柴油机燃用生物柴油的经济性和排放特性

在一台电控高压共轨增压中冷柴油机上进行了燃用B10,B20和B30等3种掺混比例的黄连木籽生物柴油与纯柴油的经济性和排放特性试验。试验发现,在相同转速下,柴油机的燃油消耗率随负荷的增加而降低。2000 r/min时,生物柴油在中小负荷的燃油消耗率略低于柴油;大负荷时,4种燃料的燃油消耗率相当;随着负荷的增大,柴油机的CO和THC排放降低,NOx升高;相同工况下,生物柴油的NOx排放与生物柴油相当,无明显变化。由此可见,高压共轨柴油机燃用黄连木籽生物柴油可以在NOx排放基本不升高的前提下降低CO和THC的排放。     

柴油机燃用乙醇—生物柴油—柴油的醛酮类排放物研究

利用高效液相色谱仪对柴油机燃用普通柴油(D)和乙醇-生物柴油-柴油(EBD)排放物中的醛酮类化合物进行比较分析。研究结果表明:标定转速,10%和50%负荷下,EBD总排放量比D分别降低了2.98%和16.42%,全负荷下,升高了11.79%;排放物以甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛和丙酮等C1～C3污染物为主,占醛酮排放物91.9%以上;负荷增加或转速降低,醛酮类排放物减少。     

高原地区柴油机燃用B30生物柴油的性能研究

在高压共轨柴油机上,进行了高原地区和普通大气压力下燃用石化柴油和含30%生物柴油和石化柴油混合燃料的性能对比试验,分析了不同转速和不同负荷下燃料的动力性、经济性和排放性。研究结果表明,当大气压力从小变大时,2种燃料的动力性均呈上升趋势,有效燃油消耗率得到改善;在3 200 r/min和2 200 r/min的负荷特性下,小负荷时,2种燃料的燃油消耗率变化不明显,大负荷时,变化较明显;在整个负荷范围内,燃用生物柴油燃料的燃油消耗率较纯柴油要高;在高原地区,燃用生物柴油能有效降低炭烟的排放。     

乙醇/生物柴油混合燃料性能试验研究

通过在R4105T型柴油机上进行对比试验,研究了乙醇以不同比例与大豆油渣生物柴油混合燃烧时对柴油机动力性能、经济性以及烟度的影响.研究结果表明:与燃用纯生物柴油相比,柴油机燃用乙醇/生物柴油混合燃料时,碳烟排放量大大降低.其中,燃用B80E20时最大降幅可达55%;燃用B95E5时油耗率降低,最大降幅为5.6%;转速低于1700r/min时,B95E5动力性升高,平均增幅约为3.2%;燃用B90E10,B80E20时动力性下降、油耗率上升.     

Carbonyl Compounds Emission from Engine Fueled with Ethanol - Biodiesel - Diesel

利用高效液相色谱仪对柴油机燃用普通柴油(D)和乙醇-生物柴油-柴油(EBD)排放物中的醛酮类化合物进行比较分析.研究结果表明:标定转速,10％和50％负荷下,EBD总排放量比D分别降低了2.98％和16.42％,全负荷下,升高了11.79％;排放物以甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛和丙酮等C1～C3污染物为主,占醛酮排放物91.9％以上;负荷增加或转速降低,醛酮类排放物减少.     

柴油机上低混合比生物柴油性能对比试验研究

对4种不同体积比配制的生物柴油混合燃料在柴油机上进行了性能对比试验,分析了在不同转速和负荷下柴油机燃用不同掺混比混合燃料的动力性、经济性和排放特性。试验结果表明:发动机燃用B10时动力性在大多数转速时高于B0,燃用B20及B30时动力性与B0相当。随着生物柴油添加比例的增大,发动机有效燃油消耗率增大,但发动机燃烧有效热效率有所改善。在不做任何调整的情况下,随着掺烧生物柴油比例的增加,柴油机的烟度、HC有较大幅度的下降;NOx排放在中小负荷与原柴油机相当,但大多数工况时NOx排放则随着生物柴油添加比例的增大而减小;CO在中低负荷时混合燃料排放大于原柴油,高负荷时基本一致。     

甲醇柴油与生物柴油微粒排放粒径分布特

以石化柴油为参照,在发动机台架上,采用电子低压冲击仪及其附带的两级稀释系统测试了燃用柴油、甲醇柴油和生物柴油排放的不同粒径微粒的数量浓度、体积浓度,分析了发动机转速、负荷以及燃油种类对微粒粒径分布的影响.试验证明:在外特性下,柴油、甲醇柴油排放的微粒数量浓度随转速增大而增加,生物柴油排放的微粒数量浓度随转速没有明显变化规律;在2 300 r/min,生物柴油和柴油随负荷的减小排放的微粒数量浓度增加;标定功率下,柴油排放微粒的体积浓度大于生物柴油和甲醇柴油,但在核模态范围内,相对于柴油,甲醇柴油排放的微粒数量浓度是下降的,降幅达62.8%.生物柴油是上升的,升幅为30.7%.     

乙醇—生物柴油—柴油混合燃料对柴油机性能和排放的影响

基于乙醇、生物柴油和石化柴油物化性质的互补性,配制了乙醇-生物柴油-柴油混合的多组分燃料(简称BED燃料),在0℃、10℃、15℃、20℃环境下研究了BED燃料相溶性和稳定性,试验研究了6组不同比例BED燃料对柴油机性能和排放的影响.结果表明:在不对柴油机做任何改动的情况下,燃用BED燃料后在中间转速大负荷工况下动力下降较大,下降幅度随乙醇和生物柴油组分的增加而升高,最大降幅达到10.2％;当量燃油消耗率低于纯柴油,在低负荷时,不同比例BED燃料的当量燃油消耗率不呈现明显的变化规律,在高负荷时,当量燃油消耗率随BED燃料含氧量增加而降低,最大下降9.2％;CO排放量在高负荷时明显下降,最大下降70.1％;NOx排放量随BED燃料中生物柴油比例的增加而上升,随乙醇比例的增加而降低,标定工况下最大上升29％;THC排放量随生物柴油比例的增加而下降,随乙醇比例的增加而上升,其中标定工况下最大下降32.6％.     

电控共轨柴油机燃用生物柴油的试验研究

在一台电控共轨柴油机上,测量了柴油机燃用生物柴油和柴油两种燃料时,不同转速、不同负荷下的经济性和排放性指标.研究结果表明,不同转速下,整个负荷范围内生物柴油的燃油消耗率均高于柴油;在整个负荷范围内,生物柴油的NOx浓度均高于柴油;高负荷时,柴油的烟度约为1.3m-1,生物柴油的烟度仅为0.3m-1;生物柴油的热值较低,燃油消耗率高于柴油;生物柴油中氧的助燃特性有利于NOx的生成,生物柴油不含硫化物,碳烟排放低于柴油.     

柴油机燃用柴油-二甲醚混合燃料的试验研究

在车用直喷式柴油机上进行了燃用柴油－二甲醚的试验研究。将燃料供给系统作了改动，增加了高压氮气瓶以消除气阻。对供油提前角、喷油压力、柴油－二甲醚比例等参数对柴油机供油及燃料 影响进行了研究。试验结果表明，燃用柴油－二甲醚混合燃料时，柴油机可在宽广的转速和负荷范围内稳定运行，最大爆发压力、压力升高率均低于原机，燃烧滞燃期缩短，预混合燃烧减少，NOx、CO及烟度排放均大大降低，HC排放在高负荷工况低于原机。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。