生物质气化技术及焦油净化方法

生物质气化供气是农村利用生物质能源的主要途径。与生物质集中供气技术相比,户用的单独供气技术更适合于经济相对落后和居住较分散的农村用户。为此,分析对比了目前生物质气化装置为降低燃气焦油含量而常用的热裂解、催化裂解、湿法与干法等可用技术的特点与应用条件,提出了催化裂解方法较具发展前景。采用生物质气化与焦油裂解一体化的气化装置,并配置具有降温、除尘和焦油分离回收等多种功能的高效净化装置,是适合小型气化装置特点的处理焦油的有效技术。     

木块气化过程焦油联合脱除工况优化

基于松木块气化试验数据,建立了燃气焦油炉内、炉外联合脱除过程最小二乘支持向量机模型（LS—SVM）。在燃气焦油炉内脱除工况优化基础上,针对催化剂活性进一步拟合了燃气焦油炉外催化裂解脱除过程多目标优化模型,优化计算得到气化燃气焦油联合脱除工况的Pareto最优解集。寻优结果表明,气化炉出口燃气焦油质量浓度低于2g/m3,满足焦油催化裂解器对入口燃气焦油含量要求;焦油催化裂解器出口燃气焦油质量浓度降低至0.126~0.340g/m3之间,同时满足燃气热值大于4MJ/m3的工程要求,燃气总体品质明显优于试验结果。     

内燃加热式生物质气化炉设

根据生物质气化原理,针对目前气化炉产气热值低和存在焦油的问题,设计了一种内燃加热式气化炉.内燃加热式气化炉优于已有的固定床气化炉、流化床气化炉;类似于下吸式固定床气化炉,热解气中焦油含量低;设置以热解气为燃料的内加热系统,减少了空气入炉量,提高了热解气热值.内燃加热式气化炉是将生物质气化与焦油的催化裂解集于一体,不需要再为催化裂解提供热源.     

生物质热解利用系统的实验研究

根据产气量为20m3/h的热解炉,以玉米秸秆颗粒为生物质原料,对额定功率为10kW的燃气发电系统及其相关的焦油裂解装置进行了研究,得出玉米秸秆颗粒在热解温度为470℃左右时,燃气的热值最高,以煅烧的白云石和镍基催化剂组成的焦油裂解装置,在催化裂解温度为850℃时,可达97%以上的焦油裂解率.结合对热解气副产物生物质炭的分析,得出了生物质热解利用系统的产出能量大概分布,为生物质能源的高效综合利用提供一定的参考.     

生物质气化中焦油的产生及处理方法

生物质气化是一种常用的生物质能转换途径,气化过程中不可避免地产生的副产物焦油具有极大的危害性.为此,从生物质气化技术原理、装置及流程入手,论述了气化过程中焦油的产生、特点、影响因素及危害性;分析生物质气化气中焦油的旋风分离、湿式净化和干式净化等物理净化方法,比较高温热解和催化裂解化学转化方法;指出不同焦油处理方法的优缺点及工程应用.如何控制与优化气化过程、采取合适的焦油脱除技术,已成为生物质气化技术的一个重要研究方向.     

主动配气下生物质气化焦油热裂解特性试验

针对下吸式生物质固定床气化炉,采取主动配气的方式,进行焦油的热裂解性能试验.试验结果表明:主动配气下,气化炉同一截面反应均匀,具有较厚的高温层,为焦油热裂解提供良好的条件,并寻找到气化反应的最优配气量,在此配气量下,以玉米秸秆为原料,燃气中的焦油质量浓度约为600 mg/m3,热值达到5 400 kJ/m3左右,同时验证了灰层厚度等其他因素对焦油热裂解和燃气质量的影响.     

户用型上吸式生物质气化炉的改进设计

在分析现有户用型上吸式生物质气化炉优缺点的基础上,针对目前气化炉普遍存在的产气可燃成分含量低,焦油及灰尘含量高,燃气热值不高等缺点,对供风系统进行了改进设计,并增加了一套水蒸汽介质循环反应系统;同时,设计了结构简单、方便实用的小型净化装置,最大程度实现了产气过程中降焦除尘。     

文丘里净化生物质燃气焦油特性的研究

针对文丘里净化去除生物质热解气化燃气中的焦油液滴问题,从微观角度分析了文丘里高压水洗过程焦油颗粒捕捉凝结机理.借助CFD软件Fluent对文丘里管内部流场进行了数值模拟,得出了文丘里管内部的静压场与轴向速度场;并对350m3/h的下吸式生物质固定床气化炉产气进行了净化除焦试验.结果表明:文丘里压力损失约为7 500Pa,焦油净化效率达90％以上.     

生物质热解气化气中焦油生成机理及其脱除研究

生物质气化气中焦油含量高成为制约生物质气化技术商业化发展的决定性因素之一。在对生物质热解气化过程中焦油的生成及其影响因素进行分析的基础上，采取优化炉内结构与炉外气体湿式净化相结合的方法来脱除气体中的焦油，研究开发出气化剂由侧向送入的气化反应炉，以及相应的集喷淋、水溶、水膜、冲激于一体的湿式净化装置。该生物质气化机组所得到的可燃气具有燃气热值高、焦油含量胝、操作简单、安全可靠的特点。气化效率可达到78％，燃气低位热值为5．4MJ/m^3（玉米秸），焦油含量48mg/m^3，O2含量为0．7％，主要技术指标均低于有关行业标准。     

生物质固定床两步法气化技术

在分析焦油形成机理和裂解条件的基础上提出了一种高效的低焦油生物质气化技术.该技术将生物质低温热解和高温气化两个过程分开进行,且要求热解发生于350～500℃之间,气化温度控制在1000℃左右,气化剂当量比大约为0.3.分步气化保证了焦油强化裂解的高温条件,使其充分裂解为小分子不凝性可燃气体,从而降低了可燃气体中基础焦油质量浓度,提高了燃气品质.该工艺可使燃气中基础焦油质量浓度降低到20mg/m~3以下.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。