大豆抗蚜性资源抗性的鉴定分析

 【目的】对田间抗性测验筛选得到的P189、P203、P574和P746等4份栽培大豆抗蚜性资源进行抗性鉴定。【方法】采用选择性、非选择性试验方法以及重复鉴定。【结果】资源P189、P574和P746在蚜虫抗性等级和受害指数水平上和不具有抗性的对照品种相比具有显著的差异（P=0.05）,其中P574和P746表现更加稳定,能阻止蚜虫在植株上繁殖,为抗生性品种;P203在田间自然感蚜和选择性试验中与不具有抗性的对照品种相比具有显著的差异（P=0.05）,在非选择性试验中感蚜,表现对蚜虫生长有一定的抑制作用,为排趋性品种。【结论】田间自然感蚜,选择性试验和非选择性试验在划分蚜虫抗性等级和受害指数水平上存在明显的差异,这些差异是在不同的选择压下宿主对侵害者反应的表现。     

黑龙江省主栽大豆品种对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性鉴定

1996－2000年应用田间自然病辅和病土盆栽相结合方法，对黑龙江省推广的36个大豆品种进行了抗大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗生鉴定，鉴定结果表明，在36个品种中，抗病品种2个，占供试品种的5.5%，中抗品种9个，占供试品种的25.0%；感病品种13个，占人共试品种的36.1%；高感品种12个，占供试品种的33.3%，这说明黑龙江省主栽大豆品种绝大部分对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种都是感病或高感的。     

不同大豆品种抗蚜性研究

[目的]明确供试大豆品种对大豆蚜（Aphis glycines Matsmura）的抗性。[方法]6月中旬大豆蚜在大豆田出现后开始调查,至9月初大豆蚜消失止,每5d调查一次有蚜株率、大豆蚜种群数量、年龄结构和天敌昆虫数量,并进行蚜害指数统计。[结果]nf58、hobbit和冀豆17均具有一定抗蚜性,其中以冀豆17的抗蚜性最优。品种早5241经过多种筛选,未发现其具有抗蚜性,并且与对照品种黑农51相比更感虫。[结论]冀豆17具有较好的抗蚜性,为品种自身抗性,但属非高抗品种。     

Including predator presence in a refined model for assessing resistance of alfalfa cultivar to aphids

The aphid quantity ratio(AQR) is defined as the number of aphids on each cultivar divided by the number of aphids on all cultivars. AQR is based on the correlation between aphid populations and their host plants and is an important tool that has been utilized in evaluating Medicago sativa(alfalfa) cultivar resistance to aphids. However, assessment of alfalfa resistance to aphids can be confused by the presence of aphid predators, causing the assessment of plant resistance to aphids to be based on incorrect aphid population data. To refine the AQR and account for the effect of predators on aphid population assessments, we introduced a parameter ‘α', corresponding to the predator quantity ratio, and used αAQR as the ratio to quantify aphid populations. Populations of both aphids(4 species) and their predators(12 species) occurring in 28 M. sativa cultivars were sampled over two years at a research station near Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China. Results showed that the most suitable evaluation period was from May to June, as the aphid population was stable during this period. Compared with the AQR method, the predator population numbers based on the αAQR had a significant inverse relationship with aphid population numbers and the 28 cultivars were clustered into three classes: the resistant class, tolerant class, and susceptible class. In addition, 17 cultivars were reassigned when evaluated using αAQR. All numerical values calculated by αAQR were displayed as a Gaussian distribution, which showed that the 28 cultivars could be clustered into nine groups using a median value(±SE) of 1±0.1. Hence, ongoing alfalfa breeding trials will be assessed using the αAQR to establish a robust system that includes agronomic performance parameters in order to generalize the new method for further studies.     

几种紫薇属植物的抗寒性评价

以紫薇属3个种和6个紫薇品种1a生休眠枝条为材料,通过生长恢复试验,分析它们经低温胁迫后枝条萌发情况,确定抗寒性强弱,测定低温胁迫下枝条的相对电导率、失水率、水分饱和亏缺、丙二醛、可溶性糖含量及萌芽率,利用主成分分析法和隶属函数法综合评价9份材料的抗寒性,并对紫薇品种的遗传背景与抗寒性间的关系进行讨论。结果表明,供试材料的抗寒性从强到弱表现为冰清玉蝶>Natchez>尾叶紫薇>南紫薇>福建紫薇>Comanche>Sioux>Acoma>紫锦。这一结果与生长恢复法得到的评价结果基本一致。     

土沉香对黄野螟的抗性研究

【目的】黄野螟Heortia vitessoides是珍贵树种土沉香Aquilaria sinensis的重要食叶害虫,通过大面积林间调查土沉香受害情况,筛选可能存在的抗虫植株,为黄野螟的科学预防和土沉香抗虫品种的选育奠定基础。【方法】在黄野螟危害盛期,对野外土沉香林定期进行大面积调查,在严重受害的土沉香林中,观察不同受害水平土沉香的外观形态和叶片物理结构,同时采集具有不同抗虫性植株的叶片饲养黄野螟幼虫,观察初孵幼虫对不同抗性植株叶片的选择和拒食情况,取食不同抗性土沉香叶片后,测定黄野螟幼虫存活率、生长发育、化蛹和羽化的差异。【结果】在土沉香严重受害的林分中发现了2株未受害的土沉香植株,其表现出较好的抗虫性(抗1和抗2)。抗性植株(抗1和抗2)与感虫植株在叶片长度和厚度上差异显著(P0.05),而叶片长宽比无显著差异。在叶片物理结构上,抗2土沉香叶片的上表皮角质层厚度显著高于感虫叶片。抗2土沉香植株对幼虫取食抑制率高于抗1土沉香植株,两者均达44.81%以上。强迫取食抗性土沉香试验的幼虫存活率、成虫羽化率、蛹质量、成虫寿命均显著低于取食感虫土沉香叶片幼虫的相应指标,而取食抗性土沉香的幼虫、蛹发育历期均显著长于取食感虫土沉香叶片的害虫。【结论】叶片嫩绿的土沉香植株较易受黄野螟的为害,而叶片厚的或叶片颜色偏黄、墨绿的土沉香植株对黄野螟具有较强的抗性。抗性土沉香植株对黄野螟幼虫取食活性具有较强的抑制作用,对幼虫的发育有阻碍作用。     

大豆生育期E1、E2、E3和E4基因的研究与应用

大豆E1～E4基因作为对大豆生育期影响最大的E系列基因,与大豆品种生态类型密切相关。为总结大豆主要生育期基因E1～E4的研究进展和应用现状,促进中国大豆生育期育种模式的形成,本研究综述E1～E4基因不同变异类型、变异类型鉴定方法和调控大豆光周期机理的研究进展及大豆群体E1～E4基因型分析在大豆品种生长适应性研究中的应用,以期为大豆生育期遗传调控机理的全面深入研究提供参考,同时为适应不同生态区域的大豆遗传育种工作提供依据。     

The effects of cotton root exudates on the growth and development of Verticillium dahliae

The effects of upland cotton root exudates on the growth and development of Verticillium dahliae were studied, through the compared analysis of the root exudates components between the resistant and susceptive cotton materials, using a pair of resistant and susceptive isogenic lines to Verticillium wilt, Z5629 and Z421, as well as 4 other upland cotton cultivars with different resistant levels of Verticillium wilt. The results showed that the amino acids in the root exudates of the resistant cultivars were much less than that of the susceptible ones. Compared with the susceptible ones, there were a lack of aspartic acid, threonine, glutamic acid, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine and proline in the root exudates from the resistant cultivars. On the contrary, arginine was lacking in the susceptive cultivars. The saccharide types in the root exudates were no different between the two kinds of cultivars, but the contents of glucose, fructose and sucrose in the root exudates of the susceptible varieties were much higher than those in the resistant ones. The experiment of Verticillium dahliae culture showed that the cotton root exudates from resistant cultivars can effectively restrain the spore germination and mycelium growth of Verticillium dahliae, and the arginine was the leading amino acid in this inhibitory action, besides the nutrition of the root exudates. However, the cotton root exudates from the susceptive cotton cultivars can improve the growth and development of Verticillium dahliae effectively; among the amino acid in the exudates, alanine was the most active one in this stimulating function. __________ Translated from Cotton Science, 2007, 19(4): 286–290 [译自: 棉花学报]     

安徽地方枣种质抗裂性评价及果皮组织结构特点研究

裂果是影响枣产业发展的重要问题之一。为了明确安徽地方枣种质抗裂特性,为筛选抗裂种质及生产提供依据。通过连续多年观察发现,安徽地方枣品种存在3种裂果方式(纵裂、纵裂+横裂、不规则裂)和4个裂果等级(极抗裂、抗裂、中等和易裂)。在极抗裂和抗裂类型中,加工及制干品种占的比例较大,中等及易裂类型中鲜食品种占的比例较大,且多为优良鲜食品种。不同抗裂程度品种的果皮结构差异明显,加工类品种的蜡质层厚,果实表皮细胞层数多(6~7层)、细胞厚度均匀,多表现为抗裂性强;鲜食类品种的蜡质层薄,果实表皮细胞层数少(3~4层),表现为抗裂性弱。蜡质层厚度、表皮细胞层数作为评价枣果抗裂能力具有参考价值。     

大豆疫霉根腐病抗性相关基因SDR1的克隆及功能分析

【目的】获得大豆疫霉根腐病抗性相关基因,为培育大豆抗病品种提供理论依据。【方法】在以大豆抗病品种绥农10构建的受疫霉菌诱导后差异表达的cDNA消减文库的基础上,选取文库中一条与其它植物的DR1基因具有较高同源性且上调表达的EST序列。通过RT-PCR方法从绥农10中克隆该基因,并构建到植物表达载体pCAMBIA3301上,以感病品种东农50的子叶节为外植体通过根癌农杆菌介导的方法进行大豆遗传转化。【结果】该基因全长805 bp,开放读码框为471 bp,编码156个氨基酸,在此命名为SDR1。遗传转化获得转基因PCR鉴定阳性植株5株,Real-time PCR检测T1转基因植株较非转基因植株SDR1表达量提高20倍以上的有3株,经Southern杂交分析表明,出现杂交信号的有3株。经离体叶片接种大豆疫霉菌,转基因大豆的抗性较非转基因大豆明显提高。【结论】成功克隆了大豆疫霉根腐病抗性相关基因SDR1,并通过对过量表达的大豆转基因植株的抗病性鉴定初步确定了SDR1的抗病功能。     

Quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation in PSII (Y(NO)) for early detection of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) infection in susceptible and resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars

The development and optimization of protocols for the precise and pre-symptomatic detection of diseases, and non-invasive evaluation of genotype-specific pathogen resistance enabling selection of the more promising genotypes in breeding programmes are important and often overlooked topics in precision agriculture. The increasing pressure to minimize both production costs and the environmental impact of pesticides forces the search for rapid and objective methods of screening pathogen resistance. Using the non-destructive pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorescence imaging technique, we hypothesized that not only disease detection but also discrimination between differences in the level of resistance of wheat cultivars to the leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Erics.) pathogen can be achieved. Experiments were conducted using the cultivars Dekan and Retro as representatives of a susceptible and a highly resistant genotype, respectively. Fluorescence measurements were carried out daily on the control and on plants inoculated with P. triticina until the first small red-brown pustules appeared in the centre of chlorotic spots. In response to pathogen inoculation, the fluorescence readings showed an early characteristic increase in Y(NO) in both resistant and susceptible cultivars. The susceptible cultivar, however, showed a more pronounced difference between Y(NO) values measured on the control and inoculated leaves as well as a distinct evolution over time. Accordingly, our results indicate that Y(NO) might be suitable for discriminating between wheat genotypes as early as 2 days after inoculation. Thus, the proposed protocol might be adopted as an additional tool for the early screening of new genotypes, especially in breeding programs that aim for high resistance to disease and low crop variability for precision agriculture. However, its implementation in experimental field plots requires improvement of the measurement system and establishment of appropriate algorithms for disease pattern recognition and data analysis.     

小麦抗白粉病种质“N9134”的抗性遗传分析

抗性种质"N9134"含有野生二粒小麦(资源编号:AS846)的抗白粉病基因。为了研究其白粉病抗性基因的遗传规律,用感病品种阿勃、中国春、陕160、陕优225与该种质正反交,结果F1白粉病感染0～1级,F2白粉病抗感比例为3∶1;以小麦缺体系与其杂交,F1白粉病感染0～1级,F2白粉病抗感比例除"5B"偏离3∶1外,其余均为3∶1。表明N9134的白粉病抗性由1对完全显性基因控制,位于"5B"染色体上。     

5种番茄品种对烟粉虱寄主选择、生长发育及存活率的影响

为了探明烟粉虱在不同寄主上的适合度,对烟粉虱在5种番茄品种上的选择性、发育历期及存活率等指标进行了比较.结果表明:烟粉虱在5个不同番茄品种上选择性差异具有统计学意义.其中,烟粉虱偏好在粉都53番茄品种上取食,对洛番9号、金粉101、越夏红有中等偏好性,对金鹏8号无明显偏好性.烟粉虱在5个番茄品种上的发育历期、存活率差异也具有统计学意义.烟粉虱在粉都53、洛番9号、金粉101、越夏红、金鹏8号上的发育历期依次延长,而在洛番9号上的烟粉虱存活率最高,在金粉101上的存活率最低.不同寄主对烟粉虱的适合度影响较大,在对烟粉虱的抗性上差异较为明显.     

控制大豆花叶病毒危害的种子带毒率临界水平

控制SMV危害的种子带毒率临界水平,因年度间介体蚜量发生程度不同而变化。大豆田有翅蚜大量迁飞活动的年份也是蚜虫大发生的年份。播种感病品种,蚜虫轻发生年控制SMV危害的种子带毒率临界水平为0.5％;中等偏轻年份为0.2％;中等发生年份为0.1％;而中等偏重发生年份为0.04％;大发生年则为0.01％。因此,可根据不同年份介体蚜虫发生的程度决定所播种子的带毒率水平,控制SMV危害。文中还讨论了获得低带毒率种子的方法,并提出应该将种传率的高低,作为鉴定大豆品种抗感SMV的一个指标。     

大豆菌核病田间快速接种鉴定方法研究

【目的】在大田环境下建立快速有效的大豆菌核病田间接种鉴定方法,为大豆抗菌核病育种服务。【方法】采用收集不同地区和寄主来源的菌核病分离物,经PDA培养基再生培养,再接种麦粒形成麦粒接种体,利用微创结合锡箔纸捆绑麦粒接种体的方法建立大豆菌核病田间接种鉴定方法。【结果】不同大豆种质间的病情指数和病斑长度存在显著差异,不同分离物间的病情指数和病斑长度也存在显著差异,而重复间的病情指数和病斑长度差异不显著,病斑长度与病情指数呈极显著正相关(r=0.8301,P0.0001)。【结论】该大豆菌核病田间接种鉴定方法能够有效地对大豆菌核病分离物的致病性和大豆植株抗性进行鉴定和筛选,可用于大豆抗菌核病育种。     

大豆品种（系）抗疫霉根腐病基因推导

 【目的】推导大豆品种（系）的抗疫霉根腐病基因,为病害防治筛选有效抗病品种（系）。【方法】用下胚轴创伤接种法鉴定124个品种（系）对12个大豆疫霉菌菌株的反应型,通过基因推导方法分析品种（系）的抗病基因。【结果】124个品种（系）对12个菌株共产生51个反应型,13个品种（系）产生的反应型分别与几个含有已知抗病基因品种（系）的反应型相同,33个品种（系）产生的反应型符合一些两个已知抗病基因组合的反应型,这些品种（系）可能含有已知抗病基因或基因组合;52个品种（系）共产生37个既不同于任何含有单个已知抗病基因品种（系）的反应型也不同于两个已知抗病基因组合的反应型,它们可能含有新的抗病基因或基因组合。【结论】鉴定的大豆品种（系）普遍存在对疫霉根腐病的抗性,但抗病品种（系）数量和抗性水平存在地区间差异,同一地区多数抗病品种的遗传背景和抗性水平相似。     

棉黄萎病对棉叶脯氨酸含量及光合蒸腾作用的影响

抗病品种陕1155、陕2059与感病品种泗棉2号、冀棉11号之间,经统计分析表明,病情指数差异显著(p<0.05).用磺基水扬酸法测定不同抗性棉花叶片游离脯氨酸含量,接种后感病品种泗棉2号,冀棉11号含量显著高于抗病品种陕1155和陕2059(P<0.05).2个抗病品种之间和2个感病品种之间差异不显著.测定不同发病程度棉苗的光合与蒸腾作用表明,接菌后的棉苗即使不表现症状,净光合率也显著下降(P<0.01),病棉苗比健棉苗净光合率下降90%～96%.病棉苗的气孔传导使蒸腾速率显著下降(P<0.01),但发病程度与气孔传导和蒸腾速率之间无显著相关.叶片气孔阻力随棉苗的病情发展呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05).     

Activity and Electrophoretic Spectra of Enzymes in Soy Leaves Affected by the Pathogens of Various Trophic Groups

The resistance of soybean plants to the damaging effect of pathogens with different types of trophicity is determined not only by their genetic nature but also by various physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Therefore, the study was aimed at investigating the activity of enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, and acid phosphatase) in the leaves of the soybean Garmoniya cultivar with moderate resistance, Sonata cultivar susceptible to septoriosis, and Dauriya cultivar strongly affected by peronosporosis. It was shown that the infection of soybean leaves with hemibiotroph (Septoria glycines) or biotroph (Perenospora manshurica) depends on the plant genotype and leads to an increase in peroxidase activity in moderately resistant varieties and a decrease in the activity of catalase and acid phosphatase in all cultivars studied. The causative agent of septoriosis leads to an increase in the heterogeneity of peroxidase and a decrease in the heterogeneity of catalase and acid phosphatase, while the causative agent of peronosporosis does not induce any changes in the electrophoretic spectra of catalase and acid phosphatase in soybean leaves. The data obtained indicate that the rate and direction of enzyme activity is determined by the genotype of soybean and by the type of trophicity of the pathogen.     

亚金跳小蜂在不同生育期扶桑绵粉蚧寄主上 的生物学特性

[目的]探讨亚金跳小蜂对不同生育期扶桑绵粉蚧的影响,为今后寄生蜂的饲养和推广及扶桑绵粉蚧的生物防治提供理论参考.[方法]分别以4个龄期的15头扶桑绵粉蚧、30头3龄幼虫和成虫为试虫进行选择性和非选择性试验,每虫笼放入1对亚金跳小蜂,每天记录寄主和寄生蜂的存活情况.[结果]亚金跳小蜂的最大寄生率和扶桑绵粉蚧的最大僵虫量均在扶桑绵粉蚧3龄若虫期出现,而最低值均在其2龄若虫期出现.在选择和非选择试验中,亚金跳小蜂雌虫的寿命差异不显著(P>0.05).在以扶桑绵粉蚧2龄若虫为试验对象的选择性和非选择性试验中,雌性亚金跳小蜂的生命周期分别为12.69±0.19和13.24±0.40 d.在以扶桑绵粉蚧3龄若虫为试验对象的选择性和非选择性试验中,雌性亚金跳小蜂的生命周期分别为15.51±0.28和15.12±0.14 d.寄生蜂的发育周期因寄主龄期而有明显差异,在扶桑绵粉蚧3龄若虫期寄生的亚金跳小蜂生命周期最长,而在扶桑绵粉蚧3龄若虫期寄生的亚金跳小蜂生命周期最短.[结论]作为寄生蜂的亚金跳小蜂在寄主扶桑绵粉蚧3龄若虫期的成虫量最大,在2龄若虫期的成虫量最小.     

宠物源大肠埃希菌耐药性及耐药基因调查

【目的】了解广州市宠物源大肠埃希菌Escherichia coli耐药性和耐药基因携带情况。【方法】2016年7月至2017年7月从广州市4家宠物医院采集健康或患病犬猫样品共319份,其中,健康动物127份,患病动物192份。采用选择性培养基分离大肠埃希菌,利用基质辅助激光解析串联飞行时间质谱仪(MALDI-TOF MS)鉴定菌种;采用琼脂稀释法测定大肠埃希菌对11种抗菌药物的敏感性,利用PCR和测序检测耐药基因的携带情况。【结果】319份样品共分离得到大肠埃希菌203株,其中,患病动物源109株,健康动物源94株。203株大肠埃希菌中有179株至少对1种抗生素耐药;对氨苄西林耐药率最高(76.85%),对头孢噻肟、四环素、多西环素和磺胺甲噁唑-甲氧苄啶耐药率均高于50%;对阿米卡星最为敏感,耐药率仅为10.84%。患病动物源大肠埃希菌对11种抗菌药物的耐药率均高于健康动物源,除阿米卡星、氟苯尼考和磷霉素外,对其他药物的耐药性均差异极显著(P 0. 01)。耐药基因检测结果显示,floR检出率最高(检出率为34.97%),blaCTX-M-9G、blaCTX-M-1G、fos A3、rmt B和bla CMY-2检出率分别为22.66%、20.19%、17.73%、10.34%和1.48%,未检测到blaCTX-M-2G和blaCTX-M-25G。【结论】广州地区宠物源大肠埃希菌耐药状况严峻,且常携带多种重要耐药基因。应当加强对宠物源细菌耐药性的监测。