Retention of plutonium and americium by rock

The relative migration ratio of plutonium in various rocks is approximately 100 micrometers per meter of waterflow; the corresponding migration ratio for americium is about 500 micrometers per meter of water flow. Under these conditions radioactive decay will have taken place to such an extent that little plutonium and americium can reach the external environment from a well-designed and isolated geological repository site.     

Phagocytosis of light- and dark-adapted rod outer segments by cultured pigment epithelium

Pigment epithelial cells in culture retain their ability to phagocytize rod outer segments. These cells phagocytize rod outer segments isolated from light-adapted rats, or from dark-adapted rats killed after the time at which the lights would normally be turned on. However, they phagocytize for fewer rod outer segments prepared in the dark from the retinas of rats killed before the onset of the normal light cycle. Phagocytosis of dark rod outer segments is variable, but that of light outer segments is reproducible. It is postulated that the effect of light is to synchronize the chemical events that occur at the surface of the rods to prepare them for phagocytosis. These processes also occur in the dark, but more slowly and irregularly than in the light.     

Regulation of Migration,Phagocytosis and Apoptosis of Human Neutrophils by Recombinant Human Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of recombinant human intestinal alkaline phosphatase(recIAP) on human neutrophils in vitro, and the migration, phagocytosis, apoptosis in presence and absence of LPS. In this study, freshly extracted human neutrophils were used to establish an inflammatory cell model, and the control group, recIAP group, LPS group and recIAP +LPS group were set up to stimulate the model. The migration of neutrophils was detected by agarose gel drop method. Flu...     

Detection of charged particles by polymer grafting

Tracks of fission fragments from a californium-252 source have been revealed by graft copolymerization. A 15 percent solution of propenoic (acrylic) acid monomer was reacted with irradiated cellulose triacetate for 24 hours at 55 degrees C. Copolymer forms preferentially at the track sites and it can be dyed with rhodamine B because of its acid and hydrophylic properties. After the dyeing, the tracks were seen by using fluorescence microscopy.     

Oxygen tension regulates the expression of angiogenesis factor by macrophages

When cultured in a hypoxic environment similar to that found in the center of a wound, macrophages secreted active angiogenesis factor into the medium. Under conditions similar to those of well-oxygenated tissue, macrophages did not secrete active angiogenesis factor. Macrophages that secreted the factor at hypoxic conditions stopped secreting it when returned to room air. Thus the control of angiogenesis in wound healing may be the result of macrophages responding to tissue oxygen tension without the necessity of interacting with other cell types or biochemical signals.     

Erosion of galilean satellite surfaces by jovian magnetosphere particles

The Galilean satellites of Jupiter-Io (J1), Europa (J2), Ganymede (J3), and Callisto (J4)-are embedded in the intense ion and electron fluxes of the Jovian magnetosphere. The effect of these particles on the icy surfaces of the outer three satellites depends on the fluxes and the efficiency of the sputtering of water ice by such particles. Recent laboratory measurements provided data on the erosion of water ice by energetic particles and showed that it occurs much faster than would be expected from normal sputtering theory. The Voyager spacecraft encounters with Jupiter provided the first measurements of ion fluxes (energies greater, similar 30 kiloelectron volts) in the vicinity of the Galilean satellites. Using the laboratory sputtering data together with particle measurements from the Voyager 1 low-energy charged particle experiment, the effects of erosion on the surfaces of J2 to J4 are estimated. It is shown that the surface of Europa could be eroded by as much as 100 meters over an eon (10(9) years). Column densities of water vapor that could be produced around the three satellites from particle bombardment of their surfaces are also calculated, and the sources and losses of oxygen in the gravitationally bound gas produced by sputtering or sublimation are estimated.     

PRRSV诱导猪体内肺泡巨噬细胞炎症模型的建立

[目的]建立猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)诱导体内猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)炎症模型,评价PRRSV感染对仔猪免疫系统的影响,为猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)的临床诊断及科学防控提供参考依据.[方法]以PRRSV-GXNN1396株人工感染30日龄健康断奶仔猪,复制出PRRS病症,剖杀后采集病料,通过组织病理学和RT-PCR检测观察各免疫器官组织的病理变化及其病毒分布情况,并检测PAM细胞内的COX-1、COX-2等酶活性变化及IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IL-1β、IFN-γ、MCP-1和TNF-α等炎性细胞因子水平变化.[结果]断奶仔猪接种PRRSV-GXNN1396株后第3d开始表现出典型的PRRS病症,PRRSV主要集中在肺脏、颌下淋巴结、血液和扁桃体等样品组织中,攻毒仔猪各主要器官的实质细胞及有关淋巴细胞均出现不同程度坏死和炎症细胞浸入现象,尤其以肺脏、肾脏、脾脏等器官受损严重,出现巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞浸润.PRRSV感染早期(第3d)仔猪PAM细胞中的ROS水平及COX-2、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10和TNF-α等因子水平均呈升高趋势,且COX-2、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α因子水平极显著升高(P<0.01);随着感染天数的增加,PAM细胞内的COX-2、IL-6和IL-8因子水平呈下降趋势,TNF-α因子水平呈上升趋势.[结论]成功建立了PRRSV诱导仔猪体内PAM细胞炎症模型,进一步佐证PRRSV主要侵害猪的免疫器官组织,以达到免疫抑制的效果,并推断感染第3d是病猪炎症反应的高峰期.     

Cigarette smoke: protection of alveolar macrophages by glutathione and cysteine

Phagocytosis of bacteria by rabbit alveolar macrophages is inhibited quantitatively by cigarette smoke in vitro. This phagocytoxic effect was abolished by addition of 0.2 to 0.4 micromole of glutathione or cysteine per milliliter of cigarette smoke. Serum protein was required to obtain both the toxic effect of the smoke and the protective action of the sulfhydryl compounds. The protective role of the sulfhydryl agents suggests an oxidant action of the cigarette smoke on these pulmonary cells.     

Inhibition of leishmanias but not host macrophages by the antitubulin herbicide trifluralin

The dinitroaniline herbicide trifluralin (alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N, N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), at micromolar concentrations, selectively inhibited both proliferation and differentiation of the parasitic protozoan Leishmania mexicana amazonensis. In vitro, radioactive trifluralin showed specific binding to leishmania tubulin but not to mammalian tubulin. Because herbicides such as trifluralin are economical and are considered safe for man and domesticated animals, they may serve as useful sources of potential antiparasitic agents.     

Receptors for maleylated proteins regulate secretion of neutral proteases by murine macrophages

Receptors for maleylated or acetylated proteins as well as for alpha-2-macroglobulin-protease complexes on macrophages serve as scavengers by mediating the uptake of macromolecules from the extracellular compartment. Described in this report is a novel function of these receptors on macrophages: regulation of neutral protease secretion. The binding of maleylated bovine serum albumin to macrophages triggered secretion of three neutral proteases: neutral caseinases, plasminogen activator, and cytolytic proteinase. Release of acid phosphatase, however, was not induced. An important biological consequence of protease secretion by macrophages, tumor-cytolysis, was also triggered by engagement of the receptor for maleylated bovine serum albumin. By contrast, the binding of alpha-2-macroglobulin-protease complexes to the macrophages suppressed secretion of all three proteases. Thus two receptors heretofore believed to serve principally as scavengers also regulate secretory functions of macrophages.     

Endothelial cell membranes: polarity of particles as seen by freeze-fracturing

Freeze-fracturing shows particles within membranes. In plasma membranes of most cells the particles are more strongly bound to the inner half. In unfixed endothelial cells, this polarity is reversed. Glutaraldehyde fixation results in conventional polarity. The reverse polarity may be related to a mechanism for preferential fusion of pinocytotic vesicles with the plasma membrane.     

Membrane-associated particles: increase at sites of pinocytosis demonstrated by freeze-etching

An increased number of membrane-associated particles has been demonstrated by freeze-etching in areas of pinocytosis in the intestinal smooth muscle cell. A peculiar distribution of the particles is described, which might be closely related to the formation of pinocytotic vesicles (caveolae).     

肺血管结构重建在高盐负荷诱发肉鸡肺动脉高压综合征中的作用

为探讨高盐负荷导致内鸡肺动脉重建的发生发展过程及其与肺动脉高压的关系,将160 只7 日龄AA商品代内公仔鸡,随机分成正常对照组和试验组(饮水中含质量浓度为0.30%的NaCl 溶液),分别于处理后6周内,采用右心导管法测定肺动脉压(mPAP);采用图像分析仪测定肺小动脉面积及中膜厚度.结果显示:1)试验组肉鸡的肺动脉压显著高于对照组((2.91±0.29)～(3.62±O.39)kPa vs(2.18±0.40)～(2.41±0.39)kPa);2)处理4、5、6周时,试验组肉鸡各种管径肺小动脉管壁面积,管总面积(Aw/AT=63.40±5.79)(P<0.05)和中膜厚度占外径百分值(mMTPA=38.02±3.55)均显著高于对照组(P<0.01);3)肉鸡各种管径肺小动脉 Aw/AT mMTPA 都与平均肺动脉压(mPAP)、AHI(腹水心脏指数)极显著相关.表明高盐诱发肉鸡肺血管结构重建是其导致肺动脉高压发生发展的形态学基础.     

巨噬细胞介导PCV2诱导体外培养仔猪淋巴细胞凋亡的研究

选用5头猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)及猪呼吸和繁殖综合征病毒(PRRSV)抗体阴性普通断奶仔猪,无菌分离脾脏淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞(macrophage,Mφ),分别以PCV2和PCV2+Mφ与淋巴细胞相互作用,同时设Mφ和淋巴细胞对照组.培养0、6、12、24 h后分别收取各组淋巴细胞,用流式细胞术对细胞凋亡率进行测定,半定量RT-PCR法测定淋巴细胞Fas和FasL mRNA的转录情况.结果显示:PCV2+Mφ组的淋巴细胞凋亡率在24 h时显著高于其他3组(P<0.05).PCV2+Mφ组的淋巴细胞6 h时Fas mRNA转录量显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05),24 h时显著高于其他3组(P<0.05).FasL mRNA的转录变化与Fas mRNA基本一致.相关性分析表明,淋巴细胞凋亡率和Fas(FasL)mRNA的转录呈极显著相关(Fas:P=0.000,r=0.606;FasL:P=0.000,r=0.579).表明:巨噬细胞能介导PCV2诱导体外培养淋巴细胞的凋亡,这种细胞凋亡的发生与Fas/FasL系统紧密相关.     

Lysosomal stability during phagocytosis of Aspergillus flavus spores by alveolar macrophages of cortisone-treated mice

Control mice and those treated with cortisone were exposed to aerosols of viable spores of Aspergillus flavus. Fifteen to 20 minutes later, animals were killed, and alveolar macrophages were obtained by tracheobronchial lavage. Electron-microscopic examination of these cells revealed that, whereas the lysosomes of control macrophages showed extensive attraction and fusion with the phagocytic membranes surrounding spores, the lysosomes of macrophages from animals treated with cortisone revealed little, if any, interaction. This diminished lysosomal response in forming phagocytic vacuoles may be important in the subsequent development of hyphal bronchopneumonia which frequently, occurs in cortisonetreated mice exposed to spores of A. flavus.     

Interplanetary dust: trace element analysis of individual particles by neutron activation

Although micrometeorites of cometary origin are thought to be the dominant component of interplanetary dust, it has never been possible to positively identify such micrometer-sized particles. Two such particles have been identified as definitely micrometeorites since their abundances of volatile and nonvolatile trace elements closely match those of primitive solar system material.     

L-精氨酸对肺动脉高压肉鸡肺动脉NOS活性的影响

240羽商品代肉鸡于14d时随机等分为常温对照组(NT),低温组(LT)和低温加L精氨酸(L arg)组(LA)。自14d起,对LT和LA组肉鸡采用低温诱导肺动脉高压综合征(PHS)。此外,LA组自14d起在饲料中按100mg·kg-1剂量添加L arg。测定右心室/全心室(RV/TV)和血浆一氧化氮(NO)水平。肺组织切片经βNADPH组织化学染色后,检测直径在100～200μm的肺小动脉平均光密度(D)值,以D值代表NOS的活性。结果显示:LT组PHS发病率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);LA组与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著低于LT组(P<0.05)。LT组肉鸡RV/TV在45d时显著升高(P<0.05),血浆NO浓度总体上与NT组差异不显著(P>0.05);LA组肉鸡RV/TV值与NT组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),其血浆NO浓度自32d时起较NT和LT组显著升高(P<0.05)。LT组肉鸡肺动脉D值较NT组显著降低(P<0.05);LA组D值仅在24d时降低(P<0.05),在其余时间段与NT组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于LT组(P<0.05)。上述结果提示,添加L arg可在一定程度上保护并激活肺动脉NOS活性,从而使内源性NO合成增加。     

Homologous viral interference: induction by RNA from defective particles of vesicular stomatitis virus

The viral RNA isolated from the defective particles of vesicular stomatitis virus was capable of interfering with the replication of this virus in chick embryo cells. The data indicate that the interfering ability of the defective particles of this virus is due to their nucleic acid component.