玉米生长量、养分吸收量和及氮肥利用率的动态变化

在不同水、氮供应条件下，研究了玉米干物质累积、养分吸收及氮肥利用率的变化动态。结果表明，植株干物质和养分吸收量，随生育期延长而持续增加，变化动态可用S曲线方程拟合。对干物质和养分累积方程求导，得到了干物质累积和养分吸收速率。玉米生长期间干物质累积速率前期上升快，至高峰后缓慢下降。在氮、磷、钾三要素中，氮、钾吸收速率高，上升快，下降也快；磷吸收速率低，上升慢，下降亦慢。养分最大吸收速率出现的时间，钾最早，氮次之，磷最晚，但均早于干物质最大累积速率出现时间。氮肥利用率与干物质累积、养分吸收速率有类似变化趋势；氮肥最高瞬时利用率与氮素最大吸收速率出现的时间基本一致。灌水明显提高了氮肥累积利用率和瞬时利用率；水分和氮素供应虽然增加了养分吸收速率和干物质累积速率，但未改变其变化趋势。     

隆玉2号玉米干物质积累与养分吸收特性研究

在中等土壤肥力下对隆玉2号玉米的干物质积累与养分吸收特性进行研究。试验结果表明,植株干物质和养分吸收量随着生育期延长而持续增加,动态变化可用Logistic方程拟合;干物质积累速率前期上升快,至高峰后缓慢下降;氮、钾吸收速率高,上升快,下降也快。磷吸收速率低,上升慢,下降也慢;养分最大吸收速率出现的时间,钾最早,氮次之,磷最晚,但均早于干物质最大积累速率出现时间;抽雄吐丝后N、P2O5主要分配在籽粒中,而K2O在籽粒中的分配量很少;干物质、N、P2O5、K2O的转移率分别为14.28%、40.41%、47.47%、37.04%;每100 kg籽粒吸N 1.65 kg、P2O50.56 kg、K2O 1.40 kg;较佳的施肥方法是:氮肥要多次分期施用,“适量种肥、前轻、中重、后补”;磷肥作基肥或种肥一次施用;钾肥要求“适量种肥,前轻中重”,最好在抽雄吐丝前全部施完。     

钾营养对棉花养分吸收和干物质累积的影响

 在河北省缺钾的潮土上进行的田间试验表明，施用钾肥促进棉花对养分的吸收和干物质积累。施钾棉株在初花期（出苗后68-85天）出现养分和干物质累积高峰，在此期间养分的吸收和干物质累积量分别占全生育期总量的33.2%和33.6%。不施钾棉株在同期间的养分吸收和干物质累积量占总量的22.5%和23.4%，没有出现明显的高峰，盛花期以后出现早衰。施钾提高棉株的钾素浓度，没有发生细胞发育和外部形态的不正常变化。在当地的土壤和栽培条件下，每亩施用3-9千克K#-2O，平均每千克K#-(2)O增产籽棉7.46千克。     

施肥对高粱生长、干物质积累与养分吸收分配的影响

以晋杂12号高粱(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)为试验材料,采用"3414"试验设计研究了不同N,P,K施用量对高粱生长、干物质积累与养分吸收分配的影响。结果表明,在不施用N,P,K(基础地力)时,高粱根系和地上部生长及产量均较低,施用任意2种养分均会明显促进高粱生长;对N,P,K这3因素中任2因素设计最佳施用量时,施P肥具有较好的增产效果,施K肥没有增产效果。高粱干物质积累主要集中在拔节到抽穗期,成熟期干物质积累量达到最大,施肥高粱在不同生育时期干物质积累均高于对照,成熟期全株干物质积累量比对照增加19.77%。高粱干物质分配主要在茎叶部分,施肥对干物质分配比例没有显著影响。高粱N,P,K养分吸收量和分配比例最大的是K,其次是N,最低的是P。不同生育期高粱N,P,K养分吸收量和分配比例表现不同,N,P,K养分主要分配在茎叶上,穗部中养分分配比例大小为P>N>K。在施肥条件下,成熟期高粱N,P2O5,K2O养分吸收比例为1∶0.32∶2.22。施肥高粱在不同生育期对N,P,K的吸收比例与对照相似。     

东北半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下高产玉米干物质与 养分的积累分配特性

【目的】 研究东北半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下,不同栽培模式的玉米群体干物质和养分积累动态变化与转运分配特征,为区域春玉米滴灌施肥高产栽培技术提供理论依据。【方法】 2014—2016年,在吉林省西部半干旱区乾安县进行定位试验,以农华101为材料,在滴灌施肥条件下,分别设置农民栽培（FP)、高产栽培（HY）和超高产栽培（SHY）3种栽培模式。研究了滴灌施肥条件下,不同栽培模式对群体干物质和养分积累动态、转运与分配特征以及产量构成特性的影响。【结果】 与FP模式相比,HY和SHY模式玉米产量显著增加,平均增幅分别为16.0%和37.4%;穗粒数和百粒重低于FP模式,但单位面积穗数显著高于FP模式。HY和SHY模式较FP模式显著提高了玉米开花期至成熟期的群体干物质和氮、磷、钾积累量,并提高了开花后干物质和氮、磷、钾积累量占总生育期积累量的比例（花后干物质和氮、磷、钾积累量占总生育期积累量比例分别提高 8.0%、23.3%、10.0%、33.9%和13.8%、42.6%、21.6%、44.6%）。Logistic方程解析表明,HY和SHY模式群体干物质最大增长速率和平均增长速率均高于FP模式（干物质最大增长速率和平均增长速率分别提高6.9%、4.2% 和23.8%、10.9%）;且最大速率出现时间晚于FP模式。与FP模式相比,HY和SHY模式显著降低了玉米开花前养分转运率和转运养分对籽粒的贡献率,显著提高了开花后积累养分对籽粒的贡献率。相关分析结果表明,玉米开花前后干物质和氮、磷、钾素积累量与籽粒产量均呈显著或极显著正相关(r=0.7513—0.9840),其中开花后群体干物质和氮、磷、钾积累量与产量的相关性高于开花前。【结论】 与农户栽培模式相比,高产和超高产栽培模式在提高群体干物质最大增长速率和平均增长速率的同时,推迟了群体干物质最大增长速率出现时间,进而使玉米开花期至成熟期有较高的干物质与养分积累,同时显著提高了玉米开花后积累养分对籽粒贡献率。因此,在东北半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下,通过增加种植密度,利用氮磷钾肥料总量控制、分期调控等管理措施,保证玉米整个生育期对氮、磷、钾养分的需求,是实现玉米产量进一步提高的重要途径。     

The Accumulation and Distribution Characteristics on Dry Matter and Nutrients of High-Yielding Maize Under Drip Irrigation and Fertilization Conditions in Semi-Arid Region of Northeastern China

【Objective】 Aiming at the accumulation dynamics and translocation and distribution characteristics of dry matter and nutrient of maize population among different cultivation modes under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions in semi-arid region of Northeastern China, this research provided the theoretical basis on high-yielding cultivation technique of spring maize under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions in the area.【Method】 The location experiment was conducted in Qian'an county in the western semi-arid region of Jilin province from 2014 to 2016 with three cultivation modes, including farmers' practice cultivation (FP), high-yielding cultivation (HY) and super high-yielding cultivation (SHY) under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions. Nonghua101 was chosen as experimental material. The characteristics of accumulation, translocation and distribution of dry matter and nutrient of maize population and the yield construction were studied among different cultivation modes under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions. 【Result】 The maize yield under HY and SHY modes were significantly higher than that under FP mode, with the average increment by 16.0% and 37.4%, respectively. The spike kernels and 100-kernels weight of HY and SHY modes were decreased than that of FP mode, but the spike numbers per unit area were significantly increased. Compared with FP mode, dry matter and N, P and K accumulations of maize population were significantly increased under HY and SHY modes from flowering stage to maturing stage, and the accumulation proportion of dry matter and N, P and K accumulations were increased in total growth period after flowering stage (the accumulation proportion of dry matter and N, P and K accumulations in total growth period after flowering stage were increased by 8.0%, 23.3%, 10.0%, 33.9% and 13.8%, 42.6%, 21.6%, 44.6%, respectively). Logistic equation analysis showed that the maximum and average increase rates of HY and SHY modes were 6.9%, 4.2% and 23.8%, 10.9% higher than that under FP mode, respectively, and the occurrence time of maximum rate was later. Compare with FP mode, HY and SHY modes reduced significantly nutrient translocation rate and contribution rate of translocation nutrients to kernels before flowering stage, and improved significantly contribution rate of accumulation nutrients to kernels after flowering stage of spring maize. Correlation analysis showed that the grain yield was significant or extremely significant correlated positively (r=0.7513-0.9840) with the dry matter and N, P and K accumulations around flowering stage of maize population, and the correlation coefficients after flowering stage were higher than them before flowering stage. 【Conclusion】 Compared with FP mode, HY and SHY modes improved the maximum and average increase rates of the dry matter in maize population, and postponed the occurrence time of the maximum increase rate of the dry matter. HY and SHY modes increased the dry matter and nutrient accumulations from flowering stage to maturing stage of maize, and enhanced significantly the contribution rate of accumulation nutrients to kernels after flowering stage. Therefore, the managing measures of increasing the planting density, controlling the total amount of N, P and K fertilizers and regulating fertilizer application during different stages could ensure the demand of N, P and K in the whole growth period of maize. This article provided an advantageous way for further promoting maize yield under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions in the semi-arid region of Northeastern China.     

南疆滴灌高产杂交棉花干物质和氮磷钾积累模拟分析

研究南疆覆膜滴灌条件下高产杂交棉干物质和氮磷钾养分的积累规律.结果表明皮棉3 000 kg/hm2高产条件下,棉花总干物质和生殖器官干物质积累速率最快时间在出苗后的107～108和117～118 d;棉株吸收N、P2O5、K2O的快增期分别在出苗后66～153、55～126和62～126 d.高产杂交棉地上部总干物质和生殖器官干物质积累量分别为102.51和62.27 g/株,吸收积累氮磷钾养分的总量换算为N、P2O5、K2O分别为515.3、126.4和591.9 kg/hm2,每生产100 kg皮棉需吸收氮磷钾比例N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.25∶1.15.     

苎麻养分吸收动态及施肥效果的研究

 本研究表明，除二麻中期受干旱影响外，头、三麻均以封行至黑脚期的干物质和氮、磷、钾积累强度最大。总积累量均为头麻 > 三麻 > 二麻 ，丰产麻 > 一般麻。吸收的氮、钾多于磷。经济系数为丰产麻 < 一般麻。在二麻中期干旱和三麻后期短日照诱导生殖生长的情况下，植株不同部位养分发生不同的转移现象。各季麻生长前期养分浓度均高于后期，最终为叶中氮、磷浓度最高，皮中钾浓度最高。施用氮、磷、钾化肥均可促进干物质积累和本身养分的吸收。氮、钾配合还有相互促进吸收的作用。不同肥料用量对植株养分浓度和吸收的氮、磷、钾比例有一定影响。各种肥料均有增产作用，以氮、钾更明显，钾肥还有利于纤维细度的提高。     

不同品种棉花干物质积累差异对比研究

通过对新海16、新海12以及高抗9等3个新疆主要棉花品种干物质积累动态规律和N,P,K养分吸收状况的对比研究．发现各品种的干物质积累过程都呈“S”型曲线特征,可以用Logistic方程进行很好的拟合。研究结果表明,从开花期至吐絮期是新海16、新海12以及高抗9干物质积累的关键时期,该时期各品种棉花干物质积累量最大,分别占最大积累量的86．1％,91．1％和83．8％。各品种在盛铃期对N肥和K肥需求量最大,在吐絮期对P肥需求量最大,但3者之间存在一定差异。     

湖北省花生平衡施肥技术研究Ⅴ.花生养分积累分配规律

分析了花生的养分积累及分配变化规律。结果表明,花生总干物质量、养分积累量除钙、镁在荚果膨大期最大外其余均随生育进程而增加,至收获期达到最大。每生产100 kg荚果,花生带走氮3.63 kg,磷0.47kg,钾1.45 kg,钙0.90 kg,镁1.00 kg,铁1.38 kg,铜0.02 kg,锌0.26 kg,硼0.05 kg。开花下针期是花生养分积累的关键时期。开花下针期后,花生除钙、镁外的营养元素主要从叶片和茎向荚果逐渐转移,根系分配变化较小。     

热研2号柱花草生长动态

以热研2号柱花草[Stylosanthes guianensis （Aublet） Swartz cv. Reyan No.2]为材料．研究不同生长阶段干物质产量、养分和营养成分变化。结果表明：地上部干物质呈“单峰”曲线,初花期最高为540．81g／株;地上部苗期吸收的N、P、K较小,但干物质养分含量高;分枝期后吸收量增加,初花期后N、P出现负积累,整个生育期地上部对磷的吸收量最小;随热研2号柱花草生育期的延续,地上部粗蛋白含量降低,粗纤维含量升高,营养价值降低,初花期粗蛋白产量最大为54．78g／株。     

小豆养分吸收、分配及利用效应研究

运用室内分析测试植株干物质量及养分含量的方法,研究了小豆植株干物质量的积累及N、P、K元素的吸收、分配和利用效应。结果表明:随着小豆的生育进程,小豆植株干物质积累逐渐增加,而各器官中N、P、K养分含量呈下降趋势。干物质的阶段净积累量呈单峰曲线变化,始花期达最大值2777.75kg/hm2,各生育时期小豆干物质积累速率、养分吸收强度及净阶段净积累量呈"双峰曲线"变化,第一个高峰为苗期至始花期,第二个高峰为鼓粒至成熟期;N、P、K养分在各器官上的分配比例随着生育进程的推移而发生变化,在生育前期养分分配以叶片为中心,生育后期以荚中心,荚的养分含量始终高于其它器官;生产100kg小豆籽粒需从土壤中吸收氮12.71kg、磷3.16kg、钾5.65kg,摄取比例为4.02∶1∶1.79。     

实地养分管理对寒地水稻磷钾吸收的影响

在2004、2005和2010年,采用5个粳稻品种,通过田间对比试验方法,研究实地养分管理(SSNM)对寒地水稻养分积累的影响.结果表明,与习惯施肥(FFP)相比,SSNM平均降低磷肥用量50%,虽然穗分化期磷积累量降低,但是抽穗期后各器官含磷量处理间没有差异,SSNM增加了抽穗后干物质积累,因此抽穗后磷积累量有增加趋...     

Nutrient deficiency limits population development,yield formation,and nutrient uptake of direct sown winter oilseed rape

Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown winter oilseed rape (DOR) performance and population development dynamic are still not well understood. Therefore, five on-farm experiments were conducted in the reaches of the Yangtze River (RYR) to determine the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) deficiencies on population density, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, seed yield, and yield components of DOR plants. Four fertilization treatments included the balanced NPK application treatment (NPK, 180 kg N, 39.3 kg P, 100 kg K, and 1.8 kg borax ha–1) and three nutrient deficiency treatments based on the NPK treatment, i.e., –N, –P, and –K. The results indicated that DOR population density declined gradually throughout the growing season, especially at over-wintering and pod-development stages. Nutrient deficiency decreased nutrient concentration in DOR plants, limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, and thereby exacerbated density reduction during plants growth. The poor individual growth and reduced population density together decreased seed yield in the nutrient deficiency treatment. Averaged across all the experiments, seed yield reduced 61% by N deficiency, 38.3% by P deficiency, and 14.4% by K deficiency. The negative effects of nutrient deficiency on DOR performances followed the order of –N>–P>–K, and the effects were various among different nutrient deficiencies. Although N deficiency improved DOR emergence, but it seriously limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, which in turn led to substantial plants death and therefore resulted in a very low harvested density. The P deficiency significantly reduced initial density, limited plants growth, and exacerbated density reduction. The K deficiency mainly decreased individual growth and yield, but did not affect density dynamic. Our results highlighted the importance of balanced NPK application in DOR production, suggesting that management strategy of these nutrients should be comprehensively considered with an aim to build an appropriate population structure with balanced plant density and individual growth.     

N,P and K use efficiency and maize yield responses to fertilization modes and densities

Optimal planting density and proper fertilization method are important factors to improve maize yield and nutrient utilization. A two-year(2016 and 2017) field experiment was conducted with three plant densities(6.0, 7.5 and 9.0 plants m~(-2)) and three fertilization modes(no fertilizer, 0 F; one-off application of slow-released fertilizer, SF; twice application of conventional fertilizer, CF). Results indicated that the grain yields and N, P and K use efficiencies under SF with the optimal planting density(7.5 plants m~(-2)) were the highest among all the treatments in 2016 and 2017. Compared with CF, SF could increase post-silking dry matter accumulation and promote N, P and K uptake at pre-and post-silking stages; this treatment increased grain N, P and K concentrations and resulted in high N, P and K use efficiencies. Nutrient(N, P and K) absorption efficiencies and partial productivity, and nutrient(N and P) recovery efficiency in SF treatment were significantly higher than those in CF treatments under the planting density of 7.5 plants m~(-2). Under both SF and CF conditions, the grain yield, total N accumulation and nutrient use efficiencies initially increased, peaked at planting density of 7.5 plants m~(-2), and then decreased with increasing plant density. Based on the yield and nutrient use efficiency in two years, plant density of 7.5 plants m~(-2) with SF can improve both the grain yield and N, P and K use efficiency of spring maize in Jiangsu Province, China.     

拔节水对春玉米氮磷钾吸收动态模型及肥料利用率影响的研究

通过田间试验结合化学分析和生物统计,查明了拔节水增产的营养基础包括显著地提高N、P、K在体内的浓度,促进各个生育时期N、P、K的累积吸收量,使N、P、K的最大吸收量分别提高11%,12%,6%;N、P、K最快吸收速率分别提高8%,25%,14%.最快吸收速率出现时间分别提前4d,5d,15d;使N、P、K的生产效率分别提高2.5%,1.9%,7.3%;使N、P、K化肥利用率分别提高5.0,5.0,12.7个百分点.     

铁胁迫下硒对水稻养分吸收的影响

通过水培法,在铁胁迫下,研究硒对寒地水稻养分吸收和干物质积累的影响.结果表明,与正常培养液培养( Fe0+Se0)相比,加铁胁迫(Fe+Se0)显著提高了植株体内铁的含量,物质积累降低并不显著,但是抑制了水稻对氮、磷和锰的吸收,氮、磷和锰的积累量分别降低了7.8%、26.7%和74.0%,均达到显著水平(P＜0.05)...     

日光温室番茄长季节栽培条件下植株营养元素吸收特性的研究

在日光温室内,以番茄品种卡鲁索（Ｃａｒｕｓｏ）为试材,进行长季节栽培,研究植株对氮、磷、钾的吸收特性。结果表明：在本试验条件下,番茄在不同时期对氮、磷、钾的吸收比例不同,全生育期内Ｎ：Ｐ２Ｏ５：Ｋ２Ｏ＝１：０．２２０～０．５４５：２．０７９～３．３１２,氮、磷、钾的吸收量呈单峰曲线,采收中期达最大值,营养吸收高峰期在采收中期,营养敏感期在坐果期至采收中期。每生产１００ｋｇ番茄产品需吸收Ｎ０．１９～     

不同用量的自制腐植酸复合肥与油菜利用养分的关系

在土培试验定性选定肥料品种的基础上,采用微区试验研究不同用量的自制腐植酸复合肥与油菜利用养分的关系。结果表明:腐植酸复合肥可促进油菜对N、P、K的吸收,提高N、P的利用率和K的回收率。随施肥量的增大,油菜对N、P、K的吸收增加,无机肥和腐植酸复合肥施肥量均达900kg hm2时,油菜对各养分的吸收最高,再增加施肥逐渐降低。在肥力水平较高的土壤上,再增加施肥,无机肥组中,油菜对各养分的利用均呈下降趋势;在腐植酸复合肥组中,油菜对K的利用呈下降趋势,而对N和P的利用高峰均在施肥量为600kg hm2时,再增加施肥逐渐降低。同时,腐植酸复合肥刺激油菜对养分、水分的吸收和干物质的合成,施肥量在1005kg hm2时,最高产量达69 19t hm2。油菜的后效试验也体现了腐植酸复合肥具有缓释、长效和利用率较高的优势。     

大穗型小麦叶片性状、养分含量及氮素分配特征

采用田间试验研究了8个大穗型小麦新品系和西农979不同生育期比叶面积(SLA)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)与养分含量的差异性,并对其不同器官氮素积累和分配情况进行了探讨。结果表明,大穗型小麦的SLA和LDMC平均值小于西农979;小麦叶片养分含量由大到小依次为全氮(N)、全钾(K)和全磷(P);成熟期大穗型小麦品系各器官平均氮素积累能力都高于对照,氮素积累量及分配比例的大小顺序为籽粒>茎+鞘>穗草(穗轴+颖壳)>旗叶>倒二叶>余叶;大穗型小麦平均转移率和贡献率较西农979低;抽穗期旗叶SLA和LDMC呈负相关关系,SLA和N含量呈不显著的正相关,和P、K呈极显著的负相关。小麦叶片结构性状与养分含量影响体内有机物质的积累与转运,通过水肥调控措施来提高大穗型小麦养分利用效率的研究需进一步加强。