蟑螂及防治

蟑螂或称蜚蠊，俗称茶婆子、偷油婆、货郎、灶蚂蚁等；遍布全世界，是当今重要的城市害虫。蟑螂可携带致病的细菌、病毒、原虫、真菌以及寄生虫蠕虫的卯，并且可作为多种蠕虫的中间宿主。蟑螂是杂食性昆虫，食物种类非常广泛，各类食品，包括面包，米饭、糕点、荤素熟食品、瓜果以及饮料等，尤其喜食香、甜、油的面制食品。蟑螂昼伏夜出，表现出明显的昼夜活动规律。     

猪圆环病毒3型与宿主相互作用机制研究进展

猪圆环病毒3型(porcine circovirus type 3, PCV3)从2015年发现至今已在全世界多个国家和地区的养猪业被检出，是重要的新发猪病病原体。目前有关PCV3致病机制的研究有限，大部分集中于PCV3的流行病学调查、基因组演化分析和检测方法建立。猪圆环病毒(porcine circovirus, PCV)与宿主之间关系紧密且复杂，二者的相互作用决定宿主细胞的命运和病毒的传播与存活。部分学者通过瞬转表达系统、临床分离和反向遗传学技术从病毒组分或全病毒水平对PCV3与宿主相互作用展开研究。本文系统阐述宿主细胞对PCV3感染的应答机制、PCV3-宿主蛋白的相互作用，以及PCV3生命周期的研究结果，将有助于进一步了解PCV3及其致病机制。     

即时通信系统中蠕虫病毒的防范策略研究

对IM面临的来自蠕虫病毒的威胁进行分析,并对现有应用、研究工作中的解决方案进行分析,借鉴其中的成功点,提出一套IM系统中蠕虫病毒的防范策略,引入PKI机制,利用CAPTCHA等技术,通过签名、验证签名、CAPTCHA验证和IM消息流量监控等方法,确保IM消息的有效性,防范IM蠕虫病毒攻击、减轻其带来的威胁.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒免疫抑制机制研究

研究阐明了PRRSV抑制宿主SLA-I这一问题，从分子和细胞水平解析了PRRSV利用自身蛋白来抑制宿主细胞SLA-I表达的机制，对于解答PRRSV复杂的免疫机制和免疫逃逸机制具有重要意义。     

浅析人兽共患寄生虫病的分类

正人兽共患寄生虫病是指脊椎动物与人之间自然传播的寄生虫,即以寄生虫为病原体,既可感染人又可感染动物的一类疾病。包括寄生性原虫、蠕虫、能进入宿主皮肤和体内的节肢动物,但不包括在宿主体表吸血和寄居的暂时性寄生虫。在世界上存在的百余种人兽共患寄生虫病中,我国存在91种(邓定华等,1987)。世界卫生组织专家委员会公布的     

浅析植物内生细菌研究进展

内生细菌在植物微生态系统中扮演着重要的角色，分布于宿主体内，不会对宿主造成伤害，通常与宿主互惠共生。其种类繁多，在植物中普遍存在，是一类有待开发的重要微生物资源。近年来，对植物内生细菌的研究取得了显著进展。通过使用高通量测序等新型分子生物学技术，对植物内生细菌菌落及其丰富度的研究有了极大的提升。一些内生细菌能够促进植物的营养吸收，提高植物的抗病性和抗逆性。研究人员发现，植物内生细菌可以通过产生植物激素、抑制病原微生物和调节植物免疫系统等机制促进植物生长和健康。然而，目前对于植物内生细菌与植物互作的具体机制尚不清楚，需要更多的试验和观察来深入了解这些互作机制的细节。未来的研究可以通过使用先进的分子生物学和遗传学技术，结合传统的生理学和生态学方法揭示内生细菌与植物互作的具体机制。     

一个改进的蠕虫传播模型研究

传染病传播模型常常被借用于对计算机蠕虫的研究中，通过研究双要素蠕虫传播模型，提出了一个改进的蠕虫传播模型，并通过Matlab仿真进行了相关试验，证明该模型可以更好地预测蠕虫传播的规模和速度。     

浅析人兽共患寄生虫病的流行因素及防治

<正>人兽共患寄生虫病是指脊椎动物与人之间自然传播的寄生虫病,即以寄生虫为病原体,既可感染人又可感染动物的一类疾病。包括寄生性原虫、蠕虫、能进入宿主皮肤和体内的节肢动物,但不包括在宿主体表吸血和寄居的暂时性寄生虫。1人兽共患寄生虫病的流行因素人兽共患寄生虫病的流行,同样要具有感染来源、传播途径、人和易感动物3个必需的基本环节。而在人与动物之间传播中,显然人的因素更为重要。     

河南省羊寄生虫名录

记述了河南省羊寄生原虫5科5属29种,蠕虫19科39属79种,蜱螨昆虫22科47属145种.分别介绍了各种寄生虫的中文名、学名、宿主和寄生部位及在河南的分布情况,为有效控制羊寄生虫病的发生及危害提供了相关的基础信息.     

黑龙江省汤旺河流域犬寄生蠕虫区系调查

本文报告了黑龙江省汤旺河流域犬寄生蠕虫的调查结果。沿河两岸20个点,剖检狗84只、蠕虫感染者83只,感染率占98.81％。本次共检获寄生蠕虫16种,其中吸虫7种,涤虫4种和线虫5种,他们分属于13科,16属。1犬体内检出1种虫体者占8.33％,检出2、3种者占26.19％和23.81％,检出4、5种者各占13.09％和16.67％,5种以上者占10.71％。分布广泛,危害严重者:犬钩口线虫,犬弓首线虫,旋毛形线虫,犬复孔绦虫,卫氏并殖吸虫,泡状带涤虫,线中殖孔绦虫和华支睾吸虫。横川后殖吸虫,园圃棘口吸虫,日本棘隙吸虫和毛细线虫在我省系首次报道。据文献记载,上述16种蠕虫均为人畜共患寄生虫,在我省人体内有重要意义的有4种:华支睾吸虫,卫氏并殖吸虫,棘球蚴和旋毛形线虫。其余虫种可能偶尔感染人。上述结果提示,狗是人畜共患寄生蠕虫的重要宿主。     

Infectious diseases and population cycles of forest insects

The regulation of natural populations of invertebrate hosts by viral, bacterial, protozoan, or helminth infections is discussed, using models that combine elements of conventional epidemiology (where the host population is assumed constant) with dynamic elements drawn from predator-prey studies; the apparent absence of acquired immunity in invertebrates simplifies the analysis. Highly pathogenic infections, with long-lived infective stages, tend to produce cyclic behavior in their host populations. The models give an explanation of the 9- to 10-year population cycles of the larch bud moth (Zeiraphera diniana) in the European Alps and suggest that microsporidian protozoan and baculovirus infections may be responsible for the 5- to 12-year population cycles observed in many temperate forest insects.     

The cellular and molecular origins of beak morphology

Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying differences in beak morphology likely involve interactions among multiple embryonic populations. We exchanged neural crest cells destined to participate in beak morphogenesis between two anatomically distinct species. Quail neural crest cells produced quail beaks in duck hosts and duck neural crest produced duck bills in quail hosts. These transformations involved morphological changes to non-neural crest host beak tissues. To achieve these changes, donor neural crest cells executed autonomous molecular programs and regulated gene expression in adjacent host tissues. Thus, neural crest cells are a source of molecular information that generates interspecific variation in beak morphology.     

Enchenopa binotata Complex: Sympatric Speciation?

Enchenopa binotata is a complex of six treehopper species that have diverged along host plant lines. When females were forced to oviposit on "adopted" host plants, few eggs were deposited. Fewer eggs hatched on "adopted" hosts and those that did hatch did so in response to the phenology of the "adopted" host. Mortality of nymphs on "adopted" hosts was substantially higher than on native hosts. These and other data support a sympatric model of speciation through shifts in host plants.     

荔蝽卵平腹小蜂辨别寄主能力的研究

在室内以柞蚕卵为寄主,研究荔蝽卵平腹小蜂辨别寄主的能力.结果表明,荔蝽卵平腹小蜂可以分别在寄主卵外和寄主卵内辨别被同种雌性寄生过的寄主卵,辨别能力随着寄主卵被寄生后的时间长短和寄主卵的密度大小而变化.在寄主卵外辨别已寄生寄主的能力随着寄主卵被寄生后时间的延长和寄主卵密度的减小而减弱;而在寄主卵内辨别寄主的能力却随着寄主卵被寄生后时间的延长而增强,寄主卵密度对平腹小蜂在寄主卵内辨别寄主的能力无明显的影响.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂还可以在寄主卵外辨别是自身或是同种其他雌蜂寄生过的寄主卵,但在寄主卵内无此辨别能力.     

Type 1 interferons and the virus-host relationship: a lesson in détente

The interface between an infectious agent and its host represents the ultimate battleground for survival: The microbe must secure a niche for replication, whereas the host must limit the pathogen's advance. Among the host's arsenal of antimicrobial factors, the type 1 interferons (IFNs) induce potent defense mechanisms against viruses and are key in the host-virus standoff. Viruses have evolved multiple tricks to avoid the immediate antiviral effects of IFNs and, in turn, hosts have adapted use of this innate cytokine system to galvanize multiple additional layers of immune defense. The plasticity that exists in these interactions provides us with a lesson in détente.     

斑痔悬茧蜂对甜菜夜蛾幼虫龄期的选择及其生长发育的研究

在室内采用非选择性和选择性试验，研究了斑痣悬茧蜂（Meteorus pulchricornis）对不同龄期甜菜夜蛾（Spodoptera exigua）幼虫的选择以及后代的生长发育表现。在非选择性试验中，斑痣悬茧蜂虽然寄生所有1-5龄幼虫，但寄生率不同，对2-4龄幼虫的寄生率（〉70％）显著高于对1龄（53％）和5龄（20％）幼虫的寄生；寄生不同龄期寄主幼虫的后代寄生蜂生长发育表现亦存在差异，寄生2-4龄寄主幼虫的寄生蜂结茧化蛹率（〉95％）和羽化率（〉90％）高于寄生1龄和5龄幼虫的，而发育历期短于寄生1龄和5龄幼虫的；但后代寄生蜂成虫的体型（用后足胫节长度表示）随寄主幼虫龄期增长而逐渐增大。由此表明，甜菜夜蛾2-4龄幼虫对斑痣悬茧蜂的生长发育适合度表现更有利。在成对选择试验中，当5龄幼虫不在供选寄主组合中时，斑痣悬茧蜂喜好龄期较大的寄主幼虫，即最喜好4龄幼虫，最不喜好1龄幼虫；在4龄与5龄幼虫之间倾向于选择4龄幼虫，这与非选择性试验得出的结论基本一致。     

溶杆菌属及其在植物病害防治中的研究进展

 溶杆菌属具有滑动性和溶菌活性等典型特征。自1978年提出建属以来,迄今为止该属共报道了20个种。本文综述了该属的生物学、生态学特性和在植物病害生物防治中的应用潜力,讨论了它的定殖作用、抗生素、生物表面活性物质产生和诱导寄主抗病性等方面的防病机制,最后介绍了该属细菌的分子生物学、生物安全和应用前景等方面的研究进展。     

烟粉虱繁殖力的寄主适应性评估及分析

以种群平均产卵量(m)和样本的方差(V)为参数建立了1个烟粉虱产卵量的寄主适应性评价模型(0=m/lnV),并利用这个模型评估了烟粉虱在37种寄主植物上的产卵适应度.结果显示,烟粉虱虽然在供试的绝大多数寄主上都能够产卵,但寄主植物能够显著影响雌虫的产卵量.用聚类分析的方法可将37种寄主植物分为3个类别:嗜好寄主、适宜寄主和非适宜寄主,聚类分析的结果与适应域假说不一致,亲缘关系很近的植物种类分属于不同的寄主类别.通过配对样本均值比较的分析发现,不同生物型的烟粉虱种群具有明显差异,而相同生物型的种群,虽然取食经验不同,却表现出较高的相似性.     

Microbiology. Simple hosts may help reveal how bacteria infect cells

Important human pathogens invade and harm simple organisms. What's more, these infections require many of the same bacterial genes needed to make mammals sick. These observations suggest that even though simple organisms aren't perfect models for complex hosts such as mammals, the basic mechanisms by which bacteria establish infections in the various organisms may be similar. As a result, the work may help microbiologists identify the host proteins involved in infections, thereby providing potential new targets for antibacterial drugs.     

Interspecies transmission and evolution of the emerging coronaviruses: perspectives from bat physiology and protein spatial structure

Emergent coronaviruses (CoVs) such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have posed great threats to public health worldwide over the past two decades. Currently, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 as a pandemic causes greater public health concern. CoV diversity is due to the large size and replication mechanisms of the genomes together with having bats as their optimum natural hosts. The ecological behavior and unique immune characteristics of bats are optimal for the homologous recombination of CoVs. The relationship of spatial structural characteristics of the spike protein, a protein that is critical for recognition by host receptors, in different CoVs may provide evidence in explaining the coevolution of CoVs and their hosts. This information may help to enhance our understanding of CoV evolution and thus provide part of the basis of preparations for any future outbreaks.