苹果在不同货架条件下的生理及品质变化

试验测定了不同方式贮藏后的红星、金冠、国光苹果在不同货架条件下呼吸强度、果肉硬度、失水率等指标的变化，并对保持货架品质的简易方法进行了研究。结果表明，贮藏方式对果实呼吸代谢的抑制在货架期间仍有后效作用；果实出库时的品质是决定能否保持良好货架品质的关键；在20℃的货架条件下，采用2．5或5kg容量的塑料薄膜小包装，对保持红星、金冠、国光苹果的果肉硬度及防止失水有良好作用。     

苹果品种对苹果绵蚜的抗性测定

采用石蜡切片法系统观察了苹果绵蚜侵染苹果枝条形成肿瘤的显微结构,发现枝条肿瘤部位的木质部增生和膨大,产生非功能性木质部,导管受到破坏,枝条的水分和营养传输受阻。通过对红富士、金帅、昭锦108三个品种接种苹果绵蚜的定殖率和种群增长动态情况与肿瘤的导管完整率进行比较,发现此3个苹果品种的肿瘤导管完整率存在差异(F=11.03,P0.05)。富士和金帅品种上的苹果绵蚜种群发展迅速,抗性低,品种昭锦108上苹果绵蚜种群发展缓慢,具有较高的抗性。这与品种肿瘤导管完整率有一定的相关性,抗性低的富士和金帅肿瘤导管完整率较低,而抗性高的昭锦108枝条肿瘤导管完整率较高。因此,推断肿瘤的导管完整率能反映品种的抗性程度,可以为抗性品种的筛选提供参考依据。     

金帅和嘎啦苹果~(60)Co-γ辐射诱变效应的初步研究

以金帅和嘎啦苹果1年生枝条为试材,采用60Co-γ射线以不同剂量对其进行辐射,结果表明:随着辐射剂量的升高,其嫁接成活率呈下降趋势;金帅和嘎啦的适宜辐照剂量均为40～80 Gy,在此辐射剂量范围内,果树的枝条变短、叶型变窄,二叉枝和多叉枝数量显著增加。     

苹果果实中糖、酸和花青苷的组分及含量特征分析

以‘新红星’、‘粉红女士’、‘澳洲青萍’和‘金冠’为材料,运用高效液相色谱法测定成熟期不同色泽类型果实中糖、酸和花青苷组分及含量,分析不同色泽类型苹果果实中可溶性糖、有机酸和花青苷组成及含量差异。成熟期苹果果实的可溶性糖主要由果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、二磷酸尿甘半乳糖（UDP-半乳糖）和山梨醇组成,其中果糖含量最高,其次为蔗糖和葡萄糖;不同品种的果糖百分含量相对稳定,蔗糖和葡萄糖含量变化较大,其所占百分比变异系数分别为32.03%和35.46%;4个苹果品种的果实中,苹果酸含量最高,平均为85.58%,柠檬酸的含量次之,为9.89%,所占百分比变异系数为90.52%,乙酸的含量较低;苹果果皮中含量最多的花青苷为cy-3-gal,占95.36%~98.73%;其次为cy-3-ara,占比2.58%,但所占百分比变异系数高达58.53%;cy-3-gul含量最低,仅在红色品种‘新红星’和‘粉红女士’中被检测到。由此,黄色品种‘金冠’属于高果糖类型,绿色品种‘澳洲青苹’属于低果糖类型;4个苹果品种积累较多的糖分是果糖和蔗糖,属于果糖/蔗糖积累型;蔗糖、葡萄糖、柠檬酸和cy-3-ara可作为区分4个品种差异的指标。     

灰色系统理论在苹果树水势与生态因子日变化中的应用研究

应用灰色系统方法在露地条件下对不同嫁接组合红星和金冠苹果树枝条、叶片、果实水势与环境因子的日变化关系分析表明：影响苹果树枝条、叶片、果实水势日变化的生态因子中，相对湿度、温度辐射照度是主要影响因子，且相对湿度和温度对苹果树水势的作用相对高于辐射照度；不同嫁接组合苹果树各器官水势日变化趋势一致，但其变化幅度不同。     

苹果混杂品种多头改接技术研究

1996年春，在偃师市对国光、秦冠、金冠、乔化富士等低效品种树多头改接为元帅系短枝型品种花矮红、矮鲜、阿斯及早熟品种藤牧一号共7．5hm2。分析研究了在良好的综合管理条件下，不同接穗品种，不同砧树、不同保湿方式对成活率和新梢生长量的影响。     

金冠苹果杂交果实可溶性固形物含量的遗传特性研究

为分析金冠苹果果实可溶性固形物含量的遗传规律,2007～2010年以金冠为亲本3个组合（红玉×金冠、金冠×红玉、金冠X津轻）杂种实生树和金冠自然实生树共计2863株为试材,对其F,代果实的可溶性固形物含量进行了测定,并分析了果实可溶性固形物含量的遗传特性。结果表明：果实可溶性固形物含量是受多基因控制的数量性状,其中,金冠作为母本时杂种后代果实的可溶性固形物含量变异幅度较小（10％～21％）;金冠果实可溶性固形物含量的遗传传递力为110．4％～112．6％,杂种后代果实可溶性固形物含量具有明显增加的趋势．有利于选育出可溶性固形物含量高的苹果种盾．     

Bruise detection on ‘Golden Delicious’ apples by vis/NIR spectroscopy

Visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra were used to distinguish the bruises from the intact surfaces on ‘Golden Delicious’ apples. Reflectance spectra of apples were acquired for both bruised and intact surfaces within the range of 400–1700 nm. The effective wavebands for detecting bruises were determined by analysis of the correlelogram. The wavebands around 545 and 1200 nm clearly show the time evolution of the bruised tissue. The mean-normalized reflectance difference between wavebands centred at 745 and 905 nm was also an effective discriminator for detecting old bruises. Afterwards, a quadratic discrimination analysis was performed based on the selected discriminators. The total classification error for the 1-day-old bruises was about 16.3%. A more extensive study was carried out to determine the effects of storage time on classification performance. The detection error was decreased with the elapse of storage time after bruising. However, it was difficult to remove the time influence on the classification accuracy if only depending on the intensity value of reflectance.     

不同苹果品种自交不亲和强度的研究

[目的]研究不同苹果品种的自交不亲和强度。[方法]通过田间授粉和花柱半离体培养方法对8个苹果品种进行试验,分析不同苹果品种自交不亲和强度。[结果]早红香苹果自花授粉花序坐果率为90.17%,确定为自交亲和品种,嘎拉、夏光、红奥、桑萨、金冠、富士和斗南自花授粉花序坐果率均在30%以下,为自交不亲和品种。不同授粉组合花柱半离体试验表明,早红香苹果为自交不亲和强度弱的品种,金冠、富士和斗南3个品种为自交不亲和强度强的品种,与田间授粉试验结果一致。[结论]苹果多数品种为自交不亲和品种,需要合理配制授粉树以满足生产中对产量的要求。     

不同品种苹果中的多酚含量及其抗氧化活性研究

[目的]通过对比不同品种苹果的多酚含量及其抗氧化活性,从而选择品质优良的苹果品种指导生产和消费。[方法]采用Folin-Ciocalteu法、DPPH法、水杨酸法及邻苯三酚自氧化法测定了4种进口苹果和2种国产苹果果皮和果肉的多酚含量及其抗氧化活性。[结果]抗氧化活性较高的为青蛇果、姬娜苹果和红玫瑰苹果,三者均为进口苹果;苹果果肉抗氧化活性均大于果皮;苹果果肉的品质决定了苹果的品质;多酚的组成相对其含量对抗氧化活性有较大影响。[结论]进口苹果相比国产苹果品质较优,苹果去皮食用对其抗氧化功能影响不显著。     

花粉直感效应对富士套袋苹果中挥发性成分的影响

以烟富3富士苹果为试验材料,研究比较了在2个试验地点采,采用5个品种授粉的花粉直感效应对富士苹果套袋果实挥发性成分的影响,以期为筛选适宜的授粉品种并为提升套袋富士风味品质提供参考.结果表明,5个授粉品种对富士套袋果实挥发性成分存在显著的花粉直感效应,在2个试验点的富士果实挥发性成分和特征香气成分数量均以金冠授粉较多,以嘎拉授粉较少,新红星、锦绣海棠和红宝石授粉在两地间存在差异,主要由于有12种成分仅在部分样品中检测到,这些差异成分含量均较低,除2-甲基丁酸乙酯,其他成分对果实香味没有影响;新红星、红宝石对提高醇类含量有显著地促进作用,金冠、新红星和嘎拉对提高醛类含量有显著地促进作用,而金冠、新红星和红宝石对于酯类和萜烯类成分含量的提高作用更显著;采用锦绣海棠授粉时,果实4类挥发性成分含量均较低;授粉品种在不同地点对套袋富士果实挥发性成分的花粉直感效应相对稳定.     

Model fusion for prediction of apple firmness using hyperspectral scattering image

Hyperspectral scattering image is an advanced technology widely used in non-destructive measurement of fruit quality. To develop a better prediction model for apple firmness, the present study investigates a model fusion method coupled with wavelength selection algorithms. The current paper first discusses two wavelength selection algorithms, namely, uninformative variable elimination (UVE) and supervised affinity propagation (SAP). The selected effective wavelengths are then set as input to the partial least square (PLS) model. Six hundred “Golden Delicious” apples were analyzed. The first 450 apples were used as sample for the calibration model, whereas the remaining 150 were used for the prediction model. Compared with full wavelengths, the number of effective wavelengths based on the UVE and SAP algorithms decreased to 34% and 35%, but the correlation coefficient of prediction (Rp) increased from 0.791 to 0.805 and 0.814, whereas the root mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) decreased from 6.00 to 5.73 and 5.71 N, respectively. A fusion model was then developed using UVE-PLS and SAP-PLS models coupled with backpropagation neural network. A better prediction accuracy was achieved from the fusion model (Rp = 0.828 and RMSEP = 5.53 N). The model fusion provides an effective modeling method for apple firmness prediction using hyperspectral scattering image technique.     

Integrating multispectral reflectance and fluorescence imaging for defect detection on apples

This research investigated multispectral imaging to detect various defects on apples. An integrated approach using multispectral imaging in reflectance and fluorescence modes was used to acquire images of three varieties of apples. Eighteen images from a combination of filters ranging from the visible region through the NIR region and from three different imaging modes (reflectance, visible light induced fluorescence, and UV induced fluorescence) were acquired for each apple as a basis for pixel-level classification into normal or disorder tissue. Artificial neural network classification models were developed for two classification schemes, a two-class and a multiple-class. In the two-class scheme, pixels were categorized into normal or disordered tissue, whereas in the multiple-class scheme, pixels were categorized into normal, bitter pit, black rot, decay, soft scald, and superficial scald tissues. A 10-fold cross validation technique was used to assess the performance of the neural network models. The integrated imaging model of reflectance and fluorescence was effective on Honeycrisp variety, whereas single imaging models of reflectance or fluorescence was effective on Redcort and Red Delicious. The technique is promising for accurate recognition of different types of disorder on apple.     

矮化砧苹果树叶片构造及光合作用的研究

通过嫁接在苹果Ｍ系矮化砧（包括半矮化砧）和Ｓ２０（ＭａｌｕｓｈｏｎａｎｅｓｉｓＲｅｈｄｅｒ）砧木的７年生金冠和红星苹果树叶片构造及净光合速率和产量的研究表明，随着砧木对品种矮化作用增强，叶片栅栏组织增厚。各种矮化砧苹果树叶片净光合速率明显高于实生山定子（ＭａｌｕｓｂａｃｃａｔａＢｏｒｋｈ．）砧苹果树的净光合率。不同砧木的金冠和红星果树叶片净光合率与栅栏组织厚度显著相关（ｒ＿（０．０５）＝０．６７３，ｒ＿（０．０５）＝０．６９０），金冠和红星果实产量与叶片栅栏组织厚度显著相关（ｒ＿（０．０５）＝０．６７６，ｒ＿（０．０５）＝０．７１１）。金冠和红星苹果产量分别与其叶片栅栏组织厚度及净光合速率之间有显著的复相关（Ｒ＿（产．栅净）＝０．８０６，Ｒ＿（产．栅净）＝０．８８１）。     

夏季苹果新梢生理指标与抗苹果绵蚜的关系

研究苹果生理指标与其对苹果绵蚜 (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann) 抗性的关系,为筛选培育抗性品种,实现持续有效治理苹果绵蚜提供依据。田间调查不同苹果品种对苹果绵蚜的抗性,测定比较各品种正常枝条生理指标,以及被苹果绵蚜危害后生理指标的变化。结果表明,正常枝条中可溶性糖(r=0.99)、蛋白质(r=0.86)含量与感蚜率呈正相关;氨基酸含量与感蚜率呈负相关(r=-0.96);酚类物质和4种酶活性与苹果感蚜率均不存在明显相关性。被害后昭锦108可溶性糖含量有所下降,红富士、金冠分别上升1.4%、7.0%;蛋白质、氨基酸、酚类物质含量均有所下降,其中红富士总酚含量明显下降,达23.5%,总酚下降率与感蚜率呈正相关(r=0.94);超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)活性均上升,其中CAT变化率与感蚜率存在相关性 (r=-0.92),昭锦108 CAT活性明显上升,达91.2%;多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol Oxidase, PPO)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase, POD)活性增减不一;金冠4种酶活性均上升。研究表明,对苹果绵蚜抗性较强的品种:可溶性糖、蛋白质含量较低,游离氨基酸含量较高;受害后可溶性糖含量下降,总酚含量下降率较低,游离氨基酸含量下降率较高。酶活性对抗蚜性的影响不明显。     

苹果园草履蚧分布规律研究

分别在无公害苹果园和常规管理苹果园,调查了草履蚧的发生数量.结果表明:无公害苹果园草履蚧仅零星发生;而常规果园却大量发生,草履蚧的发生数量表现为金冠品种多于红星和富士品种,同一品种弱树多于壮树.     

不同生境下苹果腐烂病发生现状调查研究

调查了四川盐源、茂县和西藏林芝、昌都4个苹果产区腐烂病的发生情况,分析了苹果腐烂病发生程度与树龄、品种、立地条件、季节及气候因子的关系。结果表明,随树龄增加,腐烂病发生严重;金冠品种对腐烂病的抵抗力最差,红将军对腐烂病的抗性较强;土壤越黏重,植株根系生长发育不良,容易发生腐烂病;阳坡较阴坡更易发病;四川盐源与西藏林芝2个地区腐烂病发生程度较其他地方严重,且在苹果年生长周期中,腐烂病存在2个发生高峰。     

模糊隶属法在苹果抗旱性综合评价中的应用

在干旱条件下,苹果抗旱系数与叶片相对含水量、离体24小时保水力、比叶重、叶片水势、光合速率呈正相关;与叶片水分饱和亏呈负相关。采用模糊隶属法对红星/山定子、国光/山定子、金冠/山定子、秦冠/山定子、红富士/山定子5个品种的6种抗旱生理生态性状作了综合评价,以平均抗旱隶属值为依据对品种抗旱性强弱进行排序。此法简便有效,准确性高。     

昆明市西山区苹果果实品质分析

连续3年对昆明市西山区大河果园乔纳金、金冠、红富士3个苹果品种的果实品质进行了分析,结果表明,3个品种的苹果成熟先后顺序是乔纳金、金冠、红富士;红富士品种的平均单果重较其他两个品种大,各品种的果形指教均达0.825以上,大、中型果所占比例均在75.00%以上,成熟度达8.0以上时,糖酸比均在40以上.红富士苹果的果实硬度在9.0 kg·cm-2左右,维生素C含量为5.67～8.65 nag·100g-1,钾/钙的比值低于30.     

Overexpression of the apple expansin-like gene MdEXLB1 accelerates the softening of fruit texture in tomato

Fruit firmness is an important quality trait of apple fruit texture, and the pre-harvest ripening period is the key period for the formation of apple fruit texture. Expansin is a cell wall loosing protein family that has four subfamilies: α-expansin (EXPA), β-expansin (EXPB), expansin-like A (EXLA), and expansin-like B (EXLB). In this study, we investigated the key period of pre-harvest texture formation in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples based on fruit longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, firmness, tissue structure, respiration intensity, ethylene release rate, and expansin activity. Within the 10 days before harvest, the fruit was found to reach maturity. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed that most of the expansins were expressed at the ripening stage before harvest. The biological function of the EXLB subfamily gene, MdEXLB1, was further identified, and its subcellular localization on the cell wall was confirmed by transient transformation experiments. Compared with the wild type (WT), the transgenic tomato lines overexpressing MdEXLB1 had lower plant height, earlier fruiting period, fewer days for fruit ripening, higher fruit maturity, lower fruit firmness, higher fruit expansin activity, more discrete flesh cell structure, and accelerated fruit ripening process. Overall, this is the first study to propose that the apple EXLB subfamily gene, MdEXLB1, has biological functions and plays an important role in promoting fruit ripening and softening.