粉煤灰和蚯蚓粪施用对土壤蒸发的影响

为揭示粉煤灰和蚯蚓粪两种土壤改良物质对土壤蒸发影响的差异性,探寻适宜的施用方式和施用量.设计模拟试验,控制3个覆盖处理(覆盖厚度分别为1、2.5和4 cm)和4个混施处理(施用量分别为10％、20％、30％和40％),以温室土壤为对照.连续测定16 d土壤蒸发量,结合有机质含量、水分物理性质和物质本身特性分析粉煤灰和蚯蚓粪施用对土壤蒸发的影响是否有差异及产生差异的原因.结果表明:与对照相比,覆盖粉煤灰和蚯蚓粪累积蒸发量分别减小了30％～34％和17％～48％,混施粉煤灰和蚯蚓粪累积蒸发分别减小了0％～6％和4％～14％.覆盖厚度为1 cm粉煤灰对土壤蒸发的抑制效果优于蚯蚓粪,覆盖厚度为4 cm和混施对土壤蒸发的抑制效果均为蚯蚓粪优于粉煤灰.两种物质覆盖和混施均可提高有机质含量,是其抑制土壤蒸发的主要原因.两种物质抑制蒸发效果具有差异,为有机质含量、颜色和颗粒组成等不同导致.另外,两种物质覆盖、蚯蚓粪混施土壤含水量均高于对照,混施蚯蚓粪显著提高孔隙度和持水容量.综合考虑施用粉煤灰和蚯蚓粪抑制土壤蒸发和保持土壤水分的效果可知,薄层覆盖时,粉煤灰优于蚯蚓粪,中厚层覆盖和混施蚯蚓粪优于粉煤灰.     

土壤有机质含量与土壤物理性能参

根据大田土壤物理特性参数测定的试验数据,分析了土壤有机质含量与土壤含水量、物理性粘粒含量、土壤入渗能力之间的相关关系。分析结果表明：土壤有机质含量与这些土壤物理参数有一定的相关性,且拟合曲线符合对数关系。研究结果对土壤保肥和农业增产具有重要意义。     

耕地土壤有机质空间变异性的随机模拟

有机质是土壤重要的肥力特征,研究盐渍土改良区耕地土壤有机质空间变异特征可为土壤质量提升提供科学依据。以山东省禹城市盐渍土改良区典型地块耕地土壤有机质为研究对象,在全面野外调查和室内化验分析以获得大量的土壤有机质相关信息的基础上,运用地统计学方法对有机质进行了序贯高斯模拟各次实现（SGSV）、序贯高斯模拟平均实现（SGSA）和ordinary Kriging插值（OK）,并将SGSV、SGSA、OK与实测数据进行了统计参数、变异函数、空间分布趋势等方面进行了对比分析。结果表明OK、SGSA改变了有机质数据的空间结构,具有“平滑”效应,SGSA在消除平滑影响方面优于Kriging插值;SGSV具有与实测数据相同的空间自相关结构,对预测点的模拟值具有不确定性,为揭示研究区域土壤有机质的空间结构特征提供了有力的工具,对盐渍土改良区土壤有机质空间不确定性的风险研究具有更实际的意义。     

阜新地区秸秆还田技术分析

秸秆还田技术是利用秸秆在土壤分解过程中产生的大量氮磷钾以及其他有机物而改善土壤结构,增加土壤有机质含量,改良土壤,促进农业增产增收,减少环境污染,从而保证农业的可持续发展。     

机具作用时间对农田黑土压实效应的影响

通过农田土壤压实模拟装置,以基质势作为土壤压实程度指标,对东北黑土区典型农田黑土在0.1～2.5 s作用时间下的压实效应进行了研究。结果表明,农田黑土在100、200、400和800 kPa接地压强下,0.1～2.5 s作用时间下存在过度压实的阈值时间。阈值时间可以通过土壤基质势与作用时间关系确定,阈值时间随土壤有机质含量提高而提高。因此,在保证作业质量的前提下,合理选择机具作用时间、降低接地压强和提高有机质含量是避免农田土壤过度压实的重要措施。      

土壤斥水性与有机质质量分数的变化关系研究

土壤有机质质量分数是影响土壤斥水性的最主要因素之一,为研究二者之间的关系,选用以色列3类不同质地斥水性土壤为对象,分别在田间和实验室测定土壤斥水性和有机质质量分数,并绘制土壤斥水性和有机质质量分数的等值线图和关系图。结果表明,对于粘性土壤和沙质土壤,土壤斥水性随有机质质量分数成幂指数关系,但对于壤土,二者之间没有非常明显的线性关系。研究结果可为分析不同土壤的斥水性影响因素和土壤改良提供理论依据。     

绿洲春小麦调亏灌溉对土壤有机质的影响

对河西绿洲灌区春小麦调亏灌溉2年后的农田土壤有机质变化进行了研究,并对土壤有机质和全生育期调亏供水量之间的关系进行了回归分析,以期为该区春小麦调亏灌溉对土壤有机质的影响研究提供参考。     

基于EMD的土壤有机质含量近红外光谱检测

以检测土壤有机质含量为例,探讨经验模态分解在土壤近红外光谱检测中的应用,提出了应用的原理和步骤。用处理后的光谱计算了土壤中的有机质含量,并与九点平滑和小波变换方法的处理结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：与传统的九点平滑处理结果相比,SNR从3 dB左右提高到10 dB左右,原始信号与消噪信号之间的标准差由2.972降到0.901;预测集的决定系数r2由0.9410提高到0.9803, 预测均方根误差RMSEP由0.6702降为0.3011。证明了经验模态分解方法在光谱处理过程中的可靠性,提高了土壤有机质含量近红外光谱的定量分析精度。     

基于EMD的土壤有机质含量近红外光谱检测

以检测土壤有机质含量为例,探讨经验模态分解在土壤近红外光谱检测中的应用,提出了应用的原理和步骤.用处理后的光谱计算了土壤中的有机质含量,并与九点平滑和小波变换方法的处理结果进行了对比分析.结果表明:与传统的九点平滑处理结果相比,SNR从3 dB左右提高到10 dB左右,原始信号与消噪信号之间的标准差由2.972降到0.901;预测集的决定系数r2由0.9410提高到0.9803,预测均方根误差RMSEP由0.6702降为0.301 1.证明了经验模态分解方法在光谱处理过程中的可靠性,提高了土壤有机质含量近红外光谱的定量分析精度.     

污灌区有机氯农药的土—气交换行为与影响因素分析

以我国东北典型污灌区为研究区域,获取相关数据及模型参数,并应用逸度方法探讨了有机氯农药的土-气交换行为及其分馏效应。研究结果表明,在土壤有机质含量一定的情况下,日均温度最大时有机氯农药六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)之间土-气分配系数(KSA)的差异比日均温度最小时高出一个数量级,HCHs比DDTs更容易挥发重新释放进入环境中而进行二次分配,土壤有机质质量分数每提高1%而引起的KSA值的变化率不同,且这种变化会随着有机质质量分数的提高而趋于平稳;辛醇-气分配系数(KOA)与土-气交换逸度分数ff呈负相关关系,当土壤有机质质量分数为1%、2%和3%时,其相关系数分别为-0.743(P0.05)、-0.763(P0.05)、-0.776(P0.05);应用土-气浓度比(Cs/a),进一步判定土壤浓度和大气浓度在其他参数不变的情况下,将会对HCHs及DDTs的土-气交换行为产生影响;HCHs与DDTs的初次分馏及二次分馏效应进一步说明土壤性质及其自身的理化性质均会对分馏效应产生影响。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。