Effect of fishmeal substitution with various animal and/or plant protein sources in the diet of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

The effect of dietary substitution of animal and/or plant protein sources for fishmeal on the growth and body composition of juvenile abalone was determined. Nine experimental diets in triplicate were prepared: Con, SM, PM, CM, SPM, MB, SM+CM, SM+SPM and CM+SPM diets. A 350 g kg^?1 fishmeal was included in the Con diet, and the whole fishmeal was substituted with a 580 g kg^?1 soybean meal (SM), 335 g kg^?1 poultry meal (PM), 370 g kg^?1 corn gluten meal (CM), 325 g kg^?1 silkworm pupae meal dehydrated (SPM), 590 g kg^?1 meat and bone meal (MB), the combined 290 g kg^?1 soybean meal and 180 g kg^?1 corn gluten meal (SM+CM), 290 g kg^?1 soybean meal and 160 g kg^?1 silkworm pupae meal dehydrated (SM+SPM) and 180 g kg^?1 corn gluten meal and 170 g kg^?1 silkworm pupae meal dehydrated (CM+SPM) diets respectively. All experimental diets were iso‐nitronic and iso‐lipidic. The survival of abalone fed with the SM and SM+SPM diets was higher than that of abalone fed with the CM, SPM, MB and CM+SPM diets. Weight gain of abalone fed with the SM+SPM diet was higher than that of abalone fed with all the other experimental diets, except for that of abalone fed with the SM+CM diet. The combined soybean meal and corn gluten meal (SM+CM) or silkworm pupae meal (SM+SPM) could be replaced with the whole fishmeal in the diet for abalone and improved its performance.     

Inclusion of rendered animal ingredients as fishmeal substitutes in practical diets for cuneate drum, Nibea miichthioides (Chu, Lo et Wu)

Potential of using rendered animal ingredients, poultry by‐product meal (PM), meat and bone meal (MBM), feather meal (FM) and blood meal (BM) to replace fishmeal in practical diets for cuneate drum Nibea miichthioides (Chu, Lo et Wu) was examined in a net pen experiment. A total of 10 dietary treatments were compared. Nine diets were formulated to contain 363 g kg⁻¹ digestible protein and 14.8 MJ kg⁻¹ digestible energy, and a dietary treatment consisting of raw fish (RF) served as reference. In the formulated diets, the control diet contained 350 g kg⁻¹ herring meal, whereas in the other eight diets, the fishmeal were replaced by MBM (30% fishmeal replacement), PM (50% fishmeal replacement), a blend of PM, MBM, FM and BM (30%, 50% and 80% fishmeal replacement), or a blend of PM, MBM and BM (30%, 50% and 80% fishmeal replacement), respectively. Cuneate drum fingerling (initial body weight 28 g) were fed the test diets for 8 weeks. Specific growth rate (SGR), final body weight (FBW), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), condition factor and contents of moisture, crude protein and crude lipid in carcass were not significantly different between fish fed the formulated diets. Fish fed the formulated control diet exhibited lower SGR and FBW, but higher FCR, NRE, hepatosomatic index and crude lipid content in carcass and liver than those of the fish fed the RF. Results of the present study indicate that combination of rendered animal protein ingredients can replace most of the fishmeal in practical diets for cuneate drum.     

The effect of the dietary substitution of fishmeal with tuna by‐product meal on growth,body composition,plasma chemistry and amino acid profiles of juvenile Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli)

The effect of the substitution of fishmeal with tuna by‐product meal (TBM) in the diet of Korean rockfish on growth, body composition, plasma chemistry and amino acid profiles was determined. Nine experimental diets were prepared. The control (Con) diet consisted of 550 g kg^?1 fishmeal. The 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % fishmeal diets were substituted with tuna by‐product meal (TBM), referred to as the TBM10, TBM20, TBM30, TBM40, TBM60, TBM80 and TBM100 diets, respectively. Finally, the fishmeal and soybean meal was completely replaced with TBM in the diet TBM100‐S. There was no significant difference in weight gain and SGR of the fish that were fed the TBM40 and Con diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the fish that were fed the Con, TBM10, TBM20 and TBM30 diets was lower than that of the fish that were fed all of the other diets. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish that were fed the TBM10, TBM20 and TBM300 diets was higher than that of fish that were fed the TBM40, TBM60, TBM80, TBM100 and TBM100‐S diets. It can be concluded that the substitution of fishmeal with up to 40 and 30 % TBM in the diet of juvenile Korean rockfish could be made without exerting a detrimental effect on their growth (SGR) and feed utilization (FCR and PER), respectively.     

Replacing Fish Meal with Rendered Animal Protein Ingredients in Diets for Malabar Grouper,Epinephelus malabaricus,Reared in Net Pens

The potential of using rendered animal protein ingredients, poultry by‐products meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM), and feather meal (FM), to replace fish meal in diets for malabar grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus, was evaluated in a 10‐week net pen experiment. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight 50.2 g) were fed eight isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets formulated to contain 52% crude protein and 9% crude lipid. The control diet contained 50% herring meal, whereas in the remaining seven diets, PBM was incorporated at 11.9 (PM1), 23.8 (PM2), and 35.7% (PM3) to replace 25, 50, and 75% of the fish meal; MBM was incorporated at 14.5 (MM1) and 29.0% (MM2) to replace 25 and 50% of the fish meal; and FM was incorporated at 9.4 (FM1) and 18.8% (FM2) to replace 25 and 50% of the fish meal. A raw fish (RF) diet was used as comparison to assess growth performance of fish fed the formulated diets. Feed intake was lower in fish fed the diets PM3 and FM2 than fish fed the control diet. There were no significant differences in weight gain (WG), final body weight (FBW), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), energy retention efficiency (ERE), and total nitrogen waste output (TNW) between fish fed the control diet and the diets PM1, PM2, PM3, MM1, MM2, and FM1. Fish fed the diet FM2 had lower WG, FBW, NRE, and ERE but higher TNW than that of fish fed the control diet. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher in fish fed the diets MM2, FM1, and FM2 than fish fed the control diet. At the end of the experiment, there were no significant differences in whole‐body content of moisture, crude protein, and crude lipid among fish fed the formulated diets. WG, FBW, and TNW of fish fed the diet RF were higher, while FCR and NRE were lower than that of fish fed the control diet. No significant differences were found in feed intake, ERE, and whole‐body composition between fish fed the diet RF and the control diet. Results of the present study suggest that dietary fish meal level for malabar grouper can be lowered from 50 to 38% by incorporating PBM, MBM, or FM.     

High dietary incorporation levels of rendered animal protein ingredients on performance of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1972)

Two growth trials were conducted using spray-dried blood meal (BM), feather meal (FEM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) as major protein sources in the diet of rainbow trout. In the first trial, five diets were formulated to examine the nutritive value of spray-dried BM and PBM. Increasing levels of BM (6, 12%) or PBM (10, 20, and 30%) replaced fish meal and corn gluten meal in the diet. For the second trial, eight diets were formulated to contain the following combinations: FEM + MBM, FEM + PBM or MBM + PBM. The diets containing FEM + MBM and FEM + PBM were supplemented with either L-lysine or DL-methionine, the amino acids predicted to be the two most limiting in these diets. Each experimental diet was allocated to three tanks of fish and fed for 20 weeks in the first trial or 16 weeks in the second trial. All the experimental diets were readily consumed by the fish and high growth and good feed efficiency ratio (FER) were achieved for all diets. In the first trial, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in weight gain or FER of fish fed the five experimental diets, suggesting that BM and PBM had high nutritive values for rainbow trout. In the second trial, growth of the fish fed the diet containing the FEM + PBM combination was not statistically different from growth of fish fed the control diet. Growth of fish fed diets with FEM + MBM or PBM + MBM combinations were slightly lower than that of fish fed the control diet. Supplementation of diets with either L-lysine or DL-methionine had no effect on the performance of the fish. The results from this study show that feather meal, poultry by-product meal, blood meal and meat and bone meal have good potential for use in rainbow trout diets at high levels of incorporation.     

Total replacement of fish meal with animal protein sources in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus (L.), feeds

The effects of total replacement of dietary fish meal (FM) with animal protein sources on the growth, feed efficiency and profit indices of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), were investigated. Shrimp meal (SM), blood meal (BM), meat and bone meal (MBM), BM + MBM mix and poultry by-product meal (PBM) replaced FM in six isonitrogenous (30% crude protein), isocaloric (400 kcal GE 100 g^–1) diets. The diets were fed to O. niloticus fingerlings (12.5 g) to satiation twice a day for 150 days. The growth of fish fed SM, PBM and MBM was not significantly different from those fed the FM-based diet, while feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios were significantly retarded. Further reduction in fish performance was noticed when BM or BM + MBM replaced FM in the control diet. Cost–benefit analyses of the test diets indicated that these sources were economically superior to FM. The PBM-based diet produced higher carcass lipid than other diets. Fish fed SM, MBM and PBM diets had significantly higher ash contents (P < 0.05).     

Effect of totally or partially replacing fish meal by alternative protein sources on growth of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) reared in concrete tanks

A 12‐week feeding trial was carried out in concrete tanks to examine complete and partial replacement (75%) of fish meal (FM) with poultry by‐product meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and soybean meal (SBM) in practical feeds for African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight ranged from 90.33 to 93.93 g fish⁻¹) were fed seven isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets of 20% digestible protein and 300 kcal 100 g⁻¹ of digestible energy. The control contained 25% herring meal, whereas in the other six diets, PBM, MBM and SBM replaced 75% or 100% of the FM. Final body weight (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) of the fish fed diets containing PBM (75% and 100%), SBM (75% and 100%) and MBM (75%) were all higher, but not significantly different than those for fish fed the control diet. Replacing 100% of the FM by MBM significantly lowered FBW and SGR. Concerning whole body composition, there were no significant differences in ash and gross energy content of whole‐body among fish; fish fed diets containing PBM‐100% recorded significantly lower protein content compared with the control diet, while fish fed diet SBM‐100% recorded significantly lower moisture content compared with the control diet. Also fish fed diets SBM‐100% and PBM‐75% recorded higher lipid and gross energy contents compared with the control diet. The study revealed that satisfactory growth and feed utilization responses could be achieved through the replacement of FM by PBM, SBM and MBM in the diet of African catfish.     

Evaluation of rendered animal protein ingredients for replacement of fish meal in practical diets for gibel carp,Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch)

A 12‐week feeding trial was carried out in fibreglass tanks to examine partial replacement of fish meal (FM) with poultry by‐product meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and blood meal (BM) in practical diets for gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch). Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight 15.3 g fish^?1) were fed eight isonitrogenous (crude protein: 37.5%) and isolipidic diets (crude lipid: 7%). The control diet is the commercial diet of gibel carp, which used 18% of FM as the sole animal protein source. In the other seven diets (Diet 2–Diet 8), 17–83% of FM protein was substituted by a blend of PBM and BM or a blend of PBM, MBM and BM. The final body weight and thermal‐unit growth coefficient of fish fed the feeds in Diet 8 in which 83% of FM protein was replaced by the blend of 3% BM, 10% PBM and 5% MBM is significantly lower than Diet 1 (the control). The feed efficiency ratio in Diet 8 group is significantly lower than Diet 1, 2, 4 and 7 groups. The results of the present study indicated that a combination of PBM, BM and MBM can replace most of the FM protein and the FM level can be reduced to about 6% with satisfactory growth and feed utilization in practical diets for gibel carp.     

Evaluation of Meat and Bone Meal in Practical Diets Fed to Juvenile Hybrid Striped Bass Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis

Juvenile hybrid striped bass ( Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis ) were fed one of eight diets to evaluate meat and bone meal as a source of crude protein and essential amino acids. Diets contained either 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 or 45% meat and bone meal substituted for an isonitrogenous amount of soybean meal and fish meal. All diets were fed for 7 wk, followed by a 2-wk digestibility trial. Mean consumption, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected by addition of meat and bone meal into diets. Intraperitoneal and liver lipid concentrations were not significantly affected by meat and bone meal. Fillet proximate composition was not significantly different among treatments. Apparent crude protein, phosphorus, and amino acid availabilities were significantly lower in fish fed 45% meat and bone meal compared to fish fed 30% and lower concentrations and generally lower in fish fed greater than 30% meat and bone meal. Based on these data, it appears meat and bone meal can be used as the primary source of crude protein and essential amino acids in practical growout diets for hybrid striped bass, comprising as much as 45% of the diet. Nutrient availability values were lower in fish fed greater than 30% meat and bone meal and may restrict usage in some applications.     

Substituting fishmeal with extruded soybean meal in diets did not affect the growth performance,hepatic enzyme activities,but hypoxia tolerance of Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) juveniles

Extruded soybean meal (ESBM) showed increased digestibility of crude protein, amino acids and fat, better oil retention capacities, attenuated anti‐nutrient factor effects and improved its nutritive value compared with raw soybean meal, indicating a promising application prospects for ESBM in fish culture. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of substituting fishmeal with ESBM on growth performance, hepatic antioxidant capacity and the resistance to hypoxia stress on juvenile Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma). Five hundred and forty fish were randomly assigned to six groups fed with iso‐nitrogenous and iso‐energetic diets with ESBM for replacement of 0% (control), 10% (G1), 20% (G2), 30% (G3), 40% (G4) and 50% (G5) fishmeal. After an 81‐day feeding trial, groups fed ESBM substituted diets (G2 to G5) showed no significant differences in survival rates, final body weights, weight gain rates, feed conversion ratios, specific growth rates, hepatosomatic indexes and condition factors with the control group (G0), reflecting normal food intake and growth performance. The hepatic enzyme activities of total antioxidant capacity, catalase and superoxide dismutase were not affected by ESBM substituted diets, showing no harmful effects on ROS eliminating abilities. Hepatic HSP70 expression levels had increased 1.3 times for G5 group, reflecting a less tolerance to hypoxia for fish fed diets with high substituting level of ESBM. In conclusion, replacing, despite 50%, fishmeal with ESBM in diets had no detrimental effects on growth performance and hepatic enzyme activities, but lowering the hypoxia tolerance of juvenile Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma).     

紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及血液生化指标的影响

研究了紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代0%(S0)、10%(S10)、20%(S20)、30%(S30)、40%(S40)、50%(S50)的鱼粉蛋白对星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)幼鱼生长、体组成及血液生化指标的影响。实验幼鱼体质量(83.0±0.20)g。结果显示:1)当替代比例≤20%时,各组间星斑川鲽幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)、日摄食率(DFI)、饲料效率(FE)和蛋白质效率(PER)均无显著变化,高于此值时呈显著下降(P<0.05)。随饲料中紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉比例的升高,鱼体肥满度(CF)呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),而消化道指数(DTI)则呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05);各实验组干物质、蛋白质及脂肪表观消化率均呈直线下降趋势(P<0.05)。以星斑川鲽幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)为参考指标,采用折线回归分析得出,在本实验条件下,星斑川鲽幼鱼获得最佳生长时紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白的适宜比例为19.0%。2)紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉对星斑川鲽幼鱼肌肉水分、蛋白及粗灰分含量未产生显著性影响,肌肉脂肪含量仅S40组显著低于S0和S20组,其他各组间无显著差异;当替代比例小于20%时,肝脏水分呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),之后趋于平稳(P>0.05)。肝脏粗脂肪变化趋势与此相反。肝脏粗蛋白含量仅表现为S30、S50组显著高于S0组(P<0.05),其他各组无显著差异(P>0.05)。肝脏粗灰分含量不受饲料鱼粉替代比例的影响(P>0.05);全鱼水分呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),而粗脂肪含量呈显著下降(P<0.05)。S30组全鱼粗蛋白最高,S40组最低(P>0.05),除S30组外,其他各组均与S0组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。各组间全鱼粗灰分含量变化不显著(P>0.05)。3)当替代比例>20%时,星斑川鲽幼鱼血浆甘油三酯(TG)含量呈显著降低。各组间胆固醇(CHO)含量随紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白的添加呈直线下降趋势(P<0.05)。当替代比例≥20%时,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性有下降趋势(P<0.05)。当替代比例分别大于20%和40%时,谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著升高但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验鱼血浆溶菌酶(LSZ)活力随鱼粉替代比例的升高呈显著上升(P<0.05)。各实验组间血浆丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著差异,但均低于S0组(P<0.05),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性不受紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉比例的影响(P>0.05)。结论认为,在本实验条件下,星斑川鲽幼鱼获得最佳生长时紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白的适宜比例为19.0%。     

Utilization of soybean meal as an alternative protein source in the Mediterranean yellowtail, Seriola dumerili

The availability of defatted soybean meal as a substitute for fish meal was evaluated in juvenile (450 g on average) yellowtail fed diets containing several levels of soybean meal (from 20 to 50%). After 153 days, liveweight averages were 980, 925, 795 and 670 g for fish fed diets in which fish meal was partially substituted with 20, 30, 40 and 50% soybean meal, and feed conversion ratios were 2.79, 3.09, 4.57 and 6.52, respectively. Regression analysis showed a negative effect of inclusion of soybean, although fish fed diets containing 20% and 30% of soybean did not present statistical differences and grew significantly more, and had a better feed conversion ratio, than fish fed 40 or 50% diets. Likewise, muscle protein level was lower and lipid content was higher in fish fed 20 or 30% soybean. No differences were obtained for protein digestibility coefficients of experimental diets.     

Replacement of Fishmeal with a Blend of Poultry Byproduct Meal and Soybean Meal in Diets for Largemouth Bass,Micropterus salmoides

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fishmeal with poultry byproduct meal (PBM) and soybean meal in diets for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. A reference diet (C) contained 400 g/kg fishmeal, and 40 or 60% of the fishmeal was replaced with a blend of pet‐food‐grade PBM and soybean meal (diets PP1 and PP2) or a blend of feed‐grade PBM and soybean meal (diets PF1 and PF2). No significant differences were found in weight gain, nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), condition factor, and body composition among fish fed diets PP1, PP2, PF1, and PF2. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were higher in fish fed diet PF1 than in fish fed diet PP1. No significant differences were found in weight gain, NRE, condition factor, and body composition between fish fed diet C and diets PP1, PP2, PF1, and PF2. The feed intake and FCR were lower in fish fed diet C than in fish fed diets PP2, PF1, and PF2. This study reveals that dietary fishmeal level for largemouth bass could be reduced to 160 g/kg by inclusion of PBM and soybean meal in combination.     

Effects of replacing fish meal with soybean meal and peanut meal on growth,feed utilization and haemolymph indexes for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) and peanut meal (PM) on growth, feed utilization, body composition and haemolymph indexes of juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone. Five diets were formulated: a control diet (FM30) containing 30% fish meal and four other diets (FM20, FM15, FM10 and FM5) in which protein from fish meal was substituted by protein from SBM and PM. The dietary amino acids of diets FM20, FM15, FM10 and FM5 were equal to those of the diet FM30 by adding crystalline amino acids (lysine and methionine). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps (initial weight = 0.48 g), each three times daily. The results indicated that shrimp fed the diets FM15, FM10 and FM5 had poor growth performance and feed utilization compared with shrimp fed the control diet. No difference was observed in feed intake, survival and body composition among dietary treatments. The plasma total cholesterol level of shrimp and the digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy contained in the diets decreased significantly with increasing PM and SBM inclusion levels. Results of this study suggested that fish meal can be reduced from 300 to 200 g kg^?1 when replaced by a mixture of SBM and PM.     

Replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal in practical diets for the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamai (Boone)

The use of meat and bone meal (MBM) was evaluated as a replacement for fish meal in a practical diet formulated to contain 41% protein and 8% lipid. Anchovy meal was replaced by 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80% of MBM (diets 1–7) respectively. Healthy post larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei were reared in an indoor, semi‐closed recirculating system. Each dietary treatment was fed to triplicate groups of 40 shrimp per tank (260 L) arranged in a completely randomized design. The shrimp were hand‐fed to near‐satiation three times daily between 07:00 and 18:00 hours for 56 days. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performance among shrimp fed diets 1–6. However, shrimp fed diet 7 had significantly lower (P<0.05) growth than those fed diet 2 or diet 4. Survival ranged from 95% to 100% and did not significantly (P>0.05) differ. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass composition of the shrimp were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by dietary treatments. No significant differences (P>0.05) in protein efficiency ratio (PER) were found among shrimp fed diets 1‐6. However, shrimp fed diet 7 had significantly lower (P<0.05) PER than those fed diet 1 or diet 4. Results showed that up to 60% of fish meal protein can be replaced by MBM with no adverse effects on growth, survival, FCR, PER and body composition of L. vannamei.     

Evaluation of skate meal and sablefish viscera meal as fish meal replacement in diets for Pacific threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis)

The objectives of this study were to investigate the nutritional value of skate meal and sablefish viscera meal from Alaskan fishery processing and to ascertain their suitability as replacements for pollock fishmeal in diets for Pacific threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis). Test diets were made by replacing 50% or 100% protein from fish meal in the control diet with skate or sablefish viscera meal. The test diets and a commercial feed were each assigned to four tanks with eight juvenile fish (9.7 g) per tank in an indoor flow‐through culture system. After 6 weeks, Pacific threadfin fed skate meal‐50% and ‐100% substituted diets exhibited similar weight gains (374%; 369%) and feed conversion ratios (1.29; 1.27) as those fed the control diet (345%; 1.30 respectively) (P > 0.05). In contrast, Pacific threadfin fed the sablefish viscera meal‐50% substituted diet exhibited significantly lower weight gain (112%) than fish fed the control diets (P < 0.05). The fish fed the control diet and skate meal substituted diets also achieved significantly higher (P < 0.05) weight gain than those fed the commercial feed (288%). In conclusion, skate meal can fully replace the commercial fishmeal in a Pacific threadfin diet without adversely effecting growth performance.     

Comparative nutritional evaluation of raw, methanol extracted residues and methanol extracts of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves on growth performance and feed utilization in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

The suitability of raw and methanol‐extracted moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaf meal to replace 10%, 20% and 30% of the total fishmeal‐based dietary protein in tilapia feeds was tested. Ten isonitrogenous and isocalorific feeds (35% crude protein and 20 MJ kg^?1 gross energy), denoted as diets 1 (fishmeal‐based control), 2, 3, 4 (containing 13%, 27% and 40% raw moringa leaf meal), 5, 6, 7 (containing 11%, 22% and 33% methanol‐extracted moringa leaf meal), and 8, 9, 10 (containing methanol‐soluble extracts of the raw moringa leaf meal at the same level as would have been present in diets 2, 3, 4) were prepared. Forty tilapia (16.7±2.4 g), kept individually, were fed the experimental diets (four fish per treatment) at the rate of 15 g feed per kg metabolic body weight (kg^0.8) per day. A reduction in the growth performance was observed with an increasing level of raw moringa leaf meal (diets 2–4), whereas inclusion of methanol‐extracted leaf meal (diets 5–7) had no significant (P<0.05) effect on the growth performance compared with the control (diet 1). The growth performance of fish fed diets 8–10 containing methanol extracts of the moringa leaf meal were also similar to the control. The chemical composition values of the gained weight showed that lipid accretion decreased with increased inclusion of moringa leaves, and ash content increased. Dietary moringa methanol extracts reduced protein accretion, but had no effects on lipid and ash contents compared with the control. The inclusion of raw, methanol‐extracted residues and methanol extracts of the moringa leaf meal (diets 3 and 4, 5, 6 and 7, and 8 respectively) reduced the plasma cholesterol content significantly. Similarly, a significant reduction in muscle cholesterol was observed in fish fed the diets 4, 8, 9 and 10. It was concluded that the solvent‐extracted moringa leaf meal could replace about 30% of fishmeal from Nile tilapia diets.     

Effect of replacing fish meal with meat and bone meal on growth,feed utilization and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion for juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis

The effect of replacing fish meal (FM) with meat and bone meal (MBM) in diets for juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis was evaluated in a 90‐day feeding trial. Six isonitrogenous (crude protein, 430 g/kg) and isolipidic (crude lipid, 74 g/kg) diets were formulated to contain MBM to replace FM at 0 (S0), 200 (S20), 400 (S40), 600 (S60), 800 (S80) and 1000 g/kg (S100), respectively. The results showed that there was no significant difference in weight gain (WG) among fish fed S0, S20 and S40 diets. However, a significant reduction in WG occurred when 600, 800 and 1000 g/kg FM protein was replaced by MBM (p < .05). Similar trends were observed in specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein and dry matter of the diets S80 and S100 were significantly lower than those of the other diets. The ADC of phosphorus significantly reduced with the increase in dietary MBM level. Nitrogen and phosphorus excretion increased with the increasing dietary MBM level. Protease, lipase and amylase activities of the diets S80 and S100 were significantly lower than those of the other diets (p < .05). The results of this study showed that the optimum dietary MBM replacement level was 34.3% according to broken‐line model based on WG against dietary MBM replacement level.     

Effects of Animal Proteins in Practical Diets on Growth and Economic Performance of Climbing Perch,Anabas testudineus (Bloch)

A ten-week feeding trial was carried out to evaluate animal proteins, either alone or in combination (1:1:1), on the growth performances and economic benefit of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus. Four iso-proteinous (40%) diets were prepared, using fishmeal, protein concentrate, and meat and bone meal as major protein source in diets 1, 2 and 3, respectively, while diet 4 consisted of an equal proportion (1:1:1) of the above protein sources. Triplicate groups of fish (0.53 ± 0.02 g) were randomly stocked in 12 earthen ponds at a stocking density of 40,000 ha^?1. Fish fed diet 4 had significantly (P < 0.05) higher percent weight gain and SGR % per day^?1 compared to the fish fed diets 1, 2, or 3. Significantly higher apparent protein efficiency ratio (1.25) and lower apparent feed conversion ratio (2.00) were also observed in fish fed diet 4. Total yield (1,123 kg ha^?1) and net profit (Tk. 116,569 ha^?1) were also higher in fish fed diet 4. It can be concluded that the combination of fishmeal, protein concentrate, and meat and bone meal is more effective for climbing perch than any of the three protein sources alone.     

发酵豆粕、肉骨粉及其混合物替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长、血清生化指标和肠道组织学的影响

为探究2种蛋白源单一和混合替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道组织学的影响,实验用发酵豆粕(FSM)、肉骨粉(MBM)和发酵豆粕+肉骨粉(FSM+MBM)混合物(1∶1)等蛋白替代基础饲料(FM,含鱼粉350 g/kg)中150 g/kg的鱼粉,使鱼粉含量降为200 g/kg,共配制成4种等氮等脂的实验饲料,记为FM (对照组)、FSM、MBM和FSM+MBM组,投喂初始体质量为(21.2±0.1) g的大口黑鲈8周。结果显示,与对照组相比,各替代组的增重率均无显著差异,但FSM组的增重率显著低于FSM+MBM组。此外,FSM组的饲料系数较对照组和MBM组显著升高。各组在全鱼成分(水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分)和干物质消化率、蛋白质消化率以及蛋白质沉积率上无显著差异,而FSM组的蛋白质效率和脂肪沉积率显著低于对照组。此外,FSM组的血清谷草转氨酶显著增加,而血清总抗氧化能力以及超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶活性显著降低。在前肠形态学方面,各替代组的绒毛宽度均显著低于对照组,FSM组的绒毛高度、肌层厚度以及绒毛周长显著高于对照组。以上结果表明,在鱼粉含量为350 g/kg的饲料中,MB...