扁吻鱼胚胎发育及仔稚鱼形态与生长观察研究

文章采用干法受精获取受精卵的方法,对扁吻鱼(Aspiorhynchus laticeps)胚胎发育和仔稚鱼的形态变化进行观察.研究结果表明,扁吻鱼卵为沉性卵,卵细胞呈青灰色、微黏性.该次孵化共获取成熟卵21.45×104粒,受精率88.95％,孵化率93.27％.扁吻鱼成熟卵卵径(2.46±0.13)mm,受精卵吸水后...     

军曹鱼仔稚鱼脊柱和附肢骨骼的发育特征

为探明军曹鱼仔稚鱼早期脊柱及附肢骨骼的发育特征,本研究采用软骨-硬骨双染色技术,分别利用阿利新兰、茜素红对软骨、硬骨以及1～33日龄军曹鱼仔稚鱼全骨骼进行染色,系统观察并描述其脊柱和附肢骨骼的发育特征。结果显示,军曹鱼脊柱开始发育的标志为7日龄仔鱼中脉弓和神经弓的出现;13日龄稚鱼椎骨、神经弓和脉弓开始骨化;背肋、腹肋分别于17、20日龄开始骨化;29日龄稚鱼脊柱骨化完成。附肢骨骼骨化起始顺序依次为胸鳍、尾鳍、腹鳍、背鳍和臀鳍。胸鳍匙骨于4日龄出现,肩胛骨孔于12日龄出现,同时上匙骨开始骨化;乌喙骨与肩胛骨于20日龄开始骨化;第1尾下骨于5日龄出现,15日龄稚鱼尾杆骨、侧尾下骨和尾鳍鳍条开始骨化,18日龄稚鱼尾下骨开始骨化;腹鳍支鳍骨于17日龄延伸至匙骨,同时腹鳍开始骨化;臀鳍和背鳍于17日龄由前向后开始骨化。研究表明,军曹鱼在13日龄进入稚鱼期,早期发育阶段的骨骼发育特征与其功能性适应密切相关。本研究结果对研究军曹鱼早期骨骼发育与功能适应、优化养殖条件有重要作用。     

云纹石斑鱼胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对云纹石斑鱼Epinephelus moara胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态进行了观察与研究,详细描述了各发育期的形态特征和发育时间。结果表明:1)在水温22±0.2℃、盐度30、溶氧7.8mg/L、pH8.25的条件下,云纹石斑鱼的受精卵历时38h 17min开始孵化出膜。胚胎发育可分为受精卵、卵裂、原肠、神经胚和器官形成及出膜6个阶段,受精、胚盘形成、2细胞等28个时期。2)在水温23±1℃,盐度30±3,DO≥5mg/L,pH8.0±0.5的海水中,培育至5d,卵黄囊完全消失,成为后期仔鱼;培育至27d,发育最快的云纹石斑鱼结束仔鱼期,进入稚鱼期;培育至65d,发育最快的稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。胚后发育过程主要是根据卵黄囊、鳍膜、鳞片、体色及第1腹鳍棘与第2背鳍棘相对长度的变化分为仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼3个时期。其中仔鱼期又根据其卵黄囊的有无划分为前期仔鱼和后期仔鱼。     

军曹鱼仔鱼和稚鱼的高密度养殖

介绍了两个军曹鱼（Rachycentron canadum）苗鱼生产试验的方法和结果。试验期间,受精卵以400／L密度放入1000L的圆柱一圆锥形水池,该水池的海水日交换率为500％。     

平鲷胚胎发育及仔,稚,幼鱼的形态观察

本文介绍以人工繁殖所获得的平鲷受精卵进行孵化,培育的结果。连续观察并描述该种鱼的胚胎发育过程及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态。     

漓江中游16种常见鱼仔稚鱼形态特征初步研究

从漓江中游近岸水域采集的仔稚鱼样品中收集有代表性的仔稚鱼标本,对其形态特征及生态习性进行描述,以补充淡水鱼类早期发育资料。2014年5月至2015年2月,在漓江中游(桂林市至阳朔县段)干流及其支流近岸水域选取13处采样点,用抄网直接捞取法进行逐月采样。采集到8 254尾仔稚鱼样本,依据形态特征鉴定为16种,隶属于3目6科15属,多为外源营养期仔鱼和稚鱼且大部分为小型鱼类,优势种为高体鳑鲏、宽鳍鱲、歺又鱼、食蚊鱼。观察描述了16种鱼仔、稚鱼时期发育特征。比较宽鳍鱲与歺又鱼表明,卵黄吸尽时,宽鳍鱲肌节37对,歺又鱼肌节44(29+13)对;吻至肛门与肛门至尾鳍的长度比约为5∶1,宽鳍鱲肛门约在全长中间。比较高体鳑鲏与广西鱊表明,高体鳑鲏背鳍前部明显的黑色素斑一直持续到稚鱼时期,而广西鱊体表色素较少;高体鳑鲏稚鱼时期的体长为体高的3.5~3.8倍,而广西鱊为4.5~5.0倍。比较子陵吻虾虎鱼与溪吻虾虎鱼表明,子陵吻虾虎鱼体色较浅,溪吻虾虎鱼体色深且分布广泛,鳃盖骨下缘有红色斑点。     

养殖军曹鱼稚鱼骨骼畸形研究

本研究采用软骨—硬骨双染色技术对常规养殖条件下的军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)稚鱼全骨骼进行染色,观察并分析其骨骼畸形发生部位及相应的畸形类型。结果显示,在同一批次繁育的180个军曹鱼稚鱼(25日龄)骨骼标本中,有72个标本存在畸形情况,畸形率为40.00%。骨骼畸形类型共计22种,畸形率由高到低主要表现为米克尔氏软骨畸形、尾上骨缺失、脉棘分叉、基舌骨异位和尾上骨愈合等;所有骨骼畸形均未表现出显著可见的外部形态变化。但正常个体与骨骼畸形个体的全长存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。本研究表明,骨骼畸形对军曹鱼生长产生了影响。本研究为探索鱼类骨骼畸形的发生过程和原因、减少畸形率和优化苗种培育养殖条件提供了理论基础。     

军曹鱼稚鱼饲料蛋白质和脂肪的最适含量

为了研究军曹鱼－－一种极具发展潜力的适合在热带亚热带网箱养殖鱼类的饲料中蛋白质和脂肪的最适含量，进行了两期生长实验。在第I期的生长实验中，在以鱼粉为基础饲料中添加酪蛋白代替淀粉，使饲料形成含蛋白36－60％的梯度，7种饲料据估算是等能量的。经过8周的生长实验，投喂含44％、48％和52％蛋白质的几种饲料的稚鱼（实验开始时体重33g）的体重增长及饲料转化率均优于其他几组。多元回归分析结果表明，摄食含44.5％蛋白质的饲料的稚鱼，体重增长率最高，这被认为是最适合于稚鱼生长的饲料蛋白质水平。在第II期生长实验中，给稚鱼投喂含脂肪3－18％的7种等氮和等能量的饲料，稚鱼（初始体重41g）的生长率在脂肪含量为3％时最低，随着饲料含脂量的升高，鱼体增重率逐渐升高，然后持平。采用折线回归分析结果表明，当饲料脂肪含量达到5.76％时，鱼的生长达到一个转折点，饲料脂肪含量超过这个转折点至实验的最高浓度18％时，鱼的生长情况变化不大。     

军曹鱼稚鱼最适蛋白质和脂肪的含量

为了研究军曹鱼——一种极具发展潜力的适合在热带亚热带网箱养殖鱼类的饵料中最适蛋白质和脂肪的含量，进行了两期生长实验。在第1期的生长实验中，在以鱼粉为基础饵料中添加酪蛋白代替淀粉，使饵料形成含蛋白36—60%的梯度，7种饲料据估算是等能量的。经过8周的生长实验，投喂含44％、48％和52％蛋白质的几种饲料的稚鱼(实验开始时体重33g)的体重增长及饲料转化率均优于其他几组。多元回归分析结果表明，在44．5％蛋白质含量处，体重增长率达到顶峰，这被认为是最适合于稚鱼生长的饵料蛋白质水平。在第Ⅱ期生长实验中，给稚鱼投喂含脂肪3-18％的7种等氨和等能量的饵料，稚鱼(初始体重41g)的生长率在脂肪含量为30h时最低，随着饵料含脂量的升高，鱼体增重率逐渐升高，然后下降，采用折线回归分析结果表明，当脂肪含量达到5．76％时，鱼的生长达到一个转折点，超过这个转折点，一直到实验的最高浓度18％，鱼的生长情况变化不大。     

军曹鱼稚鱼外周血细胞及其形态学观察

以出膜后第60天的军曹鱼外周血液为材料,利用光镜显微技术研究了其血细胞的种类和形态。外周血液包括5种类型的血细胞,红细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和血栓细胞。血细胞计数测得红细胞密度为(2.97±0.82)×109ind.mL-1,白细胞密度为(1.39±0.94)×106ind.mL-1,淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、单核细胞和血栓细胞在白细胞中所占的比例分别为(53.00±8.51)%、(17.59±4.28)%、(4.78±1.37)%和(24.63±4.08)%。未见到嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞。血细胞计数结果表明,红细胞数量远远大于白细胞,白细胞中淋巴细胞数量最多,单核细胞数量最少。实验还观察到处于分裂状态的红细胞、细胞表面有伪足样胞突的小淋巴细胞和细胞表面有许多微绒毛突起的大淋巴细胞、核呈多种形态的单核细胞和中性粒细胞及不同形态的血栓细胞等。     

温度和体质量对军曹鱼生长及氮收支的影响

为调查军曹鱼生长和氮收支与温度和体质量的关系,采用鱼类生物能量学的原理和方法,开展了不同温度(21、27和33 ℃)和体质量(10、20、50和100 g)对军曹鱼生长和氮收支的影响研究,并建立了生长——温度/体质量关系及不同温度和体质量条件下的氮收支方程。结果显示:(1)温度和体质量对军曹鱼生长影响显著,且两者之间存在交互作用。军曹鱼在实验的最高水温(33 ℃)及最小体质量(10 g)时生长最快,在实验的最低水温(21 ℃)及最大体质量(100 g)时生长最慢。(2)实验的体质量范围内,军曹鱼特定生长率均随水温升高呈显著增长趋势;在实验的温度范围内,军曹鱼特定生长率随体质量增加呈减速下降趋势,两者间的关系采用幂函数定量描述。多元回归分析表明,模型LnSGR=a+bLnW+cT+dT²+eTLnW能较好地拟合军曹鱼特定生长率、温度及体质量间的关系。(3)军曹鱼摄食氮、排粪氮、排泄氮和生长氮受温度和体质量影响显著,随温度升高而增加,随体质量增加趋于减少。(4)不同温度和体质量组军曹鱼氮收支方程存在差异,且温度对氮收支方程的影响大于体质量。对同一体质量组,水温27和33 ℃时生长氮占食物氮的比例明显高于水温21 ℃时,而水温27和33 ℃时代谢氮占食物氮的比例则明显低于水温21 ℃时;对同一温度组,军曹鱼氮收支方程变幅较小。(5)在所有氮收支方程中,摄食氮用于排泄的比例大于68%。研究表明,在实验的温度和体质量范围内,环境温度偏低不利于军曹鱼生长;排泄是军曹鱼氮支出的最主要途径;水温27~33 ℃时军曹鱼氮收支方程相对恒定。     

军曹鱼幼鱼对吡哆醇的需要量

以初始体重(3.23±0.06)g的军曹鱼为研究对象,以酪蛋白(不含维生素)、明胶、鱼肉浓缩蛋白为蛋白源,在基础饲料中分别添加0、2、4、8、16和32mgPN/kg,配制出6种实验饲料,使饲料中吡哆醇的水平分别达到0.22、1.89、3.87、7.54、14.75和29.88mgPN/kg,研究军曹鱼对吡哆醇的需要量。养殖实验在室内流水系统中(250L)进行,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复放养军曹鱼25尾。养殖实验过程中,海水盐度为30～34,水温28～32℃,溶氧>7mg/L,养殖实验持续9周。实验结果显示,在0.22～3.87mgPN/kg水平范围内,随着饲料中吡哆醇含量的升高,实验鱼特定生长率显著升高,当饲料吡哆醇水平达到或高于3.87mg/kg时,各饲料组实验鱼的特定生长率(2.68～2.71%/d)无显著差异,而都显著高于0.22和1.89mg/kg饲料组的特定生长率(1.17～2.06%/d)P<0.05)。军曹鱼肝脏吡哆醇含量、吡哆醛含量、谷丙转氨酶活力、谷草转氨酶活力均与特定生长率有相似的变化趋势,即在3.87mg/kg饲料组接近或者达到最大值,在达到或超过3.87mg/kg时达到或近似达到一...     

Dietary lysine requirement of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to quantify the dietary lysine requirement of juvenile cobia with an initial average weight of 1.25 g reared in indoor flow-through and aerated aquaria. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic practical diets (44% CP and 16% lipid) containing six levels of dietary lysine ranging from 1.15 to 3.25% (dry weight) at about 0.4% increments, using fish meal and wheat gluten as sources of intact protein, supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Equal amino acid nitrogen was maintained by replacing lysine with nonessential amino acid mixture. Each diet was randomly assigned to three aquaria and was fed to apparent satiation by hand four times daily. The results indicated that there were significantly differences in growth performance and feed utilization among the treatments. Maximum weight gain, special growth rate and protein efficiency ratio occurred at 2.38% dietary lysine; but with the increase of dietary lysine from 2.38 to 3.25%, weight gain, special growth rate and protein efficiency ratio did not significantly increase. The hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, condition factor, crude protein content in whole body and main composition in muscle were significantly affected by dietary lysine levels; however moisture, lipid and ash content in whole body were not significantly affected by the dietary lysine. There were significant differences in total serum protein, glucose and triacyglycerol concentrations in fish fed diets with different dietary lysine levels. Haematocrit and leukocyte count were significantly affected by dietary lysine level, but hemoglobin and red blood cell count were not significantly affected. Lysine concentration in serum was significantly increased with the increase of dietary lysine level from 1.15 to 2.38%. Broken-line analysis on the basis of special growth rate showed that the dietary lysine requirement of juvenile cobia was 2.33% of dry diet (5.30% dietary protein).     

Effect of temperature on growth and energy budget of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

Growth and energy budget of juvenile cobia (initial body weight ∼ 22 g) at various temperatures (23, 27, 31 and 35 °C) were investigated in this study. Maximal ration level (RL_max, %/day) increased as temperature (T, °C) increased from 23 °C to 31 °C but decreased at 35 °C, described as a quadratic equation: RL_max = −0.023T² + 1.495T − 17.52. Faecal production (f, mg g^− 1 day^− 1) increased with increased temperature (T, °C), described as a power function: lnf = 0.738lnT − 0.806. As temperature increased, feed absorption efficiency in dry weight (FAE_d, %), protein (FAE_p, %) and energy (FAE_e, %) all increased first and then decreased, but the variation of feed absorption efficiency was small, with ranges of 89.59-91.08%, 92.91-94.71%, 93.92-95.32%, respectively. Specific growth rate in wet weight (SGR_w, %/day), dry weight (SGR_d, %/day), protein (SGR_p, %/day) and energy (SGR_e, %/day) showed a domed curve relative to temperature (T, °C), described as quadratic equations: SGR_w = − 0.068T² + 3.878T − 50.53, SGR_d = − 0.079T² + 4.536T −59.64, SGR_p = − 0.084T² + 4.783T − 63.08 and SGR_e = − 0.082T² + 4.654T − 60.99, and SGR_w, SGR_d, SGR_p and SGR_e maximized at 28.5 °C, 28.6 °C, 28.4 °C, 28.5 °C, respectively, as calculated from the regression equations. The relationships between feed conversion efficiency in wet weight (FCE_w, %), dry weight (FCE_d, %), protein (FCE_p, %), energy (FCE_e, %) and temperature (T, °C) also took on a domed curve described as quadratic equations: FCE_w = − 0.726T² + 39.71T − 473.8, FCE_d = − 0.276T² + 15.31T − 190.6, FCE_p = − 0.397T² + 22.05T − 277.9 and FCE_e = − 0.350T² + 19.39T − 239.9, and FCE_w, FCE_d, FCE_p and FCE_e maximized at 27.4 °C, 27.8 °C, 27.7 °C and 27.7 °C, respectively, as calculated from the regression equations. Energy budget of juvenile cobia fed satiation was 100C = 5F + 67(U + R) + 28G at water temperature 27 °C and 100C = 5F + 70(U + R) + 25G at water temperature 31 °C, where C is food energy, F is faeces energy, (U + R) is excretion energy and metabolism energy, and G is growth energy.     

三角帆蚌稚蚌形态发育与生长特性

在人工繁育现场,水温为26.5～32.0 ℃的条件下,对三角帆蚌钩介幼虫寄生期结束至发育到呈三角形的稚蚌阶段的形态变化过程进行了连续观察。结果发现三角帆蚌稚蚌形态发育过程根据其变化特点可分为4个阶段。刚脱落的稚蚌平均壳长221.88 μm,此时帆没有形成,全高等于壳高;前4 d里稚蚌增厚显著,为贝壳增厚期。5 d后到第23天,壳顶开始突起,为壳顶突出期;此期出现了一个显著的变化,到15 d时,壳顶后端生长速度超过了前端。23 d后到第34 天,翼开始出现,为两翼形成期。34 d后到第60 天,帆开始形成,为帆生长期;此期全高和壳高的比例加大,壳顶不再是稚蚌的最高点。从第60天开始,外型与成体相似,稚蚌发育阶段完成。三角帆蚌稚蚌发育过程中最明显的变化是壳顶位置的变化。对三角帆蚌稚蚌生长特性的研究表明：壳长与日龄的关系式为L=329.39e^0.059t（r=0.968）,全高与壳长的关系式为H=0.776L-103.36（r=0.997）。     

菊黄东方鲀仔稚鱼的生长、发育及行为生态

在大批量苗种培育条件下,通过对菊黄东方鲀胚后发育阶段的观察、测量和摄影,研究了菊黄东方鲀仔、稚鱼的生长、发育及行为生态特点。结果显示,仔稚鱼发育分为前期仔鱼、后期仔鱼、前期稚鱼、中期稚鱼和后期稚鱼5个阶段,每个阶段由若干个时期组成,总共为17个时期。在盐度10.0～13.5、温度20.5～26.0 ℃条件下,鱼苗历时35 d 完成了从初孵仔鱼至夏花鱼种的发育。期间,鱼苗食性经历了开口和转食配合饲料2个关键时期。食物转换依次为卵黄、轮虫、卤虫幼体、中型枝角类、大型桡足类和枝角类、底栖生物和虾类幼体、配合饲料。同时,鱼苗完成了由水体中上层向中下层活动区域的转变。游泳行为经历了平游、巡游和池塘觅食巡游3个模式。鱼苗在后期仔鱼阶段特定生长率最低,为3.18%/d,中期稚鱼阶段最高,达13.31%/d。全长与日龄及积温均呈指数函数增长相关(y=ae^bx)。肛前长和体高相对于全长均呈有拐点的、可分段的异速生长相关(y=ax^b)。拐点分别出现在鱼苗16～17日龄、全长10.0 mm和16～17日龄、全长10.5 mm。在拐点前,肛前长、体高生长优于全长(b＞1)。拐点后则相反(b＜1)。根据研究结果,建议当菊黄东方鲀仔鱼4日龄开口时,采用S型褶皱臂尾轮虫,并保持轮虫密度(5～7 ind/mL);及时分池,时间在10～12日龄为好;下塘时间为20日龄左右;在鱼苗转食配合饲料后(35日龄),及时过筛、分级养殖等,提高菊黄东方鲀苗种培育存活率。     

Biochemical composition and quality of captive-spawned cobia Rachycentron canadum eggs

Interest in the commercial production of cobia Rachycentron canadum continues to rise as additional insight is gained into the hardy and fast growing nature of this species. However, research regarding the biochemical composition of captive-spawned eggs and egg and larval quality remains scarce. Such data is essential as a common bottleneck to production is a steady supply of fingerlings for grow-out. This study quantified the biochemical composition and quality of cobia eggs produced over 2 spawning seasons by broodstock on a traditional ‘trash fish’ diet which is commonly fed to tank spawning cobia. Throughout the study, batch fecundity, proportion of floating eggs and percent hatch averaged > 1 million eggs,  0.8 and 70%, respectively. Batch fecundity was significantly higher during the second spawning season as a result of the increased size of the females which weighed 18/22 kg and 22/26 kg at the beginning of each season. A positive correlation was found between the proportion of floating eggs and hatch rate for both spawning seasons. No correlations were found between egg composition (total lipid (30.0 ± 1.1% dry wt), protein (25.4 ± 2.2% dry wt), carbohydrate (2.4 ± 0.3% dry wt), vitamin E (10.2 ± 0.6 μg/g wet wt) or dry weight (119.1 ± 5.5 μg/egg)) and egg quality (proportion of floating eggs, hatch rate, larval growth and larval survival). Further, no differences in egg composition were noted between seasons or over the course of each season. The fatty acid composition of cobia eggs varied between seasons possibly due to changes in the quality of frozen feed (fish, shrimp, squid) given to the broodstock. The only correlation between the fatty acid profile and egg quality was a decrease in the proportion of floating eggs as the total amount of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids increased. No relationship between egg quality and amino acid content was noted with the most prominent amino acids being glutamate, leucine, alanine, proline, lysine and aspartate nor were any differences detected between spawning seasons.     

Dietary mannan oligosaccharide enhances salinity tolerance and gut development of larval cobia

The potential beneficial effects of supplementing live feeds with mannan oligosaccharide (MOS; BioMos®) upon cobia Rachycentron canadum larval performance were examined. Characteristics of fish examined included survival to weaning, growth, ability to withstand osmotic stress and the degree of development of the brush border of the intestine. Live feeds included rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia which were enriched for 24 h with a commercial enrichment media alone or in combination with 0.2% (dry weight basis) MOS. Salinity challenges were performed at 6 days post-hatch (dph) and at 7, 13, and 14 dph (0 and 65 g L^− 1 for 6 dph; 0 and 55^− 1 7+ dph) corresponding to transitions in feeding, to examine the ability of larval cobia to survive stress. Differences (P < 0.05) in survival, favoring cobia receiving MOS-supplemented feeds were discerned at 6 and 7 days post-hatch (dph) when fish were challenged at 0 g L^− 1 and at 13 dph when challenged with 55 g L^− 1 salinity water. Electron microscopy of the mid-intestine of developing larvae revealed that MOS-supplemented diets enhanced (P < 0.05) the height of microvilli while reducing (P < 0.05) the occurrence and size of supranuclear vacuoles. Supplementation of diets with MOS could assist cobia larvae in maintaining allostasis especially when reared at sub-optimal salinities.     

斜带石斑鱼胚胎及仔稚幼鱼形态发育

对斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)的胚胎及仔稚幼鱼形态发育进行了观察与研究,详细描述从受精卵到初孵仔鱼的28个具体发育时期的形态特征和发育时间。根据研究观察结果,将斜带石斑鱼胚胎发育划分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期。在水温(25±0.5)℃、盐度31.0p、H 7.8的海水中,斜带石斑鱼胚胎历时28 h 30 min完成整个胚胎发育孵化出膜。胚后发育主要根据卵黄囊、腹鳍棘及第二背鳍棘、鳞片、体色的变化分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。仔鱼期根据卵黄囊的有无又分为早期仔鱼和晚期仔鱼。在水温24.5~29.2℃,盐度28.8~33.5,pH 7.5~8.5的海水中,培育至36 d,发育最快的斜带石斑鱼结束仔鱼期进入稚鱼期;培育至42 d,发育最快的稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。斜带石斑鱼胚后发育过程中最明显的变化是腹鳍棘与第二背鳍棘以及鳍棘上小刺的长出与收回。