Performance and variability patterns in wood properties and growth traits in the parents,F1 and F2 generation hybrid clones of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus deltoides</Emphasis>

The performance and variability patterns in the wood element’s dimensions, specific gravity and growth parameters namely ramet height and GBH were evaluated in 16 clones of parents, F1 and F2 hybrids of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. Ramet radial variations were non-significant, while inter-clonal variations due to interaction of clone/replication were significant for all the wood traits except vessel element length. Inter-clonal variations were significant only for fiber length and fiber wall thickness. Fiber length and specific gravity were significantly higher in female, while wall thickness and vessel element length were higher in male clones. Female parents (G48 and S7C8) showed higher fiber length and specific gravity than of the male parent (G3), while vessel diameter and wall thickness were higher in male parent (G3). There is not much difference in fiber length and vessel element’s dimensions among the parents, F1 and F2 generation hybrid clones. Specific gravity did not showed any trend for parents, F1 and F2 generations. Generally female clones showed higher growth rate. Broad sense heritability for wood traits ranged from 0.143 (fiber length) to 0.505 (fiber wall thickness), while for growth traits it was 0.374 (GBH) and 0.418 (height). Genetic gain for all the wood and growth traits was positive for most of the wood traits. The highly divergent male clone (78) and female clones (S7C8, G48, W/A 49) in number of combinations could be used for developing new hybrids of desired wood traits to develop new clones.     

Possibility of improvement in fundamental properties of wood of acacia hybrids by artificial hybridization

Growth, specific gravity, and wood fiber length of Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, artificial acacia hybrid clones, and combinations, which were planted in a trial forest in Bavi, Vietnam, in July 2001, were examined. The radial variations from pith to bark were investigated to clarify the effect of genetic factors on these traits. Superiority of hybrids over their parents ranged from 36.3% to 41.6% for diameter, from 20.0% to 25.3% for height, from 6.9% to 20.7% for specific gravity, and from 6.1% to 12.8% for wood fiber length. The hybrid possessed heterosis in diameter, height, specific gravity, and wood fiber length regardless of whether the female parent was A. mangium or A. auriculiformis. The profiles of wood fiber length and specific gravity in the radial direction were similar for all the trees investigated. Wood fiber length was initially 0.5–0.6 mm near the pith and then increased slowly, finally reaching 1.0–1.2 mm near the bark. The specific gravity of acacia increased from 0.49–0.58 near the pith to 0.63–0.74 near the bark. From a relative distance of 30% from the pith, the specific gravity increased slightly and seemed to be stable. The relations among tree diameter, specific gravity, and wood fiber length were fair and could be represented by positive linear regression formulas. Hybrids for which A. auriculiformis was the female parent and A. mangium was the male parent had a faster growth rate and longer wood fibers than the inverse hybrids. Part of this report was presented at the 6th Pacific Regional Wood Anatomy Conference, Kyoto, Japan, December 2005     

Inter-clonal, intra-clonal, and single tree variations of wood anatomical properties and specific gravity of clonal ramets of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

Inter-clonal, intra-clonal and within tree variations in specific gravity and wood anatomical properties of 8-year-old grown ramets of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. have been investigated. Radial and location-wise intra-clonal variations were non-significant for anatomical properties and specific gravity for all six clones at all three sites. However, inter-clonal variations in wood anatomical properties and specific gravity were significantly different. Inter-clonal variations in anatomical properties and specific gravity were also significant due to sites, which indicated that site-characteristics overshadowed the genetic priority of different clones for wood anatomical properties. Average fiber-characteristics of all clones showed the best performance at Lalkuan, Haldwani (site III), while average specific gravity performed well at Brandis Road, Dehradun (site I) followed by site III (Lalkuan, Haldwani) and site II (Lachchiwala, Dehradun). Within tree variations in anatomical properties like fiber length, fiber diameter, wall thickness, vessel member length and vessel member diameter due to vertical or radial direction and location (pith to periphery) are non-significant. Radial direction, location and height showed no impact on wood element variation. It indicated that there is no impact of juvenile wood, sapwood and heartwood ratio, and reaction wood on wood anatomical properties of 8-year-old ramet of D. sissoo. It further indicated that clone raised ramet of 8-year-old D. sissoo showed the characteristics of mature wood. Within tree variations in specific gravity were significant due to height, which may be related to differential sapwood and heartwood ratio in the vertical direction. Different wood elements viz. fiber length, fiber diameter, wall thickness, vessel member length and vessel member diameter showed significant correlations with each other and with specific gravity.     

意杨纸浆材材性变异的研究

本文报道了意杨三个无性系纸浆材材性变异规律。纤维长度、长宽比径向表现为递增，８～１０年后纤维长度趋于稳定，８年后长宽比趋于稳定；纤维长度在纵向上呈递减的模式。基本密度径向上呈递增的模式，８年后趋于稳定，纵向上表现出递增的趋势。纤维素含量径向呈递增模式，１０～１２年后递增速度减慢；木素、多缩戊糖含量在径向呈递减趋势，１０年后趋于稳定，而多缩戊糖含量１０～１２年后趋于稳定。意杨木材幼龄期约为８年。从意杨纸浆材材性工艺指标，确定意杨纸浆林８～９年时主伐利用较佳。     

马尾松木材基本密度、管胞长度遗传变异规律及其与生长量、产脂力的相关性研究

对马尾松15年生半同胞家系子代林的木材研究表明:木材密度、管胞长度地点变异性存在显著差异,主要由个体变异引起,占总变异的61．52％和78．32％。家系均值折线图显示,不同地区木材的基本密度、管胞长度层次明显。基本密度、管胞长度广义遗传力中等,分别为33．37％和19．69％,单株遗传力小。木材密度与产脂力、高径生长呈显著的正相关(相关系数分别为0．108 1,0．185 8,0．105 6),认为选择同时具有产脂力高、生长量大以及材质优良的马尾松半同胞家系或个体是可能的。     

Divergence among Masson pine parents revealed by geographical origins and SSR markers and their relationships with progeny performance

Predicting progeny performance from parental divergence would potentially enhance the efficiency of breeding. Thirteen clones of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) were crossed in a 4 × 9 tester mating design and 36 full-sib families were generated. There were significant variations in major growth traits and heterosis of growth traits among the 36 full-sib families. A total of 115 alleles were detected with 30 sets of SSR primers. Genetic distances (GDs) among the crossed clonal pairs were calculated based on SSR data. Parental GDs was significantly correlated with all traits evaluated in the full-sib progeny test (P < 0.05), and the correlation coefficient was 0.398, 0.463 and 0.473 for tree height, DBH and wood volume. Parental geographical divergence was also significantly correlated with growth traits of progeny, while the correlation coefficient was lower than that of GDs. These results demonstrated the potential and feasibility of SSR markers for predicting progeny performance of Masson pine. Considering the influence of genotype × environment interaction effect on the stability of full-sib family performance, our results regarding the moderate contribution of parent GDs in predicting the performance of their full-sib progenies is of importance mainly for the specific region where the progeny test was carried out.     

Genetic analysis of growth and wood variations in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.

We selected 28 populations of Leucaena leucocephala from different geographical locations in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Orissa of India on the basis of height and girth at breast height (GBH). We evaluated fiber length, optical density, wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel element diameter, specific gravity and lignin of these populations of L. leucocephala in different sites. Populations had significant variations for all growth, wood and paper parameters. Girth at breast height (GBH) and specific gravity were the most important parameters for heritability and genetic gain, respectively. The minimum heritability was reported for vessel element length and genetic gain for fiber length. The populations were grouped into six clusters, cluster II had maximum number of populations (14) and clusters IV and VI had one population each. GBH contributed maximum of 34.39 % towards total divergence followed by specific gravity (14.02%). An economic technique to produce quality seed by establishing seed orchards with genetically divergent parents was suggested. The hybridization among the populations selected from diverse clusters could produce greater heterosis needed for higher growth and suitable wood and paper manufacturing parameters.     

美洲黑杨与不同种源青杨杂种苗叶片和生长性状多水平变异研究

利用美洲黑杨 5 0号为母本和青杨 5个种源 (各 10个单株 )为父本杂交 ,获得杂种F1代无性系 ,对此多水平杂交育种体系叶片和生长遗传变异进行了研究。结果表明 ,父本青杨种源间及种源内单株间均达到极显著差异 ,F1代无性系的种源间、种源内家系间和家系内无性系间存在不同差异。杂种F1代无性系扦插苗父本种源不同的杂交组合间和组合内家系间成活率差异不显著 ,1、2、3年生苗的生长性状在不同层次变异水平上差异显著或极显著 ,表明父本青杨种源间和种源内变异对F1代生长有显著影响 ,F1代无性系存在丰富的遗传变异 ,具有选择潜力。杂种F1代叶片形态与苗期生长性状间未发现有较大相关性     

36个美洲黑杨无性系基本材性遗传变异的研究*

山东省长清县３６个８年生美洲黑杨无性的木材基本密度、纤维长度，树高和胸径在无性系间的变异达极显著水平，用选优法选出５个密度较高，纤维较生，生长较快的优良无性系，它们的引种号分别是１３号，３号，３４号，２２号和８号，除２２号起源于加拿大外，其余均起源于美国，木材基本密度，纤维长度，树高和胸径的广义遗传力分别为０．３２、０．４０、０．４３和０．７１，材性和生长性受中等或较强遗传控制。树木生长速度分别与     

马尾松纸浆材重要经济性状配合力及杂种优势分析

报道了马尾松不同种源优良无性系 6× 6全双列交配的 7a生遗传测定林的分析结果。研究发现 ,树高、胸径和材积生长、干物质积累及木材基本密度等纸浆材主要经济性状的一般配合力 (GCA)和特殊配合力 (SCA)效应极为显著 ,但显性基因效应起主导地位 ,加性基因效应次之。基因上位效应则因性状而异 ,仅对木材基本密度作用显著 ,而对树高、胸径、材积生长和干物质积累作用较小或可忽略。马尾松生长和材质材性指标的遗传控制模式不同于玉米、杉木等研究结果 ,这可能与交配亲本来源于不同地理种源及经过一般配合力间接选择有关。马尾松生长性状普遍存在自交衰退现象 ,一般配合力小的亲本自交衰退程度有增加的倾向。马尾松不同交配组合间的杂种优势差异巨大 ,正反交杂种优势在总体上大致相似。研究虽然发现一般配合力较高的亲本间杂交在材积增加和干物质积累等性状上会产生强杂种优势的倾向 ,却无明显的规律可寻。以干物质指数作为主要筛选指标 ,初选出 8个优良杂交组合     

美洲黑杨与不同种源青杨杂种苗叶片和生长性状多水平变异研究

利用美洲黑杨50号为母本和青杨5个种源(各10个单株)为父本杂交,获得杂种F1代无性系,对此多水平杂交育种体系叶片和生长遗传变异进行了研究.结果表明,父本青杨种源间及种源内单株间均达到极显著差异,F1代无性系的种源间、种源内家系间和家系内无性系间存在不同差异.杂种F1代无性系扦插苗父本种源不同的杂交组合间和组合内家系间成活率差异不显著,1、2、3年生苗的生长性状在不同层次变异水平上差异显著或极显著,表明父本青杨种源间和种源内变异对F1代生长有显著影响,F1代无性系存在丰富的遗传变异,具有选择潜力.杂种F1代叶片形态与苗期生长性状间未发现有较大相关性.     

马尾松种子园优良无性系的选择与评价

通过对马尾松种子园132个无性系种子产量性状调查与木材比重测定及种子园自由授粉子代8年生生长性状调查,在统计分析、相关分析基础上采用综合评分法进行优良无性系的选择,入选率为20%。结果表明:对马尾松种子园无性系再选择,以营建改良代种子园是可行的。8年生子代材积可获得改良增益10.6%,木材比重可获得4.6%的增益,种子园单株产种量可获得增益37.5%,选择效果明显,达到提高种子园产量、增加改良增益的目的。     

Early selection for resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Heterobasidion parviporum</Emphasis> in Norway spruce is not likely to adversely affect growth and wood quality traits in late-age performance

Infections with Heterobasidion parviporum devalue the Norway spruce timber as the decayed wood does not meet the necessary quality requirements for sawing. To evaluate the incorporation of disease resistance in the Norway spruce breeding strategy, an inoculation experiment with H. parviporum on 2-year-old progenies of 466 open-pollinated families was conducted under greenhouse (nursery) conditions. Lesion length in the phloem (LL), fungal growth in sapwood (FG) and growth (D) were measured on an average of 10 seedlings for each family. The genetic variation and genetic correlations between both LL, FG and growth in the nursery trial and wood quality traits measured previously from 21-year old trees in two progeny trials, including solid-wood quality traits (wood density, and modulus of elasticity) and fiber properties traits (radial fiber width, tangential fiber width, fiber wall thickness, fiber coarseness, microfibril angle and fiber length). For both LL and FG, large coefficients of phenotypic variation (>?26%) and genetic variation (>?46%) were detected. Heritabilities of LL and FG were 0.33 and 0.42, respectively. We found no significant correlations between wood quality traits and growth in the field progeny trials with neither LL nor FG in the nursery trial. Our data suggest that the genetic gains may reach 41 and 52% from mass selection by LL and FG, respectively. Early selection for resistance to H. parviporum based on assessments of fungal spread in the sapwood in nursery material, FG, will not adversely affect growth and wood quality traits in late-age performance.     

Effect of growing site on the fundamental wood properties of natural hybrid clones of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> in Vietnam

We investigated clonal and site variations in wood fiber length, microfibril angle, and specific gravity of seven natural hybrid clones of Acacia (Acacia mangium × Acacia auriculiformis) grown in northern and southern Vietnam. Fiber length did not differ between clones or between sites. The microfibril angle of the S₂ layer did not significantly differ between clones but significantly differed between sites. Clone and site significantly affected specific gravity. The significant effects of genetic × environmental interactions on wood properties indicated the difference in the response of clones to different growing conditions. The trends of changes in fiber length, microfibril angle, and specific gravity from the vicinity of the pith to near the bark were similar for all clones at each site; however, variations in fiber length, microfibril angle, and specific gravity were more visible in northern Vietnam than in southern Vietnam, with a significant effect of genetic factors. This difference may be attributable to winter, which is experienced in northern Vietnam but not in southern Vietnam. For clone selection for plantation in the northern region, combining growth rate with wood properties was recommended. On the other hand, for plantation in the southern region, clone selection depends mainly on the growth rate, taking into consideration the specific gravity.     

Variation in wood properties of six natural acacia hybrid clones in northern Vietnam

Wood properties of six 8-year-old natural acacia hybrid clones between Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis, planted in Bavi, Vietnam, were studied. The hybrid clones possessed obvious heterosis in growth and in some wood properties. The characteristics of growth, air-dry specific gravity, lengths of fibers and vessel elements, S₂ microfibril angle, green moisture content, and shrinkage were examined to clarify the variation among clones. From the results, the differences among the clones in growth and in some wood properties were significant. The pattern of distribution of specific gravity showed that there were low and high specific gravity zones in the stem. Specific gravity at stump height or at 3.0 m was useful for prediction of specific gravity in the whole tree stem. Moreover, clones with high specific gravity can be predicted at a young age. There was no significant correlation between diameter growth and specific gravity. Of the six clones studied, clone BV5 was selected as the best based on its growth ability and specific gravity. Part of this report was presented at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Hiroshima, August 2007     

马尾松无性系种子园半同胞子代变异分析和家系选择

以福建省漳平五一林场马尾松无性系种子园自由授粉子代半同胞家系为研究对象,分析其树高、胸径、材积、冠幅、通直度、高径比、冠径比、木材基本密度、管胞长度和宽度、管胞长宽比等性状,发现家系间除管胞长宽比性状差异显著,其余性状均达差异极显著,暗示着马尾松种子园半同胞家系间存在较为丰富的变异,具选育潜力。8年生林分内各性状的家系遗传力以树高性状为最高(0·691),其次是木材基本密度(0·640)。各性状间的相关性分析结果表明,生长量性状的改良可间接改善通直度,且生长量性状与木材基本密度存在显著正相关关系,木材基本密度与管胞长度和宽度不相关。采用10%入选率,发现5年生林分和8年生林分入选家系一致,材积遗传增益分别达19·74%和19·23%,且5年生林分和8年生林分生长量性状的遗传相关极显著,认为马尾松制浆造纸材短轮伐期的初选年龄可确定为5年生;根据性状遗传力的相对大小和典型相关分析的结果,认为马尾松家系选择可适当注重树高生长量指标。以树高和材积为选择指标,按照10%入选率,兼顾材性和种子园内无性系的开花结实情况,筛选出制浆造纸材短轮伐期优良家系12个。     

马尾松二代无性系种子园遗传多样性和交配系统分析

运用12对SSR引物,对马尾松二代无性系种子园内61个亲本及其中8个无性系单株的320个子代进行研究。结果显示:子代群体包含亲本群体的所有等位基因,子代与亲本具有同样高的遗传多样性,子代群体的F为0.045,纯合子过剩的现象不明显;树冠北面子代遗传多样性并未因其雌、雄球花量较树冠南面减少而有明显的降低;雌雄均衡和偏雌型植株子代遗传多样性基本一致,以偏雌型植株子代略大,二者F趋于0,子代基本符合哈温平衡。种子园异交率较高,多位点异交率为1.098,子代亲本的近交现象不显著(tm-ts=-0.033);树冠南面多位点与单位点异交率均高于树冠北面;偏雌与雌雄均衡型植株的多位点异交率基本相当,雌雄均衡型植株并未因其雌、雄球花量比例较偏雌型植株减小而呈现异交率明显降低的现象,2种类型植株的近交指数均接近于0。整体而言,马尾松二代种子园子代仍具有丰富的遗传多样性,无性系间基因交流相对充分,子代亲本近交现象不明显。     

Genetic Diversity and Mating System Analysis of Pinus massoniana in Second-Generation Clonal Seed Orchard

A total 61 clone parents and 320 open-pollination progenies from 8 clone individuals were identified by 12 polymorphic SSR loci.The result showed that the level of genetic diversity in progeny population was the same as in maternal population, progeny population had all alleles detected in maternal population,and there were not obvious surplus phenomenon of homozygotes in progeny population (F= 0.046).The south crown had more strobili than the north crown,however the genetic diversity of the north crown strobili was not substantially reduced.The progeny of neutral trees had the same level of genetic diversity as in the progeny of partial female trees,with the fixation index tended to be zero,which was accorded with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.The multilocus outcrossing rate in the seed orchard was 1.097,and there was no significant inbreeding between parents(t_m-t_s= - 0.031).The multilocus outcrossing rate and singlelocus outcrossing rate in the south crown were higher than that in the north crown.The multilocus outcrossing rate of partial female trees was the same as in neutral trees,and the neutral tree had no obvious declining outcrossing rate with reduced proportion of female and male strobilus compared with partial female tree, with the fixation index tended to be zero.The progeny of the second generation clonal seed orchard still had rich genetic diversity,gene exchange among clones was relatively sufficient,and biparental inbreeding was not significant.     

马尾松巢式交配子代产脂力、生长和木材密度遗传分析

以浙江省淳安县富溪林场马尾松巢式交配设计的15年生遗传测定林为试验材料,分析其生长、木材基本密度和产脂力主要经济性状父本/母本效应和加性/显性效应。结果表明,不同杂交组合间、父本间以及父本内母本间的生长、木材基本密度和产脂力皆存在显著的遗传差异。各性状受母本效应影响较大,母本效应方差分量约为父本的1.29~2.19倍。马尾松胸径、木材基本密度和产脂力同时受加性效应和显性效应控制,其中加性效应略高于显性效应。而树高和单株材积则主要受加性效应控制,加性效应方差分量约为显性效应的2.7倍和3.4倍。估算各性状广义遗传力发现,胸径、树高、单株材积和产脂力受中度遗传控制,广义遗传力在0.48~0.69之间,木材基本密度广义遗传力相对较低,为0.31。胸径、树高和单株材积与产脂力呈中度正遗传相关,遗传相关系数在0.4755~0.553 2之间,表明生长和产脂力可同时得到遗传改良。以产脂量作为选择指标,共选出14个优良杂交组合和14个优良单株,其产脂量分别比对照高出43.31%~93.01%和125.47%~252.64%。     

柳杉种子园亲本遗传变异规律与选择

对32年生柳杉种子园亲本生长、木材品质和形质等性状的遗传变异规律和相关性进行了研究。结果表明:生长性状在种源和无性系水平上存在明显差异,木材品质、形质性状中除树皮率在种源和无性系水平上存在明显差异外,其余性状差异均不明显;生长性状在早期和成熟期间有一定相关性,其中无性系水平上的相关性更强,生长性状与木材品质、形状性状间相关性没有明显的规律。通过综合比较,选择出柳杉优良亲本18个,32年生时单株材积平均值为0.898 09 m3,木材基本密度平均值为0.313 11 g/m3,木材心材比率平均值为58.03%,偏心率平均值为0.02%,结实均为中等偏上。这些优良亲本可用于柳杉杂交亲本或高世代种子园建园材料。