三亚珊瑚礁国家级自然保护区海域水质环境状况分析及评价

2015年10月,对海南三亚珊瑚礁国家级自然保护区进行水质调查,调查站点布设三亚西瑁洲西端3个站点,鹿回头南端4个站点,亚龙湾2个站点,共布设9个调查站点。分析了水温、pH、盐度、溶解氧、化学需氧量、活性磷酸盐、无机氮、油类、铜、铅、锌、镉、汞、砷共14项指标。采用单项水质指数法、有机体污染指数法以及水质富营养化指数法对三亚珊瑚礁国家级自然保护区附近海域水质进行分析和评价,结果显示：该海域水质评价指数均小于1,单因子指数较小;有机污染评价指数A＜1,污染物浓度较低;富营养化评价指数E＜1,该海域海水水质均符合第一类海水水质标准,水质处于良好状态。     

畜禽粪便的环境生态效应及资源化利用

阐述了养殖业规模化、集约化发展后的畜禽粪便排放对环境生态的影响,概括了畜禽粪便的资源潜力、资源化利用方式和资源化利用技术的研究进展,展望了畜禽粪便资源化利用的未来发展趋势。     

剑麻知识讲座 第二讲 剑麻植物学特征及对外界环境条件的要求

一、剑麻植物学特征剑麻是单子叶、多年生、肉质、旱生草本植物[文中剑麻包括:龙舌兰杂种11648(Agave hybrid NO 11648)和普通剑麻(Agave sisalana Perrine.)两种]。     

水生生物型空心莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）对环境因子的反应及与水稻的竞争

 为明确环境因子对水生生物型空心莲子草生活力的影响以及空心莲子草与水稻的竞争关系，采用生物测定方法，分析了低温、干燥、盐碱、水层等因子对空心莲子草茎的活棵率、繁殖茎数和植株生物量的影响，还研究了不同种群密度的空心莲子草对水稻产量性状的影响。 空心莲子草茎在4℃低温随后常温处理的活棵率达84%，而在-20℃随后常温处理后完全失去生活力；在含水量为30.2%时，空心莲子草茎的活棵率、繁殖茎数和植株鲜质量比鲜样（含水量93.5%）处理的分别下降了45%、33%和74%；0.1%盐碱水溶液处理就可使空心莲子草茎基本失去生活力；水生生物型空心莲子草茎在土壤湿润和不同水层条件下都能够成活和生长。在水稻100株/m2条件下，接种空心莲子草茎23~360株/m2使水稻减产43%~53%。     

夏季全光照下3种大型卷瓣凤梨属植物光合日变化特征及与环境因子的关系

卷瓣凤梨属（Alcantarea）植物是凤梨科植物中较晚被引入中国的观赏凤梨之一,与目前国内常见的观赏凤梨商业品种不耐强光不同,卷瓣凤梨属植物较喜光,加上其体型硕大,既可观叶也可赏花,较适合应用于室外园林中。但是不同种和品种对光照的需求各有差异,特别是对于夏季室外全光照环境的耐受性尚未明确。为了研究不同卷瓣凤梨属植物对夏季强光和高温环境的适应性,以3种大型卷瓣凤梨的成熟植株为研究对象,运用Li-6400光合测定仪进行夏季全光照环境下光合特性日变化的测定,并进行光合生理指标与环境因子的相关性分析。3种卷瓣凤梨属植物在夏季高温季的日变化曲线都为双峰型,且都在8：00达到最高点,中午11：00出现谷底,其中帝王卷瓣凤梨（红叶型）的净光合速率（P_n）日变化曲线较为平缓,谷底高而浅,中午P_n显著高于其他2个种,表现出对夏季强光及伴随着的高温环境具有较强的耐受性,且9：00—13：00的P_n下降是由气孔限制引起的;‘优雅’和格拉齐卷瓣凤梨的P_n双峰曲线谷底较深,其中‘格拉齐’的P_n变化最为剧烈,在早晚光线和气温不太高的环境下具有较高的P_n,强光下光合作用下降明显,中午11：00到达谷底,次峰较高,出现在15：00;‘优雅’和‘格拉齐’在上午9：00—13：00的P_n下降是由非气孔限制引起的。气孔导度（G_s）是影响3种凤梨夏季全光照环境下P_n的主要光合生理指标,具有极显著或显著正相关性,但与其他光合生理指标及环境因子间相关系数较低,可能是各因素间存在交互影响所致。3种卷瓣凤梨中,帝王卷瓣凤梨（红叶型）对室外全光照环境的适应较强,植株生长正常,格拉齐卷瓣凤梨和‘优雅’卷瓣凤梨对强光比较敏感,其中‘格拉齐’叶色变黄,‘优雅’则发生叶丛中央的新叶不正常密集生长的现象,因此后2种更适合中午有一定荫蔽的环境,本研究为卷瓣凤梨属植物在室外园林中露地应用提供理论依据。     

Site-Specific Variability in the Chemical Diversity of the Antarctic Red Alga Plocamium cartilagineum

Plocamium cartilagineum is a common red alga on the benthos of Antarctica and can be a dominant understory species along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Algae from this region have been studied chemically, and like “P. cartilagineum” from other worldwide locations where it is common, it is rich in halogenated monoterpenes, some of which have been implicated as feeding deterrents toward sympatric algal predators. Secondary metabolites are highly variable in this alga, both qualitatively and quantitatively, leading us to probe individual plants to track the possible link of variability to genetic or other factors. Using cox1 and rbcL gene sequencing, we find that the Antarctic alga divides into two closely related phylogroups, but not species, each of which is further divided into one of five chemogroups. The chemogroups themselves, defined on the basis of Bray-Curtis similarity profiling of GC/QqQ chromatographic analyses, are largely site specific within a 10 km² area. Thus, on the limited geographical range of this analysis, P. cartilagineum displays only modest genetic radiation, but its secondary metabolome was found to have experienced more extensive radiation. Such metabogenomic divergence demonstrated on the larger geographical scale of the Antarctic Peninsula, or perhaps even continent-wide, may contribute to the discovery of cryptic speciation.     

Red Algae (Rhodophyta) from the Coast of Madagascar: Preliminary Bioactivity Studies and Isolation of Natural Products

Several species of red algae (Rhodophyta) from the coastal regions of Madagascar have been investigated for their natural products. The most abundant compound was cholesterol (5) in combination with a series of oxidized congeners. The brominated indoles 1–3 along with the sesquiterpene debilone (4) have been isolated from Laurencia complanata. For the first time, debilone (4) has been obtained from a marine plant. From the methanol extract of Calloseris sp., we have achieved the second isolation of the unusual A-ring contracted steroids (−)-2-ethoxycarbonyl-2β-hydroxy-A-nor-cholest-5-en-4-one (9) and phorbasterone B (10). The crude extracts of Laurencia complanata exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Candida albicans.     

不同覆盖物对红壤旱坡地土壤环境和花生生长的影响

以种植花生的红壤旱坡地为对象,研究液态地膜覆盖(LFM)、塑料地膜覆盖(PFM)、稻草覆盖(SM)和无覆盖(NM)对土壤环境和花生生长效应的影响。结果表明:有覆盖物可以显著增加土壤含水量,调节土壤温度,加快花生光合作用,使花生干物质的分配更合理,且提高花生产量;不同覆盖物对土壤和花生生长等各项指标的综合效应不同,表现为稻草覆盖塑料地膜液态地膜无覆盖。     

福建红壤区适生牧草种质筛选及其套种于山地果园的生态效应

针对福建省红壤区域的特点，从国内外引进了128份豆科、禾本科牧草品种(品系)种质材料进行多年的适应性栽培，并从中筛选出圆叶决明、平托花生、南非马唐、鸡脚草、小黑麦等一批可供生产应用的品种(品系)。试验结果表明，在山地果园中合理套种圆叶决明、平托花生等牧草，不仅可有效防止水土流失(其发生径流次数减少11．4％，径流量则降低98．7％)，而且可在一定程度上改良小生态环境，有利于果树生长，获得较好的经济效益和生态效益。     

Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Crude Methanolic Extract of Red Alga Bryothamnion triquetrum

The marine environment is an extraordinary reservoir of bioactive natural products, many of which exhibit chemical and structural features not found in terrestrial natural products. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate the possible antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of a crude methanolic extract of the red alga Bryothamnion triquetrum (BT-MeOH) in murine models. Groups of Swiss mice of both sexes (25–30 g) were used throughout the experiments. The potential antinociceptive of BT-MeOH was evaluated by means of the following tests: acetic acid-induced writhing, hot-plate test and glutamate- and formalin-induced nociception. The anti-inflammatory activity of BT-MeOH was investigated using the zymosan A-induced peritonitis test. The tests were conducted using 100 mg/kg (p.o.) BT-MeOH, 33.3 mg/kg (p.o.) dipyrone, 35.7 mg/kg (p.o.) indomethacin and 5.7 mg/kg (s.c.) morphine. The extract and all standard drugs were administered 40 min before the nociceptive/inflammatory stimulus. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, BT-MeOH and dipyrone inhibited the nociceptive response by 55.9% (22.2 ± 2.0 writhings; p < 0.01) and 80.9% (9.6 ± 2.1 writhings; p < 0.01). In the hot-plate test, BT-MeOH did not increase the latency time of the animals in the time evaluated. In addition, BT-MeOH inhibited glutamate-induced nociception by 50.1%. While BT-MeOH did not inhibit the neurogenic phase in formalin-induced nociception, the inflammatory phase was inhibited by 53.1% (66.8 ± 14.2 s; p < 0.01). Indomethacin inhibited the inflammatory phase by 60.2% (56.8 ± 8.7 s; p < 0.01). In the zymosan-induced peritonitis test, BT-MeOH inhibited 55.6% (6.6 ± 0.2 × 10⁶ leukocytes/mL; p < 0.01) of leukocyte migration, while indomethacin inhibited 78.1% (3.2 ± 0.1 × 10⁶ leukocytes/mL; p < 0.01). Based on the results obtained in this study, we conclude that BT-MeOH has peripheral antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. However, more studies need to be conducted to confirm these properties.     

Effects of in vitro brevetoxin exposure on apoptosis and cellular metabolism in a leukemic T cell line (Jurkat)

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) of the toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, produce red tide toxins, or brevetoxins. Significant health effects associated with red tide toxin exposure have been reported in sea life and in humans, with brevetoxins documented within immune cells from many species. The objective of this research was to investigate potential immunotoxic effects of brevetoxins using a leukemic T cell line (Jurkat) as an in vitro model system. Viability, cell proliferation, and apoptosis assays were conducted using brevetoxin congeners PbTx-2, PbTx-3, and PbTx-6. The effects of in vitro brevetoxin exposure on cell viability and cellular metabolism or proliferation were determined using trypan blue and MTT (1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan), respectively. Using MTT, cellular metabolic activity was decreased in Jurkat cells exposed to 5 – 10 μg/ml PbTx-2 or PbTx-6. After 3 h, no significant effects on cell viability were observed with any toxin congener in concentrations up to 10 μg/ml. Viability decreased dramatically after 24 h in cells treated with PbTx-2 or -6. Apoptosis, as measured by caspase-3 activity, was significantly increased in cells exposed to PbTx-2 or PbTx-6. In summary, brevetoxin congeners varied in effects on Jurkat cells, with PbTx-2 and PbTx-6 eliciting greater cellular effects compared to PbTx-3.     

Overview on Biological Activities and Molecular Characteristics of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine Green Algae in Recent Years

Among the three main divisions of marine macroalgae (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta), marine green algae are valuable sources of structurally diverse bioactive compounds and remain largely unexploited in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical areas. Recently, a great deal of interest has been developed to isolate novel sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from marine green algae because of their numerous health beneficial effects. Green seaweeds are known to synthesize large quantities of SPs and are well established sources of these particularly interesting molecules such as ulvans from Ulva and Enteromorpha, sulfated rhamnans from Monostroma, sulfated arabinogalactans from Codium, sulfated galacotans from Caulerpa, and some special sulfated mannans from different species. These SPs exhibit many beneficial biological activities such as anticoagulant, antiviral, antioxidative, antitumor, immunomodulating, antihyperlipidemic and antihepatotoxic activities. Therefore, marine algae derived SPs have great potential for further development as healthy food and medical products. The present review focuses on SPs derived from marine green algae and presents an overview of the recent progress of determinations of their structural types and biological activities, especially their potential health benefits.     

Antitumor and Antimicrobial Potential of Bromoditerpenes Isolated from the Red Alga,Sphaerococcus coronopifolius

Cancer and infectious diseases continue to be a major public health problem, and new drugs are necessary. As marine organisms are well known to provide a wide range of original compounds, the aim of this study was to investigate the bioactivity of the main constituents of the cosmopolitan red alga, Sphaerococcus coronopifolius. The structure of several bromoditerpenes was determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. Five molecules were isolated and characterized which include a new brominated diterpene belonging to the rare dactylomelane family and named sphaerodactylomelol (1), along with four already known sphaerane bromoditerpenes (2–5). Antitumor activity was assessed by cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative assays on an in vitro model of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2 cells). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against four pathogenic microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Compound 4 exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (IC₅₀ 6.35 µM) and compound 5 the highest anti-proliferative activity on HepG-2 cells (IC₅₀ 42.9 µM). The new diterpene, sphaerodactylomelol (1), induced inhibition of cell proliferation (IC₅₀ 280 µM) and cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ 720 µM) on HepG-2 cells and showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (IC₅₀ 96.3 µM).     

高压消解-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定海藻中汞和砷

采用高压消解-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)同时测定了5种不同海藻的汞和砷含量以考察海藻的食用安全性和海水污染情况。结果表明:汞、砷的线性范围分别为0~5.0、0~20.0μg/L,相关系数分别为0.9997、0.9999,检出限分别为5.0×10-4、0.01 mg/kg,相对标准偏差分别为2.8%、0.5%,加标回收率分别为92.7%~98.1%、96.6%~104.8%。高压消解方法操作简单、快速省时、消解完全,HG-AFS法操作简便、分析速度快、灵敏度高,可对汞和砷同时测定。对5种海藻中的汞和砷测定比较发现,不同海藻汞、砷含量存在一些差异,但都低于限量标准,以石花菜中汞和砷含量最低。褐藻门富集汞的能力强于红藻门,但褐藻门和红藻门富集砷的能力没有明显的界限。该研究的5种海藻均满足消费要求,海水质量较好。     

Polar Lipids Composition,Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Atlantic Red Seaweed Grateloupia turuturu

Grateloupia turuturu Yamada, 1941, is a red seaweed widely used for food in Japan and Korea which was recorded on the Atlantic Coast of Europe about twenty years ago. This seaweed presents eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in its lipid fraction, a feature that sparked the interest on its potential applications. In seaweeds, PUFAs are mostly esterified to polar lipids, emerging as healthy phytochemicals. However, to date, these biomolecules are still unknown for G. turuturu. The present work aimed to identify the polar lipid profile of G. turuturu, using modern lipidomics approaches based on high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The health benefits of polar lipids were identified by health lipid indices and the assessment of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The polar lipids profile identified from G. turuturu included 205 lipid species distributed over glycolipids, phospholipids, betaine lipids and phosphosphingolipids, which featured a high number of lipid species with EPA and PUFAs. The nutritional value of G. turuturu has been shown by its protein content, fatty acyl composition and health lipid indices, thus confirming G. turuturu as an alternative source of protein and lipids. Some of the lipid species assigned were associated to biological activity, as polar lipid extracts showed antioxidant activity evidenced by free radical scavenging potential for the 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS^●+) radical (IC₅₀ ca. 130.4 μg mL⁻¹) and for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH^●) radical (IC₂₅ ca. 129.1 μg mL⁻¹) and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of the COX-2 enzyme (IC₅₀ ca. 33 µg mL⁻¹). Both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were detected using a low concentration of extracts. This integrative approach contributes to increase the knowledge of G. turuturu as a species capable of providing nutrients and bioactive molecules with potential applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.