蝓的产卵前期、产卵量与其它4种蔬菜相比差异显著;用甘蓝饲养的蛞蝓平均每天增重量最大,为4.68 g,甘蓝上蛞蝓的种群趋势指数和平均体重增加值与其它4种蔬菜相比差异显著,小白菜和花椰菜上蛞蝓的种群趋势指数与油菜和大白菜相比差异显著。说明不同蔬菜对蛞蝓种群生命力的影响存在差异。     

不同光环境下三花杜鹃光合特性的比较

以三花杜鹃为试材,在全光照(1 400~2 000μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))、林缘(800~1 600μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))和林下(100~500μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))3种光照环境下,分析了三花杜鹃的叶片性状及光合特性,以探讨三花杜鹃栽培适宜的光环境。结果表明:随光强的减弱,三花杜鹃的叶长、叶宽增加,比叶重下降。林缘和林下2个处理的总叶绿素含量均显著低于全光照处理,叶绿素a/b虽略有下降但差异不显著。与全光照环境相比,林缘和林下处理的三花杜鹃光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)呈现下降的趋势,但最大净光合速率(Pmax)以林缘处理最高,为9.58。综合分析,林缘处理的光环境较适宜三花杜鹃,因此在园林设计中应注意与其它植物的搭配,适度遮阴。     

花蕊成熟度及花粉贮藏条件对朝天椒杂交结实率的影响

对花蕊成熟度及花粉贮藏条件影响朝天椒杂交结实率进行了研究.试验结果表明,不同成熟度花蕊的授粉受精能力差异明显,开花前5 d的过嫩花蕾基本不具备授粉受精能力.开花前4 d的嫩花蕾开始具备授粉受精能力,无论雌蕊还是雄蕊均以开花当天和开花前1～2 d的花蕾(朵)有较高的杂交坐果率和结籽率.朝天椒花粉的生活力与温度、空气相对湿度和贮藏时间密切相关,相对低温高湿的环境有利于延长花粉的贮藏时间,并能保持较高的杂交坐果率和结籽率.     

板栗和锥栗远缘杂交亲和性研究

以3个板栗品种"燕红"、"怀黄"、"怀九"为母本,以锥栗为父本,进行了远缘杂交亲和性及杂种表型特性研究,旨在为栗属植物的远缘杂交育种提供参考。结果表明:通过连续3a杂交试验,远缘杂交平均结实率仅23.6%,最低结实率只有6.5%,且空苞率较高,平均空苞率50.1%,最高77.5%;杂交结实特性在不同杂交组合、不同年份间存在差异,结实率在不同杂交组合间差异不显著,而在不同年份间表现差异显著,空苞率与坐苞率在不同杂交组合间差异显著或极显著,在不同年份间差异不显著;母本对结实率有较大影响,以"怀黄"、"怀九"为母本远缘杂交结实率较高且杂种优势明显,亲和性好,而"燕红"与锥栗杂交无论在结实率还是杂种特性上表现较差,说明合理选择亲本对于克服板栗与锥栗间远缘杂交不亲和性及提高结实率具有重要意义。     

云锦杜鹃品种特性及其控花技术

云锦杜鹃是杜鹃花中的佼佼者,是早已闻名的高山花卉,为加快云锦杜鹃的推广应用,通过查阅文献资料并结合生产实际,阐述了云锦杜鹃的植物学特性、生物学习性,分析其观赏价值和药用价值,并提出了培育优美树形的整形修剪技术、病虫害防治措施及其控制花期的技术关键。以期充分利用山区资源,体现生态效益和经济效益的有机统一,为云锦杜鹃的现代化、规模化和高品质种植提供参考。     

花后温度和湿度条件对台农1号杧坐果率的影响

为探索杧果坐果率与开花后温度和湿度条件的关系,以台农1号杧为试材,应用生物统计学方法计算分析了80个温度和湿度自变量与不同时期坐果率的相关关系。结果表明:(1)花后14d的坐果率受温度和湿度条件影响最大。(2)花后7d两性花坐果率与花后1～6d平均空气相对湿度呈显著直线线性负相关,与花后1～2d、1～4d、1～6d的平均最高温度、平均温度、平均最低温度、>10℃积温无显著相关关系。(3)花后14d坐果率与花后6～10d的平均最高温度、4～10d平均温度、2～10d平均最低温度、4～14d>10℃积温呈显著或极显著的直线相关;与花后1～14d平均最高温度、平均温度呈显著的多项式线性相关;与花后1～14d平均空气相对湿度呈极显著的直线线性负相关。(4)花后25d坐果率与花后1～10d的平均最高温度、平均温度、>10℃积温以及花后1～14d平均最高温度呈显著的多项式线性相关。(5)有利于花后14d坐果的花后4～14d的下限平均温度为20.6℃,最适温度为24.7℃。     

Evaluation of Rose Hips (Rosa spp.) Selections

ABSTRACT

An evaluation of the types of natural rose hip (Rosa spp.) populations was carried out in the Bursa region of Turkey where the rose hip has been traditionally grown intensively. Phenological development (first flowering, full flowering, fruit set, ripening), morphological characteristics (color of flower, number of leaflets, thornlessness), pomological qualities (fruit weight, fruit length and width, seed number, fruit flesh/seed ratio, fruit color) and chemical composition (soluble solids concentration, pH, total acidity, vitamin C, invert sugar, total sugar) were determined as evaluation parameters.     

Effects of pre-blossom temperatures on flower development and fruit set in apricot

The influence of pre-blossom temperatures on flower development and fruit set is ascertained in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), a species without previous records on the effect of pre-blossom temperature on fruit set, but that is particularly prone to erratic fruit set. A polyethylene cage was used during pre-blossom development of flower buds to increase maximum temperatures by 6–7 °C and mean temperatures by 3 °C in orchard conditions. This increase in temperature accelerated flower bud development, caused a hastening in flowering time and following hand-pollination, reduced fruit set. At anthesis, flowers that had developed in warmer conditions weighed less and showed less development of the pistil than control flowers. Pistil growth of flowers under warm conditions did not differ from that of the control flowers when both the populations were compared on a real time scale in spite of the fact that warmed buds were at an advanced external phenological stage. Thus, hastening of external floral development by warm pre-blossom temperatures was not accompanied by advance in pistil development. This lack of synchrony resulted in premature flowering of flowers with underdeveloped pistils that had a reduced capability to set fruit. The results are discussed in terms of flower quality and its implications in fruit set and subsequent crop load.     

蝴蝶花花器结构和开花授粉生物学特性

 通过田间观察, 运用杂交指数、花粉及柱头活力、花粉/胚珠比、坐果率等指标, 对蝴蝶花 ( Iris japonica Thunb. ) 人工种群的花部特征、开花动态及授粉特性等进行研究。在人工栽培条件下, 蝴蝶花2-4月份开花, 群体花期62 d, 单株花期9～28 d, 单花花期36～48 h。雄蕊短于花柱, 花药与柱头相差0132 cm, 在花朵开放的整个过程中雌、雄蕊的相对位置始终不变。杂交指数OCI = 4, P /O值为275.68,结合坐果率结果, 判断其繁育系统属于异交, 部分自交亲和, 需要传粉者。特殊的花部结构可能是蝴蝶花结实率较低的原因。     

连翘异型花柱植株花芽生长发育与传粉习性研究

为探究异型花柱连翘（长花柱和短花柱）花芽分化与生长发育差异及其传粉习性,利用石蜡切片技术观察连翘花芽分化及发育过程,并进行了授粉试验。5月中旬连翘新梢萌发时,分别取长为1、2、3、4、5和6 mm的异型花柱连翘花芽并制作石蜡切片,对连翘植株的花芽结构进行观察和拍照。连翘花期进行自交、同型与异型杂交授粉试验。结果表明：连翘花芽分化及花器官生长发育过程包括花芽分化期、休眠期、花芽萌动与膨大期、鳞片脱落期、现蕾期、露冠期、开花期;其中花芽分化期可划分为分化初期、萼片原基分化期、花冠原基分化期、雄蕊和雌蕊原基分化期、雌雄蕊形成期、花粉粒形成期。开花前1年异型花柱连翘的花芽分化及发育无明显区别;开花当年花芽外层鳞片脱落后,观察到长花柱伸长并明显超过其雄蕊高度,花丝开始发育,而短花柱发育基本完成,花丝快速伸长并超过其花柱。授粉试验结果表明,连翘异型杂交坐果率大于50%,同型杂交坐果率略大于20%,自交坐果率在5%左右,具有自交不亲和的特性。     

Interactions between floral morphology,position in cluster and 2,4-D treatments in three eggplant cultivars

The effects of treatments with 2,4-dichloro-phenoxy-acetic-acid (2,4-D), 2.5 mg l^?1, on the 4 different flower types in 3 eggplant cultivars with different flowering patterns were investigated. Varietal responses in fruit set were recorded, but fruit weight was increased considerably in all cultivars treated. Stylar heteromorphism affected fruit set more than did the position of the flower in the cluster. Changes in seed development, induced by environmental factors or by the 2,4-D treatments, were recorded and their relations to fruit development evaluated.     

桃雌能花品种人工辅助授粉方法的研究

研究了2种人工辅助授粉方式对桃(Prunuspersica)雌能花品种结实率的影响。结果表明:(1)人工喷雾授粉和人工点授均能显著提高桃雌能花品种的结实率,2者差异不显著;(2)人工喷雾授粉时以花粉、蔗糖、蒸馏水的质量比为1∶37.5∶250结实率最高,可达38.39%;(3)人工喷雾授粉时满足产量要求结实率的花粉、蔗糖、蒸馏水最佳质量比为1∶75∶500,盛果期大树进行人工辅助授粉时,采1000个花蕾的花粉可喷洒18株树。     

昆明地区盆栽苹果诱导二次开花试验研究

盆栽苹果二次开花能提高观赏价值,延长观赏期,从而促进苹果盆景产业的发展.本试验显微观察了苹果花芽的形态分化进程,并通过全株脱叶和喷施单氰胺溶液对昆明地区不同品种的盆栽苹果进行了二次开花试验.结果表明:8月中旬,嘎拉、富士、红色之爱的花芽分化分别处于萼片形成期、花蕾分化期和花瓣形成期,神砂和皮诺娃则处于雄蕊形成期;10月...     

化学脱叶对桃自然休眠的调控效应

以两年生曙光油桃为试材,研究不同时期不同化学物质的脱叶效果和打破休眠的效应,结果表明:8%NH4NO3的脱叶效果最好,但对树体有严重药害,综合考虑以8%尿素为优选脱叶试剂;化学脱叶使萌芽提早6~8d,但仅使花期提前2~4d日对叶芽的作用效果显著;化学脱叶明显降低了花芽碳水化合物含量、自然坐果率和花粉生活力,使花期延长,但对完全花比例无显著影响。     

The pattern and control of reproductive development in lychee: A review

Often there is no relationship between yield and flower production in lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn,). This is because of the high rate of premature flower and, especially, fruit abscission between floral initiation and fruit maturation. There is the possibility that low female-to-male sex ratio, lack of pollinating insects, poor pollen transfer, low pollen viability and failure of pollen tube growth may also reduce fruit set, while poor fruit development may reduce final fruit size.Detailed studies are required on the effects of genotype and environment (temperature, soil moisture, humidity and mineral nutrition) on the growth and abscission of the flowers and fruit. Potential techniques for improving the setting and retention of fruit include varietal selection, withholding of nitrogen fertilization during flowering and early fruit growth (to reduce vegetative flushing), and the maintenance of plant moisture status (irrigation, overhead misting and windbreaks).     

The influence of fruiting on the bud sprouting and flower induction responses to chilling in Citrus

Summary

The effect of chilling temperatures on bud sprouting and flower formation was compared on fruiting and non-fruiting ‘Owari’ satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc) trees. On non-fruiting trees, bud dormancy was weak, and a significant proportion of buds were able to sprout at high temperatures without being chilled. Separate effects of low temperatures on bud sprouting and flower induction were demonstrated. On fruiting trees these two effects of low temperatures were also demonstrated on summer-flush buds, but not on older (spring-flush) buds. The spring-flush buds from fruiting trees scarcely sprouted without being chilled. These buds required a longer chilling period for dormancy release than for flower induction, and it was not possible to separate the effect of low temperature on flower induction from the effect on dormancy release. The presence of fruit reduced flower formation by reducing bud sprouting. Furthermore, fruit had a direct inhibitive effect on vernalization which resulted in increased formation of vegetative shoots. The effect of fruit and low temperature on flowering was unrelated to carbohydrate accumulation in the leaves or the roots.