基于DNDC模型青海西宁地区春小麦施氮量研究

为缓解农田盈余氮肥淋溶对地下水污染,保证小麦高产和氮肥农学效率条件下寻求适宜的施氮量。结合青海省西宁地区2年试验数据对DNDC模型校准与验证,用2020年的数据对模型进行校准,2021年的数据对模型进行验证,先评估小麦产量和硝酸盐淋溶量对灌水量、灌水次数、耕作深度、施氮量、施肥次数的敏感性,探索不同施氮量下小麦产量、农田硝酸盐淋溶量以及氮肥利用效率。结果表明:(1)DNDC模型可以较好地模拟小麦产量和硝态氮淋溶量,小麦产量和硝态氮淋溶量归一化均方根误差分别为0.16～0.28和0.18～0.26,均方根误差的标准偏差比分别为0.55～0.68和0.48～0.57,决定系数均大于0.80;(2)小麦产量和硝态氮的淋溶对施氮量最为敏感,敏感性指数(SI)分别为0.753和1.946,硝态氮淋溶对施肥次数与灌溉次数的敏感性较小,SI分别为-0.360和0.152。灌溉量(SI=-0.007,SI=0.085)和耕作深度(SI=0.013,SI=0.078)对小麦产量和硝态氮淋溶量几乎没有影响;(3)基于春小麦高产,氮肥农学效率以及地下水安全考虑,青海省西宁地区小麦最佳施氮量范围为160.73～176.83kg/hm²。以上结果为青海省高原农区绿色生产提供理论基础。     

盐渍化灌区玉米施氮量阈值DNDC模型模拟

为了寻求保障农业生产和环境友好的适宜施氮量,该研究利用内蒙古河套灌区2 a田间试验数据对脱氮-分解作用模型(Denitrification-Decomposition Model,DNDC)进行了率定与验证,模拟并研究了影响硝态氮淋失量和植株吸氮量的关键因素,以及玉米施氮量阈值.结果表明:1)DNDC模型可以较好地模拟...     

确定经济合理施氮量的新方法:基于施氮量与稻米产量效应函数

  【目的】  探究实现水稻高产、优质和氮肥高效的密度与施氮量协同组合。  【方法】  于2018—2019年,在黑龙江省五常市龙凤山乡辉煌村进行田间试验。采用裂区试验方法,以‘五优稻4号’为供试品种。以密度为主区,设置15穴/m2 (D1)和24穴/m2 (D2);以施氮量为副区,设施氮(N）量为0、75、105、135 kg/hm2 4个水平,分别表示为N0、N75、N105、N135处理。在水稻成熟期,测定了植株地上部干物重、稻谷产量、精米产量、精米率、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量、食味值等指标;比较了稻谷产量与精米产量确定的施氮量差异。  【结果】  在D1、D2两个密度下,随着施氮量的增加,稻谷产量、地上部干物重、精米产量都呈先升高后降低的趋势,均在N105达到最大值。除D1密度下N105处理的稻谷产量与N135处理差异不显著外,其余均显著高于其他处理,而N135处理的稻谷产量与N75处理无显著差异,但2018年地上部干物重却显著高于N75处理。随着施氮量的提高,精米蛋白质含量呈现增加趋势,精米率和食味值却呈降低趋势。与N0相比,N135处理精米蛋白质含量平均提高了7.58%,精米率和食味值分别平均降低了8.81%和10.24%。N105处理的氮素回收率显著高于N75和N135处理,农学效率、氮肥生理利用率和偏生产力均显著高于N135处理。D2密度下精米蛋白质含量低于D1密度处理,而精米率和食味品质高于D1密度处理,D2密度下的稻谷产量、氮积累量和精米产量均高于D1密度处理,氮积累量和氮肥偏生产力比D1处理平均提高了40.35%和 40.31%,两个密度间氮肥回收率、农学效率和氮肥生理利用率无明显差异。农户直接出售优质米使经济效益提高了7428元/hm2,D2密度使经济效益额外增加了4229元/hm2。施氮量与稻谷产量、精米产量均呈二次曲线关系,依据施氮量与稻谷产量效应函数,确定经济最佳施氮量为96.4～123.7 kg/hm2;依据施氮量与精米产量效应函数,确定的适宜施氮量为76.2～105.9 kg/hm2。  【结论】  适度密植(24穴/m2)有利于稻谷产量、氮素吸收量的提高,而不影响食味值和精米率。在本试验水稻适宜密植条件下,基于施氮量和精米产量效应函数确定的适宜施氮量为76.2～105.9 kg/hm2,该施氮量的确定方法有利于协同实现稻米高产优质和氮肥减施增效。     

不同施氮量对水稻氮素吸收与分配的影响

运用15N示踪法研究了不同施氮量对两个品种水稻（4007和武运粳15）干物质积累量与其对15N吸收及分配的影响。结果表明,当施氮量超过N 150 kg/hm2时, 两个品种水稻子粒产量均不再显著增加。4007在4个施氮量下(N 100,150,200和 250 kg/hm2)分别比无氮区增产22.3%,36.9%,43.2%和38.1%;武运粳15分别增产10.6%,18.8%,27.1%和21.5%。同一施氮量下,4007子粒中15N累积量显著高于武运粳15,但茎叶和根中没有差异。增加施氮量降低了15N在水稻子粒中的分配比例,但提高了茎叶中15N的分配比例。15N在根中的分配比例不受施氮量和品种的影响。研究结果还表明,同一施氮量下,4007对肥料氮的总体利用率要比武运粳15高3～6个百分点。     

施氮对水稻产量、氮素利用及土壤无机氮积累的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同施氮量(0、60、120、180和240 kg hm~(-2))对水稻氮肥利用、产量、土壤氮素供应及氮素平衡的影响,结果表明,水稻产量随施氮量的增加呈先增后降的趋势,当施氮量超过180 kg hm~(-2)后产量下降,根据水稻产量(y)和施氮量(x)拟合,得出最佳施氮量为204 kg hm~(-2)。施用氮肥可显著增加水稻氮吸收总量,并随施氮量的增加显著增加,当施氮量超过180 kg hm~(-2)后,氮吸收总量不再显著增加。氮肥当季回收率、农学利用率、偏生产力和生理利用率均随施氮量的增加而下降,分别由44.0%、25.5 kg kg~(-1)、145.6 kg kg~(-1)和58.1 kg kg~(-1)下降至31.1%、13.6 kg kg~(-1)、43.6 kg kg~(-1)和43.7 kg kg~(-1)。氮收获指数表现为随施氮量的增加先增后降,以施氮量180 kg hm~(-2)处理最高,为68.7%。土壤无机氮(Nmin)含量在水稻整个生育期呈现先快速下降后缓慢升高的趋势,施氮处理各层土壤Nmin积累量与不施氮处理差异均达显著水平(P0.05),且基本随着施氮量的增加而增加。水稻成熟期土壤残留Nmin量和表观损失均随施氮量的增加而增加。氮盈余主要以土壤Nmin残留量为主,表观损失在氮盈余比例较小,但随着施氮量的增加显著增加。水稻氮吸收量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮素表观损失量与施氮量呈显著的正向相关性。在本试验条件下,综合水稻产量、氮肥利用效率和土壤无机氮积累等方面的因素,在吉林省水稻主产区,适宜施氮量应控制在180~204 kg hm~(-2)范围内。     

稻田施氮量对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响

【目的】明确适宜稻田施氮量以保障水稻产量和稻米品质提升,协调土壤养分和水稻品质之间的供需平衡。【方法】以“沪旱61”为供试水稻品种,设置了4个稻田施氮量(折合纯N分别为0、100、200和300 kg hm^-2)以解析稻田施氮量对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响。【结果】施氮处理的水稻产量在5.2～9.0 t hm^-2范围,比对照提升41.0%～71.7%。随施氮量的增加,稻米中的蛋白质含量增加;而直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和食味值下降。随施氮量的增加,土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量增加;速效磷和速效钾含量下降,降幅分别达9.7%～45.5%和23.3%～70.7%。稻米食味品质是影响稻米综合品质的关键因素。统计学分析表明,稻米的蛋白质含量与土壤中硝态氮、速效钾和速效磷含量呈负相关,而直链淀粉含量与土壤中硝态氮、速效钾和速效磷含量呈正相关。【结论】在保证水稻稳产和稻米品质提升的前提下,“沪旱61”水稻栽培的最佳氮素用量为200 kg hm^-2。     

盐碱地条件下施氮量和栽插密度对水稻产量和品质的影响

在盐碱地条件下,以南粳9108为材料,设置6个施氮水平和2个移栽密度,研究施氮量和移栽密度对盐碱地条件下水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,产量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,低氮处理下,密度大的产量高,高氮处理则相反。施氮量的增加提高了单位面积穗数和每穗粒数并降低了结实率和千粒重,密度的提高增加了单位面积穗数。施氮量的增加在提升稻米碾磨品质的同时降低了外观品质和蒸煮食味品质,移栽密度对稻米品质影响不大。在每公顷施氮300 kg,移栽密度为12 cm×25 cm时,可以获得相对优质的最高产量。     

施氮水平对水稻氮肥利用率和径流负荷的影响

氮肥的过量施用导致显著的氮素损失,降低了环境质量。减少氮肥投入使其与作物需求相匹配对于保持农业生产的可持续发展具有至关重要的作用。为了评估不同施氮水平对水稻生产过程中的氮肥利用率和径流负荷的影响,利用长期实验基地开展了相关研究,实验共设置了4个施氮水平,即0、100、200和300 kg/hm~2。结果显示,随着施氮量的增加,粮食产量显著提高,而农学效率和偏肥生产力却呈相反趋势。作物地上部氮肥回收率则呈先增加后减少的趋势,并在200 kg/hm~2时达到峰值;氮素径流损失随施氮量的增加而增加。     

精确和常规施氮对水稻产量与氮肥利用率的影响

以武香粳14为供试材料,研究精确施氮和常规施氮对水稻产量与氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,精确施氮处理的穗数极显著地低于常规施氮处理;精确施氮处理的水稻产量高于常规施氮处理,但未达到显著水平;精确施氮处理的氮肥当季利用率比常规施氮处理高8.8%。     

施氮量对冬小麦产量的影响及土壤硝态氮运转特性

以冬小麦“西农9814”为材料进行大田试验,研究施氮量对小麦产量构成因素、土壤中硝态氮变化的影响。结果表明,适宜施氮量（N 276 kg/hm2）可以显著提高小麦的穗重、穗粒数、千粒重等产量构成因素,比对照增产24.6%。产量构成因素中以穗粒数与产量的相关性最强,达极显著水平,千粒重次之。土壤耕层硝态氮主要集中在0—40 cm土层,且含量随着施氮量的增加而增加。随着小麦生育期的推移,耕层中硝态氮呈下降趋势,0—40 cm耕层变化显著,到成熟期各土层硝态氮含量基本趋于一致。施氮量在N 0～207 kg/hm2范围内,硝态氮积累的增加量变化不显著,但当施氮量高于N 207 kg/hm2时,土壤中硝态氮的积累量随施氮量增加而显著增加,增加了硝态氮的冗余和向下淋溶的可能。     

Effects of Nitrogen Management on Soil Nitrogen Content and Rice Grain Yield in Double Cropping Rice Production Area with Continuous Full Amount of Straw Returning

ABSTRACT

In order to formulate a nitrogen (N) management strategy under continuous full amount of straw returning (CFSR) for double cropping rice production, long-term (2013–2016) paddy field experiments were conducted in double cropping rice production area in the Jiangxi province, China. Five N fertilizer treatments under CFSR were tested, that is, (i) no N fertilizer application (CK); (ii) conventional N fertilizer application (165kg N ha^?1 and 195 kg N ha^?1 in early and late rice variety with the ratio of basal dressing to topdressing as 6:4, respectively) (CNF_6:4); (iii) recommended N fertilizer application (135 kg ha^?1 N and 165 kg ha^?1 N in early and late rice variety with the ratio of basal dressing to topdressing as 4:6, 6:4, and 8:2, respectively) (RNF_4:6, RNF_6:4, and RNF_8:2). Nitrogen fertilizer treatments under CFSR had 5.70% and 8.93% higher soil total nitrogen (TN), 1.32% and 0.80% higher available nitrogen (AN), 16.55% and 22.94% higher NH₄⁺-N, and 13.10% and 7.93% higher NO₃^--N than CK treatments in early and late rice variety, respectively. There were no differences in soil TN, AN, NH₄⁺-N, and NO₃^--N contents between CNF6:4 and RNF6:4 treatments, while CNF6:4 treatment showed higher or significantly higher soil N contents than RNF4:6 and RNF8:2 treatments. N fertilizer treatment under CFSR showed 88.9% and 43.20% higher grain yield and 62.15% and 42.52% higher panicle numbers than CK treatments in early and late rice variety, respectively. Compared with CNF6:4, RNF treatments did not significantly reduce grain yield and yield components in early and late rice variety, respectively, except for RNF8:2. Compared with RNF6:4 and 8:2, RNF4:6 showed higher rice grain yield, while no obvious differences in yield components were obtained among all RNF treatments. We concluded that N fertilizer under CFSR was helpful to improve soil N contents and double rice grain yield and panicle numbers. Appropriate reduction of N application (18% and 15% reduction in early and late rice variety, respectively) on the basis of adjusting ratio of basal dressing to topdressing as 4:6 and 6:4 did not significantly reduce soil TN and double rice grain yield and yield components, especially, the 40% basal N dressing and 60% N topdressing was beneficial to increase double rice grain yield under CFSR.     

前氮后移对水稻产量形成和田面水氮素动态变化的影响

通过田间小区试验,在施氮量180 kg/hm~2水平下,设置4个氮肥运筹比例,基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥的比例分别为10∶0∶0(T1),4∶3∶3(T2),2∶3∶5(T3),0∶3∶7(T4),研究氮肥后移对水稻产量形成和稻田田面水氮素动态变化的影响。结果表明:与氮肥全部作为基肥施用的处理相比,将前期氮肥的30%甚至50%后移到穗肥施用,对水稻产量没有明显影响,而氮肥后移70%至穗肥会使水稻产量显著下降。田面水中总氮(TN)和可溶性总氮(DTN)浓度在每次施肥后1天达到峰值,铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)浓度在基肥和分蘖肥后1天达到峰值,穗肥后3天达到峰值,随后逐渐降低至与不施氮肥处理相当。整个基肥期、分蘖肥后20天内和穗肥后9天内是防止稻田氮素流失的关键期。施尿素后,DTN是田面水氮素的主要部分,DTN以无机氮(IN)为主,而NH_4~+-N在IN中所占比例达64.0%以上。比较水稻生育过程中氮素流失风险期内的TN、DTN和NH_4~+-N三氮浓度,相比T1,T2的三氮浓度分别降低了2.9%,1.6%,3.1%,T3的三氮浓度分别降低了15.5%,14.7%,22.3%,T4的三氮浓度分别降低了16.1%,22.9%,34.1%,结合产量,确定基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥比例为2∶3∶5的氮肥后移措施能够在保证水稻产量不下降的同时,有效降低稻田氮素的流失风险。     

氮肥运筹对机插双季稻产量、氮肥利用率及经济效益的影响

【目的】 随着劳动力成本的提高,机械插秧是降低水稻生产劳动强度的必要措施之一,研究适应该技术的氮肥施用时期和比例,对推广该技术,实现机插双季稻稳产高产具有重要意义。 【方法】 以早稻和晚稻为试验材料,进行机插双季稻氮肥施用田间试验。在同一施氮量下,设置氮素基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥比例为 8∶2∶0（N_8∶2∶0）、7∶2∶1（N_7∶2∶1）、6∶2∶2（N_6∶2∶2）、5∶2∶3（N_5∶2∶3）、4∶2∶4（N_4∶2∶4）、3∶2∶5（N_3∶2∶5）和不施氮肥（CK）7 个处理。调查了早稻和晚稻产量形成、氮素吸收以及氮肥利用特征,讨论了氮肥后移与产量、产量形成及肥料利用率的关系。 【结果】 机插早、晚稻基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥比例分别为 6∶2∶2 和 5∶2∶3 处理水稻高产的群体结构最合理,有效穗、穗粒数、结实率与千粒重的乘积最大,协调产量的各因子达最佳值。同时发现,机插早、晚稻穗肥比例与有效穗数呈极显著负相关,与穗粒数呈正相关,与结实率呈抛物线关系。施氮处理机插早、晚稻的籽粒和秸秆氮含量及氮素累积量较 CK 处理均有所增加,其中随着穗肥比例的增大,早、晚稻的籽粒和秸秆氮含量均呈现增加的趋势,而氮素累积量均呈先增后减的趋势。无论机插早稻（施氮量为 180 kg/hm2）还是晚稻试验（施氮量为 195 kg/hm2）,随着穗肥比例的增大,氮肥贡献率（NCR）、氮肥农学利用率（NAE）、氮肥吸收利用率（NRE）、氮肥偏生产力（PFP_N）以及经济效益均呈先增后减的趋势,其中早稻 N_6∶2∶2 处理 NCR、NAE、NRE、PFP_N 和经济效率均达最大值,晚稻 N_5∶2∶3 处理均达最大值;而早、晚稻氮肥生理利用率（NPE）随着穗肥比例的增大均呈现逐渐减少的趋势。 【结论】 在施氮量和分蘖肥比例相同的条件下,机插早、晚稻施基蘖肥与穗肥比例分别为 6∶2∶2 和 5∶2∶3 时,有利于水稻高产和氮肥高效,是较为理想的施肥模式。      

穗肥施用时期对优质稻产量、氮素积累及品质的影响

为了探明优质晚籼稻(Oryza sativa L. subsp. xian)产量和品质协同提升的适宜的穗肥施用时期,采用大田微区¹⁵N示踪技术,以优质晚籼稻Y两优911和野香优莉丝为材料,设置3个穗肥施用时期(D₁：倒4叶期施肥;D₂：倒3叶期施肥;D₃：倒2叶期施肥),研究穗肥施用时期对优质稻产量、籽粒氮素积累及食味品质的影响。结果表明,随着穗肥施用时期的推迟,两个优质晚籼稻品种的产量先升高后降低,在D₂达到最高产量,较D₁、D₃显著增产4.30%～6.39%;籽粒总氮积累量、¹⁵N标记肥料氮素积累量及其占比、¹⁵N标记肥料氮素回收利用率、¹⁵N标记肥料氮素收获指数表现为增加趋势,D₂和D₃较D₁显著增加19.16%～21.26%、32.54%～50.75%、0.91～2.49、12.42～23.34和...     

施氮量和密度对盐碱滩涂水稻产量和品质的影响

为明确施氮量和密度互作对盐碱滩涂水稻产量和品质形成特征的影响,以淮稻5号为试验材料, 设置6个施氮量处理:N0(0 kg·hm^-2)、N210(210 kg·hm^-2)、N255(255 kg·hm^-2)、N300(300 kg·hm^-2)、N345(345 kg·hm^-2)、N390(390 kg·hm^-2),2个移栽密度处理:D1(33.4 万穴·hm^-2,12 cm×25 cm)、D2(27.8 万穴·hm^-2,12 cm×30 cm),测定了水稻产量及品质形成的相关因素。结果表明,随施氮量增加,单位面积穗数和每穗粒数呈先上升后下降的趋势,以N300处理最高;结实率和千粒重呈下降趋势。不同密度间比较,高密度处理的穗数和千粒重高于低密度处理,每穗粒数和结实率呈相反趋势。施氮量与移栽密度组合中,以N300D1处理的产量最高,达7 978.83 kg·hm^-2。施氮量的增加提高了稻米的加工品质与营养品质,同时降低了外观品质与蒸煮食味品质。移栽密度的增加提高了稻米的营养品质,但降低了加工品质、外观品质和蒸煮食味品质。综合分析认为,施氮量300 kg·hm^-2和移栽密度33.4万穴·hm^-2, 是盐碱滩涂水稻获得高产优质的栽培措施。本研究结果为盐碱滩涂水稻的高产优质栽培提供了理论依据。     

太湖地区水稻最适宜施氮量研究

To determine the optimal amount of nitrogen(N) fertilizer for achieving a sustainable rice production at the Taihu Lake region of China,two-year on-farm field experiments were performed at four sites using various N application rates.The results showed that 22%-30% of the applied N was recovered in crop and 7%-31% in soils at the rates of 100-350 kg N ha 1.Nitrogen losses increased with N application rates,from 44% of the applied fertilizer N at the rate of 100 kg N ha 1 to 69% of the N applied at 350 kg N ha 1.Ammonia volatilization and apparent denitrification were the main pathways of N losses.The N application rate of 300 kg N ha 1,which is commonly used by local farmers in the study region,was found to lead to a significant reduction in economic and environmental efficiency.Considering the cost for mitigating environmental pollution and the maximum net economic income,an application rate of 100-150 kg N ha 1 would be recommended.This recommended N application rate could greatly reduce N loss from 199 kg N ha 1 occurring at the N application rate of 300 kg N ha 1 to 80-110 kg N ha 1,with the rice grain yield still reaching 7 300-8 300 kg DW ha 1 in the meantime.     

Calibration and Testing of the Aquacrop Model for Rice under Water and Nitrogen Management

The objective of this study was to adapt and test the ability of the AquaCrop model under different nitrogen and irrigation management conditions in northern Iran. A three-year field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the Iranian Rice Research Institute in Rasht, Iran, from 2005 to 2007. Irrigation treatments comprised continuous submergence, irrigation at 5-day intervals, and irrigation at 8-day intervals. Nitrogen (N) application levels were 0, 45, 60, and 75 kg N ha^?1. The goodness of fit between observed and simulated canopy cover, total and panicle biomass, grain yield, and final biomass was assessed by means of the coefficient of determination (R²) and the absolute and normalized root mean square errors (RMSE_n). Results of the statistical test of the model for total and panicle biomass showed moderately high R² (≥0.90) and moderate RMSE_n (6–36%) values, confirming that the model simulated the total and panicle biomass accurately. The model was simulated for CC with RMSE_n and R² of 28 and 0.82, respectively. The agreement between predicted and observed rice grain yield and final biomass were with R² of 0.81 and 0.82 and RMSE_n of 13 and 10% respectively.     

Calibration and Evaluation of CERES Rice Model under Different Nitrogen- and Water-Management Options in Semi-Mediterranean Climate Condition

The objective of this study was the evaluation of the CERES rice model under different nitrogen- and water-management conditions in northern Iran. A 3-year field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the Iranian Rice Research Institute in Rasht, Iran, from 2005 to 2007. The experiment was established in a split-plot design with three irrigation regimes (continuous submergence, irrigation at 5-day intervals, and irrigation at 8-day intervals) as the main plot, four nitrogen levels (0, 45, 60, and 75 kg N ha^?1) as the subplot, and three replications. Evaluation simulated and measured grain yield, total crop biomass, N content of grain, and crop biomass by adjusted coefficient of correlation and by absolute and normalized root mean square errors (RMSE). Results showed that predicted grain yields agreed well with observed yields (RMSE_a = 297 and RMSE_n = 8%). Simulated and observed total dry-matter yields were also in reasonable agreement (RMSE_n = 862 and RMSE_n = 10%). Observed and predicted N uptake by rice showed good agreement. The CERES rice model can be applied to research purposes (irrigation and nitrogen) under northern Iranian conditions.     

硝化抑制剂施用对水稻产量与氨挥发的影响

通过田间微区试验,应用~(15)N标记技术研究两个施氮水平下硝化抑制剂CP施用对水稻产量、氮素利用率、氮素土壤残留和氨挥发的影响。结果表明:与推荐施氮处理(240 kg/hm~2)相比,减氮处理(180 kg/hm~2)水稻产量明显降低,但是减氮处理下施用硝化抑制剂CP后增产15.2%,差异显著,并且达到了推荐施氮处理下的产量水平。而推荐施氮处理下施用硝化抑制剂对水稻产量反而没有显著影响。施用硝化抑制剂可显著提高11.1%~25.0%的~(15)N吸收与利用效率,同时~(15)N平衡计算结果表明稻田施用硝化抑制剂减少了21.7%~28.1%的硝化?反硝化、径流等途径~(15)N损失,这可能是CP施用增加水稻产量的机理之一。然而,施用硝化抑制剂会增加54.7%~110.6%的氨挥发排放。因此,在水稻生产过程中施用硝化抑制剂CP时要进一步减施氮肥才有明显的增产效果,同时还需要采取一定的措施来控制氨挥发。