晋西南褐土上小麦苜蓿套作对土壤氮素及植物吸氮的影响

研究冬小麦和苜蓿不同种植模式在不同生长期内土壤氮素的变化特征,以期为粮草混播种植模式提供参考依据。依托 2014年在晋西南开展的田间试验,于 2017和 2018年研究了小麦单播、苜蓿单播和小麦苜蓿混播的作物产量以及土壤剖面氮素特征。结果表明:(1)两个试验年份内小麦苜蓿混播增加了作物生物量且小麦植株茎叶和籽粒氮含量均高于小麦单播;相比任一单作,小麦苜蓿混播显著提高了作物植株氮积累总量。(2)种植方式影响表层(0～ 30 cm)土壤硝态氮含量,3月春季返青时苜蓿单播高于小麦单播和混播处理,6月麦收时小麦单播和混播均高于苜蓿单播;苜蓿单独生长期(10月)200 cm深土壤剖面硝态氮含量依次为小麦单播 >混播 >苜蓿单播。不同生长时期小麦单播硝态氮随土壤剖面垂直淋失并于土壤深层大量累积,而小麦苜蓿混播后缓解了硝态氮的垂直淋失现象。(3)小麦返青时 0～ 30 cm土层苜蓿单播土壤铵态氮含量略高于小麦单播和混播,小麦地休耕苜蓿单独生长期 200 cm深小麦单播铵态氮含量低于苜蓿单播和混播。(4)越冬期(前一年 10月～ 3月)小麦苜蓿混播土壤无机氮得到了累积,小麦苜蓿共生期(3～ 6月)土壤无机氮处于消耗阶段,麦收后苜蓿单独生长期(6～ 10月)无机氮又得到了补充。     

旱作地区长期小麦连作和苜蓿连作土壤剖面的矿质氮研究

对不同施肥条件下23年小麦连作地和苜蓿连作地土壤矿质氮分布和累积进行研究,探讨种植浅根系和深根系植物对硝态氮淋溶的影响。结果表明,不施肥(CK)和单施磷(P)肥,小麦和苜蓿连作地土壤硝态氮主要集中在0—60 cm土层,0—60 cm土层以下硝态氮含量变化稳定并小于2 mg/kg。氮肥、磷肥和有机肥配施(NPM)时,小麦连作地土壤硝态氮累积在20—100 cm和140—320 cm土层,年累积速率可达42.12 kg/(hm2.a);苜蓿连作土壤硝态氮主要集中在0—60 cm土层,仅在200—300 cm土层出现轻微累积,年累积速率仅为1.01 kg/(hm2.a)。在不施肥和单施磷肥下,种植小麦或苜蓿对土壤硝态氮残留量影响不显著,而氮、磷和有机肥配施时,小麦连作地土壤硝态氮残留量迅速增加,并与不施肥、单施磷肥处理有显著差异;苜蓿连作地土壤硝态氮残留量虽有少量增加,但与不施肥、单施磷肥处理无显著差异。不施肥、单施磷肥和氮、磷和有机肥配施,小麦连作、苜蓿连作地土壤剖面铵态氮含量主要在10—20 mg/kg之间波动,在土壤剖面无明显的累积现象,铵态氮残留量受施肥和作物种类的影响不显著。     

铵态氮肥和硝态氮肥施入时期对小麦增产的影响

在陕西永寿和河南洛阳进行2年大田试验,研究铵态和硝态氮肥在小麦不同播期施用和播前15~20天施用的效果。试验设不施氮、施铵态氮和硝态氮各100kg/hm2 3个处理;试验期间分别测定根际与非根际土壤铵、硝态氮和pH变化,以及不同时期植物体内铵态氮、硝态氮和酰胺态氮的含量。试验表明,在硝态氮含量低的土壤上,硝态氮肥效果一般优于铵态氮肥,但效果大小和播期早晚、施氮早晚有关。早期播种硝态氮对籽粒增产量比铵态氮高出0.68倍,晚期播种增产1.75倍;播前15天施氮,硝态氮和铵态氮的增产率分别为10.7%和8.8%,无显著差异,而晚期施氮,分别为10.5%和6.2%,差异显著。施用硝态氮,小麦根际土壤pH有上升而施用铵态氮有下降现象,升降幅度为0.1左右pH单位。非根际土壤向根际土壤的养分传输低于作物吸收速率,根际内土壤的硝态氮有耗竭现象,非根际土壤硝态氮平均浓度为11.7mg/kg,而根际土壤仅为4.4mg/kg,后者仅为前者的38%。硝态氮肥不但能使小麦吸收较多的硝态氮,而且能将吸收的硝态氮较快地转化为铵态氮和酰胺态氮,及时转送到茎叶生长部位,对保证作物氮素营养有更好效果。     

氮锌复合作用对单播和混播牧草氮素来源的影响

在亚热带中山草地黄棕壤上研究了氮锌复合作用对单播和混播牧草氮素来源的影响 ,结果表明 :施氮降低了白三叶前期固氮百分数 ,但低水平施氮显著提高了白三叶后期固氮百分数。在各种施氮水平下 ,施锌 6mg kg之处理 %Ndfa最高。施氮显著降低了氮转移的数量 ,低量施锌促进了氮转移 ;施氮促进了牧草对肥料氮的吸收 ,所有施氮水平下 ,单播黑麦草 %Ndff以施锌 6～ 2 0mg kg较高。在施氮 3 0～ 90mg kg,混播黑麦草和混播白三叶 %Ndff以施锌 6～ 2 0mg kg较低 ;单播和混播黑麦草 %Ndfs随施氮水平增加显著下降 ,施锌对单播黑麦草的 %Ndfs影响不明显。在所有施氮水平下 ,施锌 6～ 2 0mg kg减少了混播白三叶和混播黑麦草对土壤氮的吸收     

滴灌施氮对春玉米氮素吸收、土壤无机氮含量及氮素平衡的影响

为解决吉林省半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下氮肥合理施用问题,通过2年(2015—2016年)田间试验,研究了覆膜滴灌条件下施氮量(0,70,140,210,280,350kg/hm~2)对春玉米产量、氮素吸收利用、土壤剖面无机氮含量变化及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明:施氮量在70~210kg/hm~2范围内玉米产量随施氮量的增加显著增加,当施氮量超过210kg/hm~2后,处理间产量无显著差异;将玉米产量(y)与施氮量(x)拟合,得出最佳施氮量分别为195.1,201.0kg/hm~2。施氮显著提高了玉米各生育时期氮积累量,其中灌浆期和成熟期氮积累量以施氮量210kg/hm~2处理最高。氮素当季回收率、农学利用率和偏生产力均随施氮量的增加而下降。玉米成熟期0-200cm剖面土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量随土层深度增加呈逐渐下降的趋势;施氮提高了0-200cm土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,其中施氮量280,350kg/hm~2处理40-200cm土层硝态氮含量显著高于其他施氮处理。玉米吸氮量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮表观损失量与施氮量呈极显著的正相关;玉米吸氮量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮表观损失量分别占增加纯氮的21.6%~23.3%,33.0%~37.4%,41.0%~43.7%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,综合产量、氮素吸收利用、土壤剖面无机氮含量变化及氮素平衡等因素,在吉林省半干旱区滴灌施肥适宜施氮量应控制在195~210kg/hm~2。     

滴灌水肥一体化条件下番茄氮肥适宜用量探讨

利用田间小区7年定位试验,研究了滴灌水肥一体化条件下,不同化肥施氮量结合基施有机肥对番茄产量、品质、硝态氮累积、土壤电导率及土壤p H值的影响。结果表明:1)与不施氮相比,施肥可显著提高番茄产量,但过量施肥不仅不会提高番茄产量,还会降低番茄品质; 2)施氮量对土壤硝态氮的累积有较大的影响,随施氮量的增加,土壤剖面硝态氮累积量增加,其中对0～20 cm土层硝态氮累积量的影响最为显著; 3)土壤硝态氮含量与土壤电导率呈极显著相关关系,表明施氮量越高,电导率随之增加越显著,土壤的次生盐渍化风险越高; 4)除CK处理外,其它处理土壤硝态氮含量与p H值呈极显著负相关关系。综合考虑产量、品质与土壤环境质量,推荐华北温室秋冬茬番茄施用200 kg/hm~2有机N+250 kg/hm~2无机N,P2O575 kg/hm~2,K2O 450 kg/hm~2为宜。     

黄土高原沟壑区不同施肥条件下土壤速效钾含量研究

在可利用耕地资源很少的黄土高原地区,查清耕地土壤肥力,指定适合的肥料,增加土地的活力和动力,显得尤为重要。速效钾是植物需要的重要元素,更是一个衡量土壤肥力的重要指标。试验在黄土高原陕西省长武农业生态试验站模拟弃土场,设3种施肥处理:A施有机肥(羊粪),施肥量为30 000kg/hm~2;B施秸秆,施肥量为9 000kg/hm~2;C不施肥,AO(施有机肥,不种植物)、BO(施秸秆、不种植物)、CK(不施肥、不种植物)作为对照,选取了白三叶、草木樨、紫穗槐、柠条、黑麦草5种植物为试材,探究了在不同土壤速效钾处理下各植物小区0—10,10—20cm土层的养分含量。结果表明:0—10cm,在施肥条件下,(有机肥、秸秆)土壤速效钾含量要高于不施肥土壤含量。在不施肥条件下,所有小区土壤速效钾含量均低于空地(CK)。10—20cm层内,在3种不同施肥条件下,各小区土壤速效钾含量基本持平,变化不大,只有在黑麦草+白三叶小区内施有机肥条件下,土壤有效钾含量较高。在不同施肥条件下,草木樨小区土壤速效钾含量比空地(CK)提高了5.14mg/kg,增幅为3.46%。土壤速效钾含量均表现为:有机肥秸秆不施肥。在不施肥条件下,同样出现了平均含量低于空地的情况,这也从侧面说明了初期土壤培肥时需要补充植物生长所需的养分。在长武长期连续定位试验数据基础上,采用实地种植和长期观测相结合的研究方法,定量模拟研究了不同施肥条件下土壤速效钾含量,为该地区合理利用土壤速效钾,进行生态环境建设、土壤资源的持续高效利用和农业生产提供依据。     

有机无机肥配施对菜地土壤氮素径流流失的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究了无机肥配施不同用量有机肥对菜地土壤氮素径流流失的影响.结果表明,施肥显著增加菜地土壤氮素径流流失量.单施无机肥处理总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮流失量均最高,分别为4.20,1.22,2.30kg/hm2.配施有机肥可降低不同形态氮流失量,且随有机肥配施量增加而显著降低.配施高量有机肥处理总氮、硝态氮和铵...     

施用有机肥和硫磺粉对北方日光温室南丰蜜橘生长及石灰性土壤化学性质的影响

以二年生盆栽南丰蜜橘为试材,研究施用有机肥、硫磺粉以及两者混合施肥对南丰蜜橘生长和石灰性土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥和硫磺粉均能明显降低土壤pH值,与对照相比,施硫量为150 mg/kg时,单施硫磺粉处理的土壤pH值下降幅度最大为1.29。施用有机肥能增加土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有效硫含量。单施硫磺粉的土壤速效磷和有效硫含量明显升高,而有机质、全氮含量呈降低趋势。当施硫量不超过100 mg/kg时,有机肥和硫磺粉混合施肥的枝粗和叶绿素含量显著增加。与对照相比,混合施肥中枝粗最大值增加了1.47倍,叶绿素含量最高增加了54.81%。施用有机肥、硫磺粉后南丰蜜橘叶片可溶性蛋白质含量增加、硝酸还原酶活性增强,而单施硫磺粉时叶片硝态氮含量下降。     

菌肥与有机无机肥配施对石灰性土壤不同形态氮素的影响

利用不同施肥处理对山西省晋中市石灰性土壤几种不同形态氮素含量的变化及其相关性进行研究。结果表明:每个施肥处理施入等量的氮(N)、磷(P2O5),土壤的铵态氮、硝态氮及微生物氮含量都在逐年增加,其中有机肥+化肥+菌肥处理对提高土壤铵态氮作用明显;单施有机肥处理对提高土壤硝态氮效果显著,与有机肥+化肥+菌肥、有机肥+化肥处理效果差异性不显著;有机肥+化肥+菌肥处理对土壤微生物氮效果最明显,有机肥+化肥效果次之,两处理差异显著。土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量呈显著正相关;微生物氮与铵态氮、硝态氮含量相关性都不好;菌肥与有机无机肥配施后,菌肥对于提高土壤微生物氮最显著(10.09%),铵态氮次之(6.24%),硝态氮不明显(2.05%),因此虽然添加了菌肥,但是没有完全改变"有机肥+化肥+菌肥"仍然是"有机肥+化肥处理"的本质属性。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

不同炭基改良剂提升紫色土蓄水保熵能力

通过连续2a田间试验,研究了5种改良剂(秸秆、有机肥、生物炭、炭基改良剂I和炭基改良剂Ⅱ)对紫色丘陵区坡耕地土壤水分库容、孔隙度和团聚体组成及稳定性的影响,分析了土壤水分特征参数与孔隙度和团聚体组成的关系,以期为紫色土区水土保持和土壤改良提供科学依据。结果表明,与不施改良剂(对照)相比,5种炭基改良剂都能提高土壤对降水的截存和保贮能力,显著提高了土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、水分总库容、有效水库容及重力水库容,降低了土壤凋萎点含水量和无效水库容;不同改良剂提升作用大小为改良剂Ⅱ改良剂I生物炭有机肥秸秆对照。施用改良剂I、改良剂Ⅱ、生物炭和有机肥显著提高了土壤孔隙度,降低了土壤容重,秸秆的效果不显著。施用炭基改良剂降低了0.25mm的微团聚体含量,促进了小团聚体向大团聚体的转化,其中对粒径5mm的机械稳定性大团聚体提升幅度最大,比对照提高14.5%~60.7%;5种炭基改良剂都显著提高了团聚体的平均重量直径及稳定性指数,以炭基改良剂I、炭基改良剂Ⅱ和生物炭的作用效果最大。土壤总库容、重力水库容和有效水库容与总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度以及土壤大团聚体含量呈正相关,而与土壤非毛管孔隙度和小团聚体呈负相关,土壤蓄水保水能力与土壤团聚体组成和孔隙度密切相关。因此,施用炭基改良剂通过促进土壤团聚作用,提高大团聚体含量和土壤孔隙度,进而增大土壤持水量和土壤有效水库容,是改善紫色土结构和提高紫色土坡耕地保水蓄水能力的有效措施。     

不同改良剂对宁夏地区盐碱土土壤结构的影响

采用玉米室内盆栽试验的方法,研究了宁夏回族自治区石嘴山市平罗县姚伏镇大兴墩村的盐碱土在施用硫磺、有机肥、石膏、PAM等不同土壤改良剂对土壤结构的影响.研究结果表明,4类改良剂均有效降低了土壤容重,土壤空隙度随之增加,土壤物理结构的改善与水分利用相互配合,共同促进了当地盐碱土的改良;硫磺的最佳用量确定为在30.45 g/盆,并需要注意土壤通气性,防止发生反硫化作用,对玉米根系产生毒害;综合而言,PAM改良效果最佳.其次是石膏和S3处理.     

Short-term spatiotemporal variation of soil CO2 emission,temperature, moisture and aeration in sugarcane field reform areas under the influence of precipitation events

Soil CO₂ emission (FCO₂) in agricultural areas results from the interaction of different factors such as climate and soil conditions. Our objective was to investigate the spatiotemporal variation of FCO₂, temperature (T_soil), moisture (M_soil) and air-filled pore space (AFPS), as well as their interactions, during the sugarcane field reform. The study was conducted on a 90 × 90 m sampling grid with 100 points at 10 m spacings. Ten assessments of FCO₂, T_soil and M_soil were carried out at each point over a 28-day period. The greatest mean values of FCO₂ (0.74 g m⁻² hr⁻¹) and M_soil (31.7%) were obtained on Julian day 276, 2013, being associated with precipitation events at the study site. Also, the smallest values of AFPS (19.17%) and T_soil (20.90°C) were observed on the same day. The spatial variability of FCO₂, T_soil, M_soil and AFPS was best described by an adjusted spherical model, although an exponential model better fitted some results. The spatial pattern of all soil attributes showed little temporal persistency, indicating a high complexity for FCO₂ during precipitation. Correlation maps assisted in identifying regions where M_soil and AFPS better controlled the emission process and where T_soil was important. A major challenge for world agriculture is to increase the efficiency of conventional soil management practices. We highlight the importance of the spatial pattern of soil properties that directly influence the CO₂ emission dynamics. Future mitigation actions should involve less intense tillage and ensure homogeneous applications of soil inputs, thereby reducing production costs and the contribution of these activities to CO₂ emissions during the sugarcane field reform.     

不同改良剂对酸性土壤的修复效应

为明确不同改良剂对酸性植烟土壤的修复效应,采用盆栽试验,分析了施用丰收延酸性土壤改良剂、金叶酸性土壤改良剂及石灰后土壤pH、水解性酸、潜性酸及土壤交换性能的动态变化。结果表明:施用改良剂可提高土壤pH 3.01%~24.11%,降低土壤水解性酸16.08%~50.46%、交换性Al 3+51.80%~64.27%、交换性H+含量84.12%~93.56%,提高土壤交换性盐基总量45.18%~46.16%、阳离子交换量0.33%~20.10%、盐基饱和度21.35%~49.78%。施用土壤改良剂后,土壤pH先升高后下降,至移栽60天后趋于稳定;土壤水解性酸在烤烟移栽后30~90天差异较小,至移栽后120天略有增加。施用石灰的土壤交换性氢、交换性铝一直下降,但施用丰收延、金叶酸性土壤改良剂的土壤交换性铝下降至烟苗移栽后120天略有增加,土壤交换性氢上升至烟苗移栽后120天大幅度下降。施用土壤改良剂后,土壤交换性盐基总量、阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度一直提高,但变化幅度较小。不同土壤改良剂的材料来源及组成成分不同,其对酸性土壤的恢复效果也不同,以施用石灰的效果最好。     

土壤可蚀性研究现状及展望

<正> 土壤可蚀性(soil erodibility)是指土壤是否易受侵蚀破坏的性能,也就是土壤对侵蚀介质剥蚀和搬运的敏感性。与侵蚀营力一样,土壤可蚀性是影响土壤侵蚀量大小的又一个重要因子。在水土保持学科中,我国习惯上把“水”和“土”并列使用,而国际上则用“soil loss”、“soil erosion”、“soil conservation”或“soil and water conservation”等术语。显然,土壤是水土保持学科的重点。另一方面,土壤侵蚀营力等是土壤流失过程中的外部因素,而土壤性质才是内在因素,因此,水土保持学科中核心的也是重要的问题,应该是土壤保护。土壤可蚀性研究在水土保持研究工作中具有重要意义,国际上把土壤可蚀性研究一直作为水土保持学科研究的重要内容之一。     

A review of visual soil evaluation techniques for soil structure

Soil structure forms a key component of soil quality, and its assessment by semi‐quantitative visual soil evaluation (VSE) techniques can help scientists, advisors and farmers make decisions regarding sampling and soil management. VSE techniques require inexpensive equipment and generate immediate results that correlate well with quantitative measurements of physical and biochemical properties, highlighting their potential utility. We reviewed published VSE techniques and found that soils of certain textures present problems and a lack of research into the influence of soil moisture content on VSE criteria. Generally, profile methods evaluate process interactions at specific locations within a field, exploring both intrinsic aspects and anthropogenic impacts. Spade methods focus on anthropogenic characteristics, providing rapid synopses of soil structure over wider areas. Despite a focus on structural form, some methods include criteria related to stability and resiliency. Further work is needed to improve existing methods regarding texture influences, on‐farm sampling procedures and more holistic assessments of soil structure.