施肥对海伦市连作大豆产量的影响

试验针对海伦大豆长期连作,重迎茬现象严重,盲目施肥的现象,比较了不同矿质肥料与平衡施肥对连作大豆产量的影响。试验结果表明:与平衡施肥相比较,不施钾肥、氮肥和锌肥分别减产54.6%、13.4%和8.4%,不施硫肥和磷肥分别减产4.7%和3.9%,不施肥(CK0)减产28.6%,农民习惯施肥(FP)减产14.4%。     

玉米平衡施肥对产量、养分平衡系数及肥料利用率的影响

在黑龙江省玉米主产区采用多点田间试验方法研究玉米平衡施肥对产量、养分平衡系数、肥料利用率及农学效率的影响。结果表明,与最佳处理(OPT)相比,3个试验点不施氮、磷、钾、硫、锌、硼肥处理的平均减产率分别为23.9%、9.0%、11.9%、7.0%、7.6%、5.5%。3个试验点OPT处理氮、磷、钾的平均平衡系数分别为0.92、1.06和0.42,说明,150～165 kg/hm2氮素投入、55～82.5 kg/hm2磷素投入略低,养分平衡处于亏缺状态,75 kg/hm2钾素投入过低,养分平衡处于严重亏缺状态。3个试验点OPT处理氮、磷、钾肥平均利用率分别为36.2%、27.3%、46.7%;不施氮肥处理磷肥平均利用率为0.9%;不施磷肥处理氮、钾肥平均利用率分别为20.7%和27.6%;不施钾肥处理氮、磷肥平均利用率分别为23.1%和13.1%,可见,平衡施肥提高了肥料利用率。3个试验点OPT处理氮、磷、钾的农学效率分别为14.1、13.6和15.5 kg/kg。     

平衡施肥对松嫩平原黑土区大豆产量效益的影响

根据土壤养分状况,设定最佳(OPT)施肥处理,并在此基础上做减素处理、喷施叶面肥、加种衣剂等,研究了平衡施肥对黑龙江省松嫩平原黑土区大豆生长发育、产量效益的影响.结果表明:平衡施肥对海伦、庆安和依安大豆生长发育、产量和效益有明显的正效应.海伦、庆安和依安3个地区推荐施肥分别比农民习惯施肥增产7.4%、7.6%和9.5%,增效476、1089和836元·hm-2.OPT+叶面肥处理有助于大豆产量的提高,而OPT+种衣剂处理未表现出显著增产效果.钾是黑土区限制大豆产量的主要土壤养分因子,其次是磷和氮.从肥料农学效率看,大豆增产肥料贡献率表现为氮肥>钾肥>磷肥.松嫩平原黑土区大豆生产农民习惯施肥中磷肥用量偏高,而钾肥用量不足,微肥重视程度不够.     

平衡施肥对大豆产量及土壤-作物系统养分收支平衡的影响

以合理利用黑龙江省土壤养分资源,避免肥料浪费,达到大豆高产、优质和高效为目的,根据李比希最小养分率原理,设计了最佳处理,并在最佳处理的基础上做减素处理,以田间小区试验方法研究了黑龙江省大豆主产区平衡施肥条件下,大豆产量、各生育期养分吸收规律以及土壤-作物系统中氮磷钾三要素投入-产出平衡状况.结果表明:平衡施肥对海伦、宝清、克山大豆产量有明显的正效应,且有利于大豆植株对养分的吸收利用,开花期～结荚期以及鼓粒期～成熟期是大豆养分需求的关键时期.黑龙江省大豆主产区施N 52.5 kg·hm-2不足;施P2O575 k·hm-2过高;施K:0.60 kg·hm-2中部和西部地区不足,东部地区基本能满足大豆高产对钾的需要.三地区氮肥利用率分别为37.8%、39.8%和39.3%;磷肥利用率分别为16.8%、19.7%和18.6%;钾肥利用率分别为43.5%、40.5%和25.3%.可见,黑龙江省大豆主产区大豆生产氮钾肥用量还有提高的空间,磷肥用量过高.     

施肥对番木瓜植株叶柄养分含量的影响

采用L18(37)正交设计,探讨氮、磷、钾、镁、硼肥配施对EksokaⅡ品种番木瓜(Carica papaya Linnaeus)植株叶柄养分含量的影响.结果表明:施氮肥对植株叶柄含氮量的影响最大,其次为施磷、钾和硼肥.施镁肥则影响最小;施氮肥能明显提高叶柄中的含氮量,但当施氮量达35g/株·次时,效果不显著;施磷、钾肥有降低叶柄中含氮量的趋势.施磷肥对植株叶柄含磷量的影响最大,其次为施镁和钾肥,施硼和氮肥的影响最小,磷肥、硼肥施用量与叶柄中含磷量之间无明显的变化规律.施钾和镁肥对植株叶柄含钾量的影响最大.其次为施磷肥,施氮肥和硼肥的影响最小;在施钾肥25～45g/株·次的范围内,能显著提高植株叶柄中的含钾量.施氮和钾肥对植株叶柄含镁量的影响最大,其次为施镁肥和磷肥,施硼肥的影响最小;施氮肥能提高叶柄中的含镁量,但当施氮量达35g/株·次时,增量已不显著;施钾肥有降低叶柄含镁量的趋势,当施肥量达45 g/株·次时,叶柄中的含镁量显著下降.施镁肥对植株叶柄含硼量的影响最大,其次为施磷肥,施氮肥、硼肥和钾肥的影响最小:施磷肥15、25 g/株·次时,叶柄中的含硼量相同,但当施用量达35g/株·次时,叶柄中的含硼量则显著上升.镁肥施用量不宜过大,当施用量≥0.53g/株·次时,会造成叶柄中的氮、磷、钾、镁、硼含量下降.     

克山县大豆施肥技术研究

本试验针对克山县大豆盲目施肥严重的现象,研究不同施肥量配比对大豆产量和效益的影响。结果表明：配方施肥对克山县黑土大豆生长发育和产量有明显的促进作用,与习惯施肥相比较,配方施肥（OPT）增产14．1％;不施氮肥减产14．2％;不施磷肥减产8．8％;不施肥（CK0）减产11．8％。     

陕南秦巴山区油菜施肥现状评价

在陕南秦巴山区测土配方施肥项目(2006—2009年)11个县2 576户调查数据基础上,对该地区油菜施肥现状及农户养分资源投入进行了系统分析和评价。结果表明,陕南秦巴山区油菜平均产量为 2 355kg/hm2,产量中等的农户占60.68%。总氮（N）、磷（P2O5）、钾（K2O）养分投入量分别为179、80、54kg/hm2,其中化肥氮（N）、磷（P2O5）、钾（K2O）养分投入量分别为145、62、34kg/hm2。整体化肥氮磷钾施用量与产量都有显著的相关性,且各养分投入均表现出报酬递减趋势。根据养分分级等级,农户化肥氮磷钾肥投入合理比例分别为38.55%、27.60%和25.89%,过量的比例分别为15.22%、26.24%和10.33%,不足比例分别为46.23%、46.16%和63.78%。将化肥养分投入不足的农户施肥量增加到合理水平,陕南秦巴山区油菜可增产5.61万吨。另外,施用有机肥和硼肥的农户比例分别只有45.26%和41.73%;施用硼肥平均增产101kg/hm2,说明通过合理施肥,该区油菜产量仍有较大增产潜力。该区域油菜施肥存在的问题是：氮肥和磷肥投入过量和不足并存,钾肥、硼肥和有机肥投入不足比较普遍。今后该区域油菜施肥的重点是平衡氮肥和磷肥用量;增加钾肥、硼肥和有机肥用量;增加追肥的施用,尤其是钾肥。       

平衡施肥对春玉米产量及养分吸收的影响

在吉林省玉米主产区采用田间试验研究平衡施肥对玉米产量、养分吸收利用和土壤养分表观平衡的影响。结果表明,与农民习惯施肥（FP）相比,平衡施肥（OPT）在减施氮肥17.0%～37.7%、减施磷肥39.2%～48.7%的情况下,玉米产量提高2.3%～3.1%。OPT处理的养分吸收总量和肥料利用效率有不同程度的提高,其中氮吸收量提高12.3～25.4 kg/hm²,磷吸收量提高0.8～2.9 kg/hm²,钾吸收量提高2.8～4.5 kg/hm²,肥料利用效率提高13.7～19.6个百分点。平衡施肥处理的氮、磷、钾养分平衡系数分别为0.92～1.11、0.83～0.96、0.67～0.77,均好于农民习惯施肥,说明平衡施肥的氮、磷、钾等养分投入基本合理。     

施用锌肥和石灰对双季稻生理特性及氮肥利用率的影响

为探究锌肥和石灰对双季稻生理特性及氮肥利用率的影响，在南方典型双季稻种植区进行2 a试验，综合评价在有机肥、无机肥配施（30%有机肥+70%无机肥）条件下施用锌肥和石灰对双季稻生理特性及氮肥利用率的影响，以期为提高水稻产量和科学施肥提供理论依据。设置T1(30%有机肥+70%无机肥)、T2（锌肥+30%有机肥+70%无机肥）、T3（石灰+30%有机肥+70%无机肥）、T4（锌肥+石灰+30%有机肥+70%无机肥）4种施肥模式，另外设置T5（不施氮肥只施磷肥和钾肥），用于计算氮肥利用率，测定LAI、剑叶SPAD值、植株氮积累量、产量，计算氮素农学利用率和氮素偏生产力。结果表明，与T1处理相比，施用锌肥能提高水稻剑叶的SPAD值和孕穗期LAI，有利于各生育时期的氮素积累和孕穗—完熟期的氮素积累，还可提高氮素农学利用率和氮素偏生产力。连年施用石灰则会降低LAI、氮素农学利用率和氮素偏生产力。2017年早、晚稻以T4处理的产量最高；2018年早、晚稻以T2处理的产量最高。综合考虑水稻产量、LAI、氮素积累量和氮素利用率，各处理中以T2处理（锌肥+30%有机肥+70%无机肥）表现最佳。     

赣北植棉区冲积洲地棉花两种施肥方式下的肥料利用率

为了摸清赣北植棉区冲积洲地棉花常规施肥与配方施肥两种施肥方式下的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的利用效率。通过田间大区对比试验取样检测植株中和土壤中的氮、磷、钾养分含量测算肥料利用率。结果表明:常规施肥方式下的氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的当季利用率分别为23.47%、10.68%和27.45%,测土配方施肥方式下的氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的当季利用率分别为41.26%、12.08%和31.4%,棉花测土配方施肥比常规施肥的氮肥、磷肥和钾肥当季利用率均提高明显。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。