降雨非饱和入渗对土壤热量运移变化的影响

高温季节土壤表层温度非常高,土壤内部含水率较低,突发性降雨对于土壤温度动态变化和水热交换运移影响极大。为了揭示降雨非饱和入渗对土壤热量运移变化的影响,该研究建立了反映降雨入渗过程的土壤热量运移数学模型,编制了有限元数值计算程序,针对南京雨花台区典型土壤,开展了降雨非饱和入渗对土壤热量运移影响的数值计算与分析研究。结果表明：不考虑降雨入渗情况下,土壤温度变化与热量运移主要是表层土壤与环境之间的热交换作用引起,热量运移影响深度约0.2 m;降雨强度45 mm/h作用下,随降雨历时增加,雨水全部自由入渗到土壤内部,土壤内部基质吸力呈线性递减趋势,湿润锋面逐渐下移,土壤体积含水率快速增加;湿润锋过后的土壤体积含水率逐渐接近于饱和体积含水率,土壤入渗能力逐渐下降,直至趋于饱和入渗率;在降雨非饱和入渗影响下,入渗到土壤孔隙中的低温雨水与土壤颗粒发生热量交换,进而改变了原有土壤温度场分布,并随着降雨入渗深度的持续增加,降雨入渗过程对土壤热量运移的影响呈现逐渐减弱趋势。经过现场实测数据与模拟计算结果验证,随着降雨历时增加,土壤体积含水率实测值和数值计算值相对误差保持在±3.99%以内,均方根误差RMSE为0.01 cm3/cm3;土壤温度实测值和数值计算值的相关误差保持在±2.72%以内,均方根误差RMSE为0.55℃,模拟计算结果和现场实测数据均吻合较好,表明该模型对描述降雨非饱和入渗过程土壤热量运移规律的适应性较强,数值计算程序合理。研究成果可为农业水利工程与水土保持、土壤水文水资源的分布与利用、城市水资源控制与生态环境保护等领域提供重要参考。     

土壤初始含水率对坡面降雨入渗及土壤水分再分布的影响

在防止土壤侵蚀和雨后抑制蒸发的条件下，利用室内人工降雨试验，研究了土壤初始含水率对坡面降雨入渗、湿润锋运移及土壤水分再分布规律的影响。结果表明：初始含水率越高，产流越快，平均入渗率越小，达到稳定入渗率的时间也越短；当初始含水率均匀分布时，降雨入渗和再分布过程中湿润锋面平行坡面垂直向下整体运移，坡面降雨入渗过程可以简化为一维；当初始含水率非均匀分布时，初始含水率越高，再分布过程中湿润锋的运移速率越大，但在降雨入渗过程中，湿润锋的运移速率与土体的湿润程度和范围有一定的关系；坡面上方来水(径流)虽然对湿润锋运移速率影响不大，但对入渗有一定的促进作用；再分布过程中，土壤水分有沿坡向下运移的趋势。     

初始含水率及容重影响下红壤水分入渗规律

运用室内模拟土柱试验,研究了初始含水率为7%,11%和15%这3个梯度及容重为1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5g/cm~3这4个梯度对均质红壤水分入渗规律的影响;根据Kostiakov模型和Philip模型对入渗过程进行拟合分析,得出入渗模型参数。试验结果表明:均质红壤水分入渗,入渗率、湿润锋运移速率与时间呈幂函数递减关系,Philip入渗模型较适用;随着时间的推进,土壤逐渐达到饱和,入渗率、湿润锋运移速率的变化也越来越小;入渗率与初始含水率成反比关系,初始含水率越高,入渗率越低;湿润锋运移速率随初始含水率增加而增大;土壤容重越大,入渗率越低,湿润锋运移越慢。     

层状夹砂土柱室内积水入渗试验及模拟

为了研究夹砂层对入渗强度、湿润锋行进和沿程土壤含水率变化的影响,进行了室内层状夹砂土柱一维薄层积水入渗试验和相应情况下均质土柱的对照试验。结果表明,当湿润锋到达夹砂层上界面后,层状夹砂土柱的入渗过程与均质土入渗表现出明显不同。在湿润峰穿过夹砂层上界面时入渗率有较大波动,且最终进入稳渗阶段,其稳渗率明显小于同时刻均质土柱入渗率;当湿润锋穿过夹砂层后,夹砂层内的土壤含水率明显小于其饱和含水率。根据试验和分析,建立了针对层状夹砂土入渗的S-Green-Ampt模型,该模型可以较准确地反映层状夹砂土柱积水入渗的机     

基于图形特征的Green-Ampt入渗模型关键参数Sf和Ks的简化求解

Green—Ampt入渗模型应用广泛，是模拟坡面降雨入渗、产流过程常用的手段，湿润锋平均基质吸力S和表征导水率K是模型中的关键参数。对地表积水入渗过程中湿润区内平均含水率增量△θ（t）进行了定义，对烟台棕壤土积水入渗试验分析表明，在入渗过程中△θ（t）为一常量0．34。根据水量平衡原理得到了Greer-Ampt入渗模型中概化湿润锋磊和实际湿润锋Z^αf的定量关系，并通过对Green．Ampt入渗模型的分析，提出了利用i（t）～I（t）或i（t）-Z^αf之间图形特征关系来确定湿润锋平均基质吸力Sf，和表征导水率Ks的方法。同实测资料相比，利用基于i（t）-I（t）和i（t）-Z^αf图形关系所获Sf和Ks预测的累计入渗量和湿润锋精度较高，整体相对误差小于6％。     

不同含水率条件下非饱和边坡的稳定性

[目的]试图改进现有初始条件考量方法,重点分析不同初始含水率条件下降雨入渗对边坡稳定性的作用机制,为滑坡预警提供参考。[方法]以甘肃省天水市廖集村滑坡为例,基于无前期降雨和有前期降雨作用下实测土层含水率结果,将其分别定义为天然和湿润状态,作为初始条件建立渗流与应力的流—固耦合物理力学模型。[结果]天然状态下,非饱和入渗迅速,但入渗仅局限于浅表层1—2m,稳定系数在入渗初期显著下降,但随着下渗的停滞而缓慢变化,往往形成浅表层滑坡;湿润条件下,土体持水缓慢,但能下渗到3—4m以下的较深部位,随着入渗深度的增大,土体软化作用加强,形成深部滑坡。所以,土体干燥状态时,进行7d的雨量预警是有效的防灾方法。对于连阴雨天气,土层较湿润,要注重对滑坡体4m以下部位孔隙水压力和坡脚位移形变的监测。[结论]土体初始条件对非饱和入渗和稳定性变化过程具有显著影响,是降雨触发型滑坡稳定性分析中不可忽略的因素。     

浑水膜孔灌多向交汇入渗湿润体特征数值研究

为了研究浑水膜孔灌不同膜孔直径对多点源交汇入渗湿润体特征的影响,设置4种不同大小的膜孔直径,通过室内试验,在膜孔灌入渗方式下,测量不同膜孔直径多向交汇湿润体特征的变化过程。结果表明：膜孔直径越大,相同入渗时间内水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离越大;自由入渗剖面,水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离均与入渗时间符合幂函数模型,运移参数随膜孔直径的增大而增大,运移指数则减小;交汇剖面水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离与入渗时间符合对数函数模型;随着膜孔直径的增大,膜孔周围土壤含水率均接近土壤饱和含水率,其他相同位置土壤含水率增大,发生单向交汇和多向交汇的时间逐渐减小;浑水膜孔灌湿润体内灌水均匀系数均大于90%,灌水均匀度非常高。     

盐碱土入渗下修正Green-Ampt模型参数确定与验证

为进一步探究盐碱土的入渗机理,实现科学的盐碱土农业生产与灌溉,基于传统Green-Ampt模型,根据盐碱土的入渗特性引进扩散率D(θ),并结合对土壤剖面含水量分布的划分假定对模型进行修正。利用5种盐碱土进行一维积水入渗试验,采用入渗率、湿润锋数据验证该修正模型。结果显示：修正模型模拟值与实测值的一致性良好,进行相关分析得到5种盐碱土入渗率R2平均值为0.983,平均绝对误差均小于0.05;湿润锋R2平均值为0.868,平均绝对误差均小于3.50。将修正模型参数饱和导水率、湿润锋面基质吸力值与盐碱土盐分离子含量进行相关分析,结果显示基质吸力值随K++Na+含量的减少而减小,饱和导水率随K++Na+含量的减少而增大。该修正模型经验证可应用于不同盐渍化程度的盐碱土入渗过程模拟,从而为深入盐碱土水分入渗机制研究与加快盐碱土农业生产提供理论支持。     

裂隙岩质边坡非饱和降雨入渗特征分析

[目的]研究降雨入渗过程中,裂隙岩质边坡渗流场和暂态饱和区的变化规律,为裂隙岩体降雨入渗规律、工程技术及水土保持方面的研究提供支持。[方法]基于非连续裂隙模型,采用Matlab编制裂隙岩体渗透张量的计算程序;基于等效连续介质渗流模型,采用FLAC3D内置的FISH语言编制程序进行非饱和渗流分析。[结果]依托实际工程分析得出了裂隙岩体的渗透张量,在降雨过程中随着降雨强度的增加或者降雨时间的延长,边坡表层区域零孔隙水压力面不断向内部发展,暂态饱和区的范围不断扩大,且暂态饱和区的出现发生在降雨强度大于边坡的入渗率的情况。[结论]采用非连续裂隙网络模型和等效连续介质渗流模型对裂隙岩质边坡降雨入渗分析能较好反映裂隙岩体各向异性和非饱和渗流的特点。     

降雨条件下分层土壤入渗特性

通过室内模拟降雨入渗试验,研究了粘土、壤土和沙土3种土壤不同分层组合方式对土壤入渗特性的影响。结果表明:垂直入渗条件下,分层土壤入渗特征由土壤分层组合方式决定;分层土壤累计入渗量与湿润锋距离呈线性相关关系;分层土壤入渗过程中,当粗沙覆盖细沙且降雨强度大于下层细沙土稳定入渗率时,湿润锋以上剖面可以达到或接近饱和,当细沙覆盖粗沙且降雨强度大于细沙土稳定入渗率时,湿润锋剖面中,除细沙土部分剖面达到饱和,其余粗沙土剖面无法达到饱和,且其饱和程度和下层粗沙土土壤持水能力有关。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.