冀北山地阴坡枯落物层和土壤层水文效应研究

对冀北山地阴坡6种不同天然林分枯落物层及土壤层进行了初步研究,结果表明:(1)枯落物总蓄积量和最大持水量的顺序一致:华北落叶松-白桦-黑桦混交林>白桦-华北落叶松混交林>白桦-黑桦-华北落叶松混交林>蒙古栎-黑桦混交林>山杨-黑桦-蒙古栎混交林>白桦-黑桦混交林,枯落物的蓄积量为10.15~30.47 t/hm2,最大持水量的变化范围为24.33~63.57 t/hm2。华北落叶松-白桦-黑桦混交林的有效拦蓄能力最强,为48.60 t/hm2,山杨-黑桦-蒙古栎混交林的有效拦蓄能力最弱,为16.47 t/hm2;(2)未分解层枯落物与半分解层枯落物持水量与浸泡时间呈明显对数关系,吸水速率与浸泡时间呈明显幂函数关系;(3)土壤容重均值的变化范围为0.89~1.18 g/cm3,总孔隙度的变动范围为49.93%~63.08%。随着土壤厚度加深,土壤容重逐渐增大,总孔隙度逐渐减小;(4)山杨-黑桦-蒙古栎混交林有效持水能力最强,为65.43 t/hm2,华北落叶松-白桦-黑桦混交林持水能力最弱,为37.92t/hm2,土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈明显幂函数关系,相关系数都在0.95以上。     

滦河典型林分枯落物层与土壤层的水文效应

[目的]研究滦河上游典型林分的枯落物层与土壤层的水文效应,为森林健康监测和评价提供依据。[方法]对滦河上游3种林分的枯落物层未分解层与半分解层进行调查研究。[结果](1)油松林的枯落物生物量为12.03t/hm2,最大持水量为19.4t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为23.52t/hm2;落叶松林的枯落物生物量为9.51t/hm2,最大持水量为11.9t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为17.03t/hm2;落叶松白桦混交林的枯落物生物量为5.54t/hm2,最大持水量为13.0t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为13.7t/hm2。(2)半分解层枯落物浸泡8h已基本达到饱和,而未分解层需浸泡10h。枯落物在浸水的前0.5h内吸水速率最大,6h左右时吸水速率明显减缓。(3)落叶松白桦混交林土壤层持水能力最强,为375.92t/hm2;油松林土壤层的持水能力最差,为248.04t/hm2。利用幂函数对入渗速率与入渗时间进行拟合,其相关系数R2均在0.98以上。[结论]油松林枯落物层的生物量、最大持水量、有效拦蓄量都最大,而落叶松白桦混交林枯落物的土壤持水能力最强。     

木兰围场3种典型林分枯落物及土壤持水能力

为探讨木兰围场华北落叶松人工林、白桦华北落叶松次生林和白桦次生林枯落物和土壤的持水规律。以这3种典型林分的枯落物和土壤为研究对象,采用室内浸水法和环刀法分别研究3种林分枯落物和土壤的持水特性。结果表明:3种林分枯落物的蓄积量表现为华北落叶松人工林(18.84t/hm2)白桦华北落叶松次生林(15.28t/hm2)白桦次生林(9.53t/hm2)。白桦华北落叶松次生林的枯落物最大持水量最大,为31.10t/hm2;而白桦次生林最大持水量最小,为21.40t/hm2,枯落物持水量与浸水时间呈对数关系,关系式为Q=aln(t)+b;吸水速率与浸水时间呈幂函数关系,关系式为V=ktn。枯落物在前0.5h内吸水速率最大,在4h左右时下降速度明显减缓,在24h时的吸水速率基本趋于0。3种林分枯落物有效拦蓄量表现为华北落叶松人工林(23.42t/hm2)白桦华北落叶松次生林(20.24t/hm2)白桦次生林(15.51t/hm2)。在0-60cm的土壤层中,华北落叶松人工林土壤容重均值最大,为1.32g/cm3;白桦华北落叶松次生林最小,为1.10g/cm3。白桦华北落叶松次生林的土壤总孔隙度均值最大,为53.65%;华北落叶松人工林最小,为47.45%。土壤的毛管孔隙度均值呈现出白桦华北落叶松次生林(42.61%)华北落叶松人工林(40.68%)白桦次生林(36.01%)的趋势。白桦次生林的土壤有效持水量最大,为175.99t/hm2,华北落叶松人工林最小,为67.70t/hm2。综合3种林分枯落物层和土壤层的持水能力,可知白桦华北落叶松次生林储水能力强于华北落叶松人工林和白桦次生林。     

接坝地区9种典型林分类型枯落物层和土壤层水文效应

以八英庄林场9种典型林分类型为研究对象,对其枯落物层、土壤层水文效应进行研究,结果表明:（1）9种典型林分类型枯落物蓄积量在5.79~24.97 t/hm²的范围内,排序为白桦纯林 > 白桦山杨混交林 > 油松纯林 > 山杨纯林 > 蒙古栎纯林 > 落叶松油松混交林 > 白桦黑桦混交林 > 落叶松纯林 > 落叶松白桦混交林。（2）9种典型林分类型枯落物持水能力有一定差异,排序为白桦山杨混交林 > 山杨纯林 > 油松纯林 > 白桦纯林 > 白桦黑桦混交林 > 落叶松油松混交林 > 蒙古栎纯林 > 落叶松白桦混交林 > 落叶松纯林。（3）枯落物持水量与浸水时间呈较好的指数关系,相关系数在0.95以上,吸水速率与浸水时间呈较好的幂函数关系,相关系数大于0.9。（4）白桦山杨混交林枯落物有效拦蓄量最大为52.63 t/hm²,落叶松白桦混交林枯落物有效拦蓄量最小为14 t/hm²。（5）蒙古栎纯林土壤持水能力最强为117.42 t/hm²,其次是白桦山杨混交林为104.75 t/hm²,白桦纯林土壤持水能力最差为37.80 t/hm²。（6）土壤初渗速率在2.3~56.8 mm/min范围内,土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈较好的幂函数关系,相关系数大于0.95。     

华北土石山区典型森林枯落物层和土壤层水文效应

以河北省围场县北沟林场内4种不同林分的枯落物层和土壤层为研究对象,对其水文效应进行初步研究.结果衰明:(1)落叶松、油松混交林枯落物蓄积量最大,为12.28 t/hm2,最大持水量为24.60 t/hm,2,有效拦蓄量为27.19 t/hm2;油松林的枯落物蓄积量为11.74 t/hm2,最大持水量为19.30 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为22.21 t/hm2;落叶松林的枯落物蓄积量为9.32 t/hm2,最大持水量为11.60 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为16.20 t/hm2;落叶松白桦混交林的枯落物蓄积量为5.58 t/hm2,最大持水量为12.90 t/hm,2,有效拦蓄量为13.53 t/hm2.(2)半分解层枯落物浸泡8 h已基本达到饱和,而未分解层需浸泡10 h,通过分析得出持水量与浸泡时间的关系为Q=aln(t)+b;枯落物在浸水的前30 min内吸水速率最大,6 h左右时吸水速率明显减缓,枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间的关系为V=ktn.(3)落叶松白桦混交林土壤层持水能力最强,为377.03 t/hm2;落叶松油松混交林土壤层的持水能力最差,为241.9 t/hm,2,利用幂函数对入渗速率与入渗时间进行拟合,其相关系数均在0.95以上.     

冀西北山地华北落叶松和白桦林下枯落物水文特征

[目的]探讨冀西北山区不同人工林枯落物持水特性的差异,为该地区森林水文循环和森林开发管理提供基础依据。[方法]以冀西北张家口市崇礼山区的华北落叶松、白桦人工林为研究对象,在林下设置标准样地,测定枯落物层厚度和蓄积量,通过室内浸泡法测定持水特征。[结果]华北落叶松和白桦林下枯落物层厚度分别为4.2,3.4cm,枯落物蓄积量为10.90,4.92t/hm2;浸泡24h后华北落叶松枯落物(未分解层和半分解层)总持水量为4 228.5g/kg,白桦枯落物(未分解层和半分解层)总持水量为5 208.6g/kg,二者的有效拦蓄量分别为14.06,8.85t/hm2。在整个持水过程中,华北落叶松、白桦林下枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸水时间的变化规律基本一致,均在前4h内持水作用较强,4~8h后逐渐变缓,10h后其持水量基本达到饱和;枯落物持水量与浸水时间存在对数曲线关系,而吸水速率与浸泡时间存在幂函数关系。[结论]森林枯落物层发挥水文功能由持水能力和蓄积量共同决定,在森林经营管理过程中应充分考虑包括树种组成和搭配、林分密度等因子的影响。     

冀北山区三种典型森林类型枯落物水文效应研究

枯落物层在森林生态功能中具有十分重要的作用。在冀北山区北沟林场搜集了3种典型森林群落枯落物,研究其储量和持水特性。结果表明：3种林分类型枯落物半分解层的储量均大于未分解层;枯落物最大持水量总和为：油松蒙古栎混交林（155.31t/hm2）〉山杨桦树混交林（105.62t/hm2）〉落叶松桦树混交林（88.17t/hm2）;枯落物有效拦蓄量半分解层均大于未分解层,排序为：油松蒙古栎混交林（128.15t/hm2）〉山杨桦树混交林（82.27t/hm2）〉落叶松桦树混交林（69.22t/hm2）;总的有效持水量为：油松蒙古栎混交林（132.01t/hm2）〉山杨桦树混交林（89.39t/hm2）〉落叶松桦树混交林（74.95t/hm2）;枯落物各层持水量与浸泡时间呈很好的对数关系。总之,油松蒙古栎混交林保持水土效果最佳。     

河北省木兰林管局典型森林类型枯落物水文效应研究

枯落物层作为森林水文效应的第二个活动层,在调节森林水文过程中具有重要的意义。对木兰林管局6种典型天然林分枯落物层的水文效应进行了初步研究,结果表明：（1）华北落叶松-白桦-黑桦混交林枯落物总蓄积量最大为30.47 t/hm2,最大持水量最高为63.57 t/hm2;白桦-黑桦混交林枯落物最大持水率最大为257.80%。（2）未分解层和半分解层枯落物浸泡12 h均已基本达到饱和,持水量与浸泡时间呈明显对数关系;枯落物吸水速度在开始1 h内较快,6 h后速度逐渐减慢,吸水速率与浸泡时间均呈明显幂函数关系。（3）华北落叶松-白桦-黑桦混交林的有效拦蓄能力最强,为48.60 t/hm2;山杨-黑桦-蒙古栎混交林的有效拦蓄能力最弱,为16.47 t/hm2。即华北落叶松-白桦-黑桦混交林枯落物的水土保持能力最强,森林较健康,山杨-黑桦-蒙古栎混交林最弱,健康状况有待改善。     

河北省太行山区3种人工水土保持林枯落物及土壤水文效应

[目的]揭示人工水土保持林林下枯落物以及土壤持水特征,为太行山区水土保持林的建造和规划提供理论依据。[方法]运用烘干法,室内浸泡法,环刀法等得出不同林分林下枯落物蓄积量、持水量、吸水速率、最大持水能力和拦蓄量,比较了不同林分枯落物和土壤的持水能力。[结果]枯落物总储量范围为9.96~19.19t/hm2,表现为栓皮栎林总储量最大,荒坡总储量最小。枯落物最大持水量变化范围为23.76~66.72t/hm2,栓皮栎—侧柏混交林最大,荒坡最小。栓皮栎—侧柏混交林有效拦蓄量可达51.50t/hm2,在各林分中最大;荒坡有效拦蓄量为19.55t/hm2,在各林分中最小。枯落物持水量、吸水速率均与浸泡时间呈相关关系,前者为对数关系(R0.97),后者为幂函数关系(R0.98)。各林分土壤容重均值介于1.14~1.55g/cm3,总孔隙度介于38.62%~43.76%。各林分土壤有效持水量表现为:刺槐林栓皮栎—侧柏混交林栓皮栎林荒坡,其中刺槐林最大(为106.85t/hm2),荒坡最小(为89.37t/hm2)。[结论]水土保持林持水能力远大于荒坡。     

滦河上游7种典型林分类型水土保持功能

为了阐明森林植被的水土保持功能,对滦河上游地区落叶松林、油松林、山杨林、白桦林、落叶松—油松林、山杨—白桦林、落叶松—白桦林7种典型林分类型的枯落物和土壤持水性能进行研究。结果表明:(1)枯落物的厚度为31.5~52.4mm,储量为11.92~39.49t/hm2,最大持水量为24.60~105.62t/hm2,最大持水率为159.44%~354.62%,拦蓄能力大小顺序为ⅥⅦⅢⅤⅣⅠⅡ。(2)枯落物吸水能力大小顺序为ⅥⅦⅠⅢⅣⅡⅤ,吸水量与浸水时间的回归方程为Q=aln t+b(R20.907),吸水速率与浸水时间的回归方程为V=Ktn。(3)土壤容重为0.82~1.20g/cm3,非毛管孔隙度为5.66%~12.74%,最大持水量为447.33~1 082.77t/hm2,土壤的持水能力大小顺序为:ⅠⅡⅥⅢⅦⅣⅤ。(4)土壤的渗透能力大小顺序为:ⅡⅣⅥⅢⅠⅦⅤ,入渗速率与入渗时间的回归方程为Y=A·XB(R20.907)。     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

响应面设计法在温室番茄栽培中的应用

为优化温室番茄的栽培条件,试验研究了不同栽培密度、施氮量和施钾量对日光温室番茄产量的影响。通过中心复合试验设计,构建三因素（栽培密度,氮肥,钾肥）五水平的响应面设计方法并建立番茄产量与三因子的二次回归数学模型。结果表明:三因素对温室番茄产量均有显著的影响（p0.01）,影响的大小顺序为栽培密度施钾量施氮量;栽培密度与施氮量、施钾量之间存在显著的交互作用（p0.01）,施氮量与施钾量之间的相互作用对番茄产量影响不显著（p0.05）;多元二次回归分析结果显示,栽培密度、施氮量、施钾量与番茄产量之间的回归模型高度显著（p0.01）。统计分析确定温室番茄的最佳栽培条件为:栽培密度4.83万株/hm2,施氮量262 kg/hm2,施钾量513kg/hm2;在此条件下,温室番茄产量的预测值为119381kg/hm2,验证试验所得产量为121005kg/hm2。本研究为日光温室番茄高产、稳产和优质提供了理论依据。     

DMPP农业应用研究进展

本文对新型硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(简称DMPP)的特性作了介绍,对DMPP提高作物产量,改善品质,提高氮肥利用率。降低氮温室气体的释放,减少NO3-淋失,促进环境保护方面的作用及其影响因素作了评述。     

植物CBL基因家族的研究进展

细胞中游离的Ca2+是植物细胞中普遍存在的第二信使,类钙调神经素B亚基蛋白CBL作为一种特殊的钙感受器在植物生长发育和逆境胁迫响应过程中发挥重要作用.本文主要对植物CBL家族的起源与进化、蛋白结构、亚细胞定位以及CBL的功能进行综述,并对今后钙感受器CBL家族的研究重点和发展方向进行了展望.     

东北黑土土壤磷的纬向分异

以中国东北的中纬度黑土区为样带,研究了有机磷浓度与有机质、全氮浓度的关系;全磷、有机磷、无机磷及有机磷和无机磷的比率与纬度分布的关系。结果表明,有机磷和有机质、全氮浓度具有良好的相关性,它们之间的相关系数分别为0.90和0.92,呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。全磷、有机磷、无机磷、P_o/P_i在纬度上都存在不同程度的分异规律,即随着纬度的升高,其浓度或比率均有逐渐升高的趋势;其相关系数分别为0.68、0.77、0.26和0.60,相关分析表明,这些纬向分异规律都达极显著水平(P<0.01)。除了无机磷的纬向分异原因尚不明确之外,其他纬向分异的原因可能是由于黑土南北样带气候热量上的差异和人类活动的影响所致,从而造成南北样带之间有机质的矿化程度和速率产生差异。     

Possible role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in cycling of aluminium in podzols

Budget studies in boreal podzols indicate a considerable upward transport of aluminium (Al) from the mineral soil into the organic horizon. In this paper we studied if ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi can be involved in this upward transport via their extramatrical hyphae. We tested the use of gallium (Ga) as proxy for Al. Transport of Al through EcM hyphae was studied in vitro in a two-compartment Petri dish system. Two of the five fungal isolates tested transported Al. Using Ga instead of Al revealed the same trend in these systems, confirming the use of Ga as proxy for Al. Upward transport of Ga was studied in an artificial podzol. Pinus sylvestris seedlings were colonised by a natural community of EcM fungi from fresh forest soil. Gallium addition to the mineral soil led to increased Ga content in roots in the organic horizon and in the shoot. Upward Ga allocation was significantly higher when roots were excluded from the mineral soil by a mesh, only allowing fungal mycelium to grow through. We conclude that at least some EcM fungi transport Al and that Ga, and probably also Al, can be transported upwards by EcM fungal hyphae in a podzol system. These findings support the hypothesis that EcM fungi play a role in upward transport of Al in podzols.     

Movement of ammonium in paddy soils in Taiwan

The movement of ammonium due to diffusion in paddy soils in Taiwan was investigated in the laboratory. The movement of ammonium in flooded soils was inversely proportional to the concentration of ammonium in the soil solution, which was a function of the quantity of ammonium present, the content of solid matter in a unit volume of soil (bulk density), and the adsorptive property of soil. Although there was a considerable variation in the value of both the ammonium adsorption and bulk density of soils, the adsorptive property was more variable. Therefore, the adsorptive property seemed to be the most influencial factor on the movement of ammonium in flooded soils, where the property had a close relation to the cationexchange capacity.

The bulk density of flooded soils in the field could be reproduced in glass tubes under percolating condition in the laboratory. The values of bulk density determined on paddy soils after harvesting or on air-dry soils were considerably different from those in the flooded soils in the field. A simple determination method of bulk density was proposed for paddy soils.