Chemical signatures for superheavy elementary particles

Models of unified fundamental interactions suggest the existence of many particles in the mass range 10 x 10(9) to 100 x 10(12) electron volts. Among these may be charged particles, X(+/-), that are stable or nearly so. The X(+,)s would form superheavy hydrogen, while the X(-,)s would bind to nuclei. Chemical isolation of naturally occurring technetium, promethium, actinium, protactinium, neptunium, or americium would indicate the presence of superheavy particles in the forms RuX(-), SmX(-), (232)ThX(-), (235,236,238)UX(-), (244)PuX(-), or (247)CmX(-). Other substances worth searching for include superheavy elements with the chemical properties of boron, fluorine, manganese, beryllium, scandium, vanadium, lithium, neon, and thallium.     

Superheavy elements: an early solar system upper limit for elements 107 to 110

The abundance of samarium-152 in the Santa Clara iron meteorite is found to be 108 x 10(7) atoms per gram. This quantity, if attributed to fission of a superheavy element with atomic number 107 to 109, limits the amount of superheavy elements in the early solar system to 1.7 x 10(-5) times the abundance of uranium-238. For element 110, the limit is 3.4 x 10(-5).     

Superheavy elements: a crossroads

The failure to synthesize superheavy elements by using complete fusion reactions is most likely understandable in terms of the low survival probabilities of the superheavy precursors formed in these reactions or (in some cases) the failure to achieve complete fusion. Further attempts to synthesize these elements by using complete fusion or deep inelastic transfer reactions, or both, are discussed in light of these results.     

X-rays from Coalescing Atoms

The discovery and investigation of X-ray continua has provided a new tool for studying the detailed electronic processes that occur when atoms collide. In the collisions considered here, the quasimolecular origin of the continuum radiation has been established. Therefore, as the atomic numbers of the projectiles and target atoms are increased one can simulate some of the properties of superheavy atoms. In particular, the peaked nature of the x-ray energy dependence of the anisotropy of K, L, and M MO radiation, as well as the peaked nature of the M MO spectra, will allow approximate spectroscopic studies of superheavy atoms. Special excitement attaches to the possibility of observing fundamental processes occurring under extremely high electric and magnetic fields. The recent successful development of a 1400-Mev U beam at the GSI (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) accelerator in Darmstadt, Germany, promises an imminent attack on these basic problems (63).     

基于氢稳定同位素技术对中国地区红脂大小蠹溯源追踪的可行性分析

红脂大小蠹是一种外来蛀干类害虫，它可以通过自然传播和人为传播途径进行远距离扩散。目前最为有效的防治手段就是及时进行监测和预警，但是由于缺乏快速追踪和溯源的手段，使得防治工作变得困难。  目的  基于氢稳定同位素溯源技术，建立可用于追踪中国地区红脂大小蠹的溯源模型。  方法  从全球降水氢同位素数据库中下载中国地区的栅格数据，利用ArcGIS 10.4.1构建中国大陆地区降水氢同位素区划图（坐标系统为Beijing 1954）。在5个样地累计诱捕红脂大小蠹成虫153头，利用稳定同位素质谱仪和元素分析仪测定样品的氢稳定同位素比值（δ2H）。利用R软件构建红脂大小蠹与降水δ2H值的标准曲线方程。  结果  通过中国大陆地区降水氢同位素区划图得出:在东部季风区，降水δ2H值呈现出区域性变化，并大致表现为从东南向西北递减的梯度变化。5个样地的红脂大小蠹的δ2H值之间具有显著性差异。红脂大小蠹与降水的δ2H值呈正相关关系，并基于试验数据建立线性回归方程式:y = 3.166x + 86.050，经t检验、F检验、R2检验以及残差检验证明模型的显著性和匹配度都很高。  结论  红脂大小蠹的δ2H值与其生境中的降水δ2H值呈现出高度相关的线性关系，且降水δ2H值在红脂大小蠹分布区具有可用于判别的规律。因此，基于本试验的数学模型可以实现中国地区红脂大小蠹的溯源追踪。      

Giant radioactive halos: indicators of unknown radioactivity?

A new group of giant radioactive halos has been found with radii in excess of anything previously discovered. Since alternate explanations for these giant halos are inconclusive at present, the possibility is considered that they originate with unknown alpha radioactivity, either from isomers of known elements or from superheavy elements.     

The ancient lunar core dynamo

Lunar paleomagnetism provides evidence for the existence of an ancient lunar magnetic field generated in an iron core. Paleointensity experiments give a surface field of 1.3 gauss, 4.0 x 10(9) years ago, subsequently decreasing exponentially. Thermodynamic arguments give a minimum value of the heat source in the core at that time: known sources, radioactive and other, are quantitatively implausible, and it is suggested that superheavy elements were present in the early moon.     

Structure and stability of X.G.C mismatches in the third strand of intramolecular triplexes

Intramolecular DNA triplexes that contain eight base triplets formed from the folding of a single DNA strand tolerate a single X.G.C mismatch in the third strand at acidic pH. The structure and relative stability of all four triplets that are possible involving a G.C Watson-Crick base pair were determined with one- and two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Triplexes containing A.G.C, G.G.C, or T.G.C triplets were less stable than the corresponding parent molecule containing a C.G.C triplet. However, all mismatched bases formed specific hydrogen bonds in the major groove of the double helix. The relative effect of these mismatches on the stability of the triplex differs from the effect assayed (under different conditions) by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and DNA cleavage with oligonucleotide EDTA.Fe(II).     

Exinct superheavy element in meteorites: attempted characterization

If the unexplained fission xenon component in meteorites is due to a volatile superheavy element, this element must have had a heat of vaporization of 54 +/- 3 kilocalories per mole and a normal boiling point of 2500 degrees +/- 400 degrees K. The prime candidates are elements 111 and 115, followed by 113, 114, 112, and 116. Elements 105 to 110 are not volatile enough and can therefore be excluded.     

Physicists rock the standard model in dallas

The 1400 physicists who converged on Dallas 2 weeks ago for the International High Energy Physics meeting came from all over. Ask them about the state of their field, however, and you'll find a common dream-to go beyond the standard model of particles and forces. For physicists "searching for chinks in the model's armor," as several put it, the elusive, unobtrusive neutrino is a promising object of study. And while the meeting saw the possibility of a superheavy "17-keV" neutrino fade, cosmic ray-produced neutrinos gave new hints of physics in that over-the-rainbow region beyond the standard model.     

Elements 112 to 119: were they present in meteorites?

Chondrites contain a small fission xenon component of unexplained origin. Evidence on the geochemical behavior of this component suggests that it was not derived from an actinide element (Z = 89 to 103), or from a transition metal between Z = 104 and 111, but from a more volatile progenitor. The most likely candidates are the superheavy elements between Z = 112 and 119, whose lighter congeners (mercury, tellurium, lead, and the like) are known to be strongly fractionated in meteorites.     

稳定同位素在植物水分来源及利用效率研究中的应用

介绍了稳定氢、氧、碳同位素技术在定量区分植物水分来源及利用效率研究中的应用。以往大量研究结果表明,由于植物根系在吸收水分过程中没有发生同位素分馏,所以通过比较和分析植物木质部水分及其可利用水源的氢氧同位素δ值,就可以定量判断植物的水源;植物在光合作用过程中会产生碳同位素的分馏,从而使得植物叶片中的碳同位素组成能够成为指示植物水分利用效率的一个间接指标,是目前研究植物叶片长期水分利用效率的最佳方法;稳定同位素技术作为安全的示踪剂,有助于人类了解植物的生理生态功能,随着该技术的不断完善和研究的不断深入,同位素技术将会在生态学研究的许多领域得到广泛的应用。     

不同钢级腐蚀管道剩余强度分析方法的对比

以X42~X100钢级管道为研究对象,利用5种缺陷管道评价规范和非线性有限元方法计算具有腐蚀缺陷管道的失效压力。计算结果与试验数据对比分析表明：ASME B31G规范计算误差大且分布不稳定,修正的ASME B31G规范计算结果虽然有所改进,但计算误差仍然较大;BS7910、DNV-RP-F101和PCORRC规范更适合X60以上中高强度钢级管道的评价;与上述评价规范的计算结果相比,非线性有限元法在研究钢级范围内的计算误差小且分布稳定。     

Hydrogen in stishovite, with implications for mantle water content

Stishovite, the highest pressure polymorph of silicon dioxide, may be an important mineral in some regions of the Earth's mantle. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used to determine the hydrogen content of synthetic stishovite. The concentration of hydrogen depends on the aluminum content of the sample and reaches a maximum of 549 +/- 23 hydrogen atoms per 10(6) silicon atoms for an Al(2)O(3) content of 1.51 percent by weight. Stishovite could be a storage site for water in deep subducting slabs and in regions of the mantle that are too hot for hydrous minerals to be stable.     

氯代甲醛-次氯酸复合物的结构和热力学性质

在B3LYP/6-311＋＋G＊＊水平上对氯代甲醛HCOCl与次氯酸HOCl可能的复合物进行结构优化与频率计算。得到5个稳定异构体,其中形成ClO-H…O=C氢键的复合物最稳定,经基组重叠误差和零点振动能校正后的相互作用能为-11.92KJ/mol。氢键的形成导致H-O伸缩振动频率红移。在298.15K和标准状态下,稳定复合物的形成反应是一个放热的非自发过程。     

C 2H 5N 4- C 6H 3N 3O-7氢键相互作用的理论研究

运用密度泛函理论方法,在B3LYP/6-311++G**水平上对4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑阳离子(AT)和2,4,6-三硝基苯酚阴离子(PA)形成的氢键二聚体进行理论计算研究.计算得到4种稳定结构的氢键复合物及最稳定异构体D1的振动频率、电子吸收光谱与热力学性质.结果表明,氢键复合物中存在较强的N—H…O与C—H…O红移氢键.经过基组重叠误差和零点振动能校正后,D1的氢键相互作用能为-30.71kJ/mol.热力学计算显示,在298.15K和标准状态下,D1气态氢键复合物分子的形成过程是放热、熵减小的非自发过程,但在低温下能自发进行.D1分子的标准摩尔生成焓和标准摩尔生成自由能分别为98.7,474.4kJ/mol.     

An octane-fueled solid oxide fuel cell

There are substantial barriers to the introduction of hydrogen fuel cells for transportation, including the high cost of fuel-cell systems, the current lack of a hydrogen infrastructure, and the relatively low fuel efficiency when using hydrogen produced from hydrocarbons. Here, we describe a solid oxide fuel cell that combines a catalyst layer with a conventional anode, allowing internal reforming of iso-octane without coking and yielding stable power densities of 0.3 to 0.6 watts per square centimeter. This approach is potentially the basis of a simple low-cost system that can provide substantially higher fuel efficiency by using excess fuel-cell heat for the endothermic reforming reaction.     

X80管线钢性能特征及技术挑战

针对X80管线钢研发与应用现状以及目前存在的问题,综述了影响X80管线钢性能的主要因素、研究进展以及发展X80钢管道面临的技术挑战。详细分析了X80管线钢的冶金特征与组织结构,概述了X80管线钢的焊接工艺、焊接冶金学特征及性能,总结了X80管线钢的机械性能和力学特征。具体讨论了X80管线钢在服役环境中的失效机制,包括腐蚀、氢致开裂、焊缝区失效、应变失效等,并以此为基础,探讨了发展X80钢管道需要克服的技术挑战,以保障油气安全、高效输送以及能源管道的可持续发展。(图1,表8,参86)     

Stable Isotope Studies of Crop Carbon and Water Relations： A Review

Crop carbon and water relations research is important in the studies of water saving agriculture, breeding program, and energy and material cycles in soil plant atmosphere continuum （SPAC）. The purpose of this paper is to review the current state of knowledge on stable isotopes of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in the research of crop carbon and water relations, such as carbon isotope discrimination （△^13C） during carbon fixation process by photosynthesis, application of △^13C in crop water use efficiency （WUE） and breeding programs, oxygen isotope enrichment during leaf water transpiration, CO2 fixation by photosynthesis and release by respiration, application of hydrogen isotope composition （619） and oxygen isotope composition （6180） for determination of water source used by a crop, stable isotope coupling Keeling plot for investigating the carbon and water flux in ecosystem, energy and material cycle in SPAC and correlative integrative models on stable isotope. These aspects contain most of the stable isotope researches on crop carbon and water relations which have been widely explored internationally while less referred in China. Based on the reviewed literatures, some needs for future research are suggested.     

Barium isotopes in allende meteorite: evidence against an extinct superheavy element

Carbon and chromite fractions from the Allende meteorite that contain isotopically anomalous xenon-131 to xenon-136 (carbonaceous chondrite fission or CCF xenon) at up to 5 x 10(11) atoms per gram show no detectable isotopic anomalies in barium-130 to barium-138. This rules out the possibility that the CCF xenon was formed by in situ fission of an extinct superheavy element. Apparently the CCF xenon and its carbonaceous carrier are relics from stellar nucleosynthesis.