单圆盘甘蔗切割系统不漏割运动学仿真分析

通过小型甘蔗收割机单圆盘切割系统运动方程、单圆盘切割系统不漏割以及刀盘与甘蔗不接触的一般条件式,结合甘蔗收割要求,建立了仿真试验模型;并对切割系统不漏割在ADAMS中进行运动学仿真,为小型甘蔗收割机切割系统结构参数和运动参数设计提供依据.     

甘蔗收割机切割刀盘浮动控制系统的设计与试验

为了探究切割刀盘浮动控制系统设计方法,笔者以甘蔗收割机为例,首先分析了甘蔗收割机的工作原理,给出切割刀盘浮动控制系统结构图和刀盘升降自动控制原理,然后确定刀盘浮动控制系统设计总思路,最终根据切割液压压力试验和入土切割深度试验,得出切割刀盘高度自动调节的可行性。仿真结果证明：当以0.25 m/s速度前进切割时,阻力由3.51 MPa增加到9.45 MPa,入土切割深度由3 cm增加到10.6 cm;刀盘深度均保持在入土3 cm左右,最大误差0.7 cm,可以说明通过优化硬件可以降低切割深度控制误差,符合割茬小于3 cm为合格切割的规定;通过切割刀盘高度自动调节装置,可以根据不同蔗地环境以及切割状态,建立数据库,利用人机交互界面,制定不同的控制方案,最终实现切割刀盘高度的自动调节。     

甘蔗收割机切割系统不漏割模糊控制仿真技术

通过小型甘蔗收割机单圆盘切割系统运动方程,单圆盘切割系统不漏割以及刀盘与甘蔗不接触的一般条件式,结合甘蔗收割要求,建立仿真试验模型。同时,利用模糊控制模型对切割系统不漏割在ADAMS与MATLAB中进行联合控制仿真,为小型甘蔗收割机切割系统控制参数和运动参数设计提供依据。     

基于模糊PID控制的甘蔗收割机刀盘仿形系统设计及仿真*

我国南方甘蔗种植地大多为丘陵、山地,地形复杂,甘蔗收割机在田间作业时,造成甘蔗宿根切割质量差。刀盘在竖直方向上能否较好地实现仿形直接影响甘蔗宿根的切割质量和刀具的寿命,在现有的甘蔗收割机中均未能很好的实现刀盘仿形。针对这一现象,设计一种基于模糊PID控制的刀盘仿形系统。该系统采用超声波用于测距,选定测距装置的位置,设计基于AT89C52单片机的控制系统,采用电液比例方向阀对液压缸进行控制,并提出一种基于模糊控制的PID算法,对液压缸的运动进行优化并进行仿真。仿真结果表明,相较于传统的PID控制,模糊PID控制超调量仅仅为6%,刀盘位移时间仅需0.15 s,之后系统便趋于稳定。     

甘蔗收获机切割系统负载压力影响因素的试验研究

针对甘蔗收获机在入土切割时无法根据地形精确控制切割器入土切割深度的问题,通过理论分析甘蔗收割机入土切割时影响切割系统负载压力的因素,并通过试验探究各因素对切割系统负载压力的影响规律。试验结果表明:影响切割系统负载压力的主要因素有入土深度、土槽进给速度、甘蔗密度、刀盘转速、土壤含水率和土壤密度,随着入土切割深度、土槽进给速度、甘蔗密度和刀盘转速的增加,切割系统的负载压力整体均呈逐渐增大的趋势,并得出各因素对切割系统负载压力影响的显著性及先后顺序。该研究为建立甘蔗收获机械切割系统的负载压力与切刀入土切割深度的关系数据库提供了数据支持。     

甘蔗收割机切刀负载压力影响因素试验研究

针对甘蔗收割机工作时收割损失大及切割负载大等问题,结合单因素与多因素试验研究方法,对影响切割器负载压力的因素进行研究。利用自主研制的切割试验平台进行探究,并通过二次回归正交旋转设计物理试验建立数学模型,利用数学分析软件MATHCAD对回归方程中的因素进行主效应和交互效应分析。结果表明:刀盘转速、刀盘倾角、甘蔗密度、进给速度及入土深度对切割负载压力影响显著,甘蔗品种影响较小。同时可知:在刀盘倾角4°～8°、刀盘转速650～700r/min、入土深度20mm、进给速度0.2m/s的条件下,切割功率小。     

基于ANSYS/Ls-Dyna的甘蔗收获机切割系统功耗模型研究

对甘蔗茎秆切割系统的功耗研究有利于提高甘蔗收获机的切割性能及发动机功率的利用率。因此,为得到甘蔗切割装置在工作过程中的切割力及切割功率的变化情况,采用单元组合法并结合ANSYS/Ls-Dyna对收获机切割装置的切割过程进行数值模拟分析。以切割刀线速度、切割刀盘倾角及切割刀刃角为试验因素,以切割功率及切割力为试验指标进行单因素试验分析,确定切割试验因素的参数范围并进行仿真试验设计,同时选择最小切割功率为优化目标,得出其最佳的切割条件为切割刀线速度为38.8 m/s,刀盘倾角为11.66°,切割刀刃角为25°,在此条件下,甘蔗收获机切割装置切割蔗茎时所消耗的功率最小,其最小切割功率为0.80 kW。     

甘蔗收获机切割系统执行机构对刚性的影响

刀盘的振动对甘蔗破头率具有影响作用。甘蔗收获机切割系统刚性低,砍蔗力轴向振动位移增大导致轴向挤压甘蔗切割面的作用力增大,对甘蔗的基本属性结构来说,纵向容易撕裂;且周期性或者非周期性地轴向挤压和摩擦蔗兜切面,容易造成甘蔗断面的爆裂和撕裂,增加蔗兜破头率。为此,以切割系统刀盘切割位置的位移量为研究目标,利用Adams仿真软件,改变切割系统中执行部件的变化因素,分析切割系统刀盘切割位置的位移量的影响因素。结果显示:提高液压缸的刚度和降低切割器的质量,会降低刀盘部分的振幅,可间接地降低收割机的破头率。     

基于EDEM甘蔗切割器入土切割仿真试验分析

为了明确甘蔗收割机所用的不同结构切割器以及工作参数(刀盘倾角、行走速度)对进入输送通道泥土量的影响效果,采用离散元分析法建立甘蔗切割器入土切割蔗垄仿真模型,以收集装置收集土壤颗粒质量为试验指标,切割器种类、刀盘倾角、行走速度为试验因素,进行三因素三水平完全交叉分组仿真试验。在入土切割深度为70mm、刀盘转速为650r/min条件下工作,仿真试验结果表明:对进入输送通道泥土量影响因素由主到次关系依次为刀盘倾角(B)、行走速度(C)、切割器种类(A),且三因素对其影响均极其显著。其中,切割器种类A1与A2之间差异不显著,A3与A1、A2之间差异显著,且切割器A3入土切割时泥土带入量最少,切割器A1泥土带入量最多;刀盘倾角各水平之间差异显著,且当刀盘倾角为B1时,泥土带入量最多,刀盘倾角为B3时,泥土带入量最少;行走速度C2与C3水平间差异不显著,C1与C2、C3之间差异显著,且当行走速度为C1时,其泥土带入量最少,行走速度为C3时,其泥土带入量最多。分析切割器入土切割过程可知:土壤颗粒经过切割器作用后,大部分土壤颗粒呈向后抛送状态且不同颗粒向后抛送速度不同,研究结论可为今后的甘蔗切割器结构设计及工作参数优化提供参考。     

凯斯A8000甘蔗联合收割机切割质量影响因素的试验

针对凯斯A8000甘蔗联合收获机实际操作参数对切割质量影响大的问题,采用二次回归通用旋转组合设计和田间物理试验方法,对其切割质量影响因素(实际操作参数)进行了研究,探明了各影响因素对切割质量的影响规律和影响机理,且优化了影响因素。结果表明:随刀盘转速x1增大,甘蔗破头率先减小后增大,随前进速度x2的增大,甘蔗破头率y增大;使用大的刀盘倾角时,小深度的入土切割有利于降低甘蔗破头率,但采用大深度的入土切割,甘蔗破头率增大;使用小的刀盘倾角时,贴地切割对降低甘蔗破头率最有利。使用小的刀盘倾角时,因素优组合为:刀盘转速为516.4r/min,前进速度为4km/h,刀盘的离地高度为0,相应可靠性为99%的甘蔗破头率预测区间为(3.9%~8.12%)。使用大的刀盘倾角时,因素优组合为:刀盘转速为544r/min,前进速度为4km/h,刀盘的离地高度为-2.78cm,相应可靠性为99%的甘蔗破头率预测区间为(5.85%~9.34%)。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。