油菜茎秆切割试验研究

为了探究油菜茎秆切割时的力学特性参数,研究了茎秆剪切力与茎秆直径与剪切速度的关系,并采用INSTRON电子万能材料试验机对油菜茎秆剪切力学性能进行了试验研究,测定了成熟收获期青杂5号和青杂7号两个品种油菜茎秆在不同高度、不同直径和不同加载速度下剪切力大小。结果表明:青杂5号和青杂7号油菜茎秆在相同加载速度下的剪切力有显著差异;同一品种、不同高度油菜茎秆在相同切割速度下所受剪切力无显著差异;油菜茎秆的直径大小与剪切力大小呈正相关,剪切力随茎秆直径的增大而增大;油菜茎秆所受剪切力整体上随着割刀加载速度的增加而减小。试验结果可为油菜收获提供理论依据和指导。     

油菜钵苗物理机械特性试验研究

对油菜钵苗茎秆进行物理机械特性试验,测定不同苗龄下油菜钵苗茎粗及苗高,对不同苗龄的油菜钵苗进行拔苗试验,茎秆挤压、拉断试验。研究表明:湘杂1613的油菜钵苗在同一时间段内,茎粗与苗叶高度大致成正态分布;油菜钵苗拔苗力随拔苗位置的上升而增加,随拔苗倾角的增加呈现先减小再增加的趋势;油菜钵苗茎秆的耐挤压、耐拉能力随时间的增加而增加;油菜钵苗最佳拔苗位置在下部,取苗机构最佳拔取幼苗角度为50°左右,最佳移栽苗龄为5叶1芯。该结论为设计油菜钵苗移栽机械取苗输送部件提供了初步的试验基础,同时为进一步研究油菜移栽机械取苗、护苗、栽插参数等关键部件结构、运动学动力学参数提供理论依据。      

油菜裸苗物理机械特性试验研究

对油菜裸苗茎秆进行物理机械特性试验,包括不同生长期油菜裸苗茎秆截面直径的测定,不同生长期油菜裸苗茎秆的压缩、剪切、拉伸试验。试验研究了油菜裸苗茎秆直径随生长时间的变化规律以及油菜裸苗茎秆压缩、剪切、拉伸极限随生长时间的变化规律,建立了油菜裸苗茎秆截面直径与生长时间的数学模型。研究表明:湘杂1613的油菜裸苗茎秆直径的增长与生长时间呈线性关系;油菜裸苗茎秆的耐压、耐切、耐拉的能力随时间的增加而增加。该结论为设计移栽机械提供了初步的实验基础,同时为进一步研究油菜移栽机械取苗、护苗、栽插参数等关键部件结构和运动学、动力学参数提供了理论依据。     

两种淀粉薯收获期茎秆机械特性的试验研究

为了探明不同品种淀粉薯茎秆的机械特性,以提高马铃薯机械化粉碎还田作业质量,对马铃薯收获阶段不同时期的茎秆进行物理特性分析。以北方地区淀粉薯兴佳2号、延薯4号为试验对象,采用电子万能试验机、电子天平及电热恒温鼓风干燥箱等仪器设备,研究收获期内两种淀粉薯茎秆的离地高度和剪切力的变化,得出最佳打秧离地高度为9cm及破坏马铃薯茎秆的基础数据。同时,对收获3个时期、两个品种的薯秧含水率进行测量,得出越临近收获期茎秆含水率越低的规律,确定淀粉薯杀秧最佳时期;在离地高度为9cm时,分别对3个时期、两个不同品种的淀粉薯茎秆进行直径与剪切力的测量,分别拟合出淀粉薯兴佳2号、延薯4号茎秆剪切力与作物直径间的函数关系式,对比相同作物的函数关系式变化趋势,得出最佳的时间为10月7号。本研究为马铃薯茎秆粉碎机转速、切刀速度及切刀拉力等参数的设计提供了依据,并为适宜的马铃薯茎秆粉碎期选择提供了参考。     

谷子茎秆切割力学特性试验与分析

为减小谷子茎秆切割力、降低切割功耗,设计了茎秆往复式切割试验台,对谷子茎秆进行不同收获时间、茎秆部位、切割器组合形式、切割倾角、刀片斜角、平均切割速度和茎秆喂入速度的单因素切割试验,并在单因素试验基础上对平均切割速度、切割倾角和刀片斜角3个因素进行响应面试验。单因素试验结果表明:收获期茎秆极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗随含水率的增大而减小;基部起茎秆极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗总体上随茎秆高度的增加而减小,茎秆茎节极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗较茎秆节间大;茎秆双支撑切割形式较单支撑切割形式极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗小;切割倾角0°～20°时,茎秆极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗随切割倾角的增大先减小后增大;刀片斜角0°～48°时,茎秆极限切应力随刀片斜角的增大而减小,而单位面积切割功耗先减小后增大;平均切割速度0. 5～1. 5 m/s时,茎秆极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗随平均切割速度的增大呈先减小后平稳变化的趋势;茎秆喂入速度对切割力学特性无显著影响。响应面试验结果表明:试验因素对茎秆极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗影响的主次顺序为平均切割速度、刀片斜角、切割倾角,且最优切割参数为:平均切割速度1. 19 m/s、切割倾角7. 2°、刀片斜角36. 4°,最优参数下茎秆极限切应力和单位面积切割功耗分别为2. 88 MPa、22. 38 m J/mm~2,验证试验值与预测值相对误差不超过3. 5%。刀片斜角对比试验表明:刀片斜角36. 4°较30°(标准Ⅱ型动刀)切割谷子茎秆时,茎秆极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗分别减小了6. 6%、3. 9%。     

大豆联合收获机拨禾轮作用机理分析与参数优化

为降低大豆联合收获机割台损失率,本文通过分析收获过程得出拨禾轮作用范围、茎秆回弹、拨禾轮高度对割台损失率的影响规律;以最小割台损失率为目标,利用ANSYS-ADAMS联合仿真探究收获不同高度大豆的拨禾轮最优参数。使用ANSYS软件建立大豆植株柔性模型,在ADAMS软件中建立拨禾轮-大豆茎秆刚柔耦合模型,通过单因素预试验确定关键参数的范围,以大豆联合收获机拨禾轮高度、拨禾速比、拨禾轮前移距离和大豆植株高度为试验因素,以拨禾轮对大豆茎秆的碰撞力、拨禾轮作用程度为指标开展四因素五水平二次回归中心组合仿真试验,建立了试验因素与试验指标间的数学模型,建立以作用程度最大、拨禾碰撞力最小为目标的优化方程,确定大豆联合收获机拨禾轮最优拨禾速比、最优前移距离、最优高度与大豆植株高度之间存在线性对应关系,大豆联合收获机拔禾轮参数对碰撞力与作用程度影响主次顺序为：拨禾速比、拨禾轮高度、拨禾轮前移距离。开展以拨禾轮高度、拨禾速比、拨禾轮前移距离为因素,以拨禾轮对大豆茎秆的碰撞力、拨禾轮作用程度为指标的仿真试验和以割台损失率为指标的田间试验,模型计算与仿真的碰撞力偏差平均为1.18 N,拨禾轮作用程度偏差量平均...     

成熟期油菜茎秆力学特性试验研究

为了给高效、低耗油菜联合收割机切割装置的设计提供理论依据,以"湘杂油743"成熟期茎秆为试验材料,分别测定其弹性模量E、剪切弹性模量G、剪切力F和含水率.试验结果表明:成熟期油菜茎秆弹性模量E稳定在160MPa,剪切弹性模量G稳定在11kPa;油菜茎秆的弹性模量和剪切弹性模量随茎秆含水率的减小而增大,第1分支处的剪切力随含水率的下降而先上升后下降,最大值为115N.同时,拟合了本品种茎秆直径随沿轴线高度变化的关系方程,并得到第一分支处的平均直径为11.09mm.     

饲料油菜薹期收获茎秆破碎离散元仿真参数标定

针对饲料油菜机械化收获中的切碎、抛送等关键环节离散元仿真缺乏准确模型的问题,以抽薹期饲料油菜茎秆为研究对象,利用EDEM仿真软件开展饲料油菜茎秆破碎离散元仿真模型参数标定研究。试验测定了饲料油菜本征参数,应用Hertz-Mindlin基本模型进行饲料油菜茎秆颗粒堆积仿真试验,通过二水平因子试验、最陡爬坡试验和响应曲面试验,确定了饲料油菜茎秆颗粒碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数和滚动摩擦因数等基本接触参数。在此基础上,应用Hertz-Mindlin with bonding接触模型进行饲料油菜茎秆弯曲破坏仿真试验,通过响应面分析确定了饲料油菜茎秆颗粒法向接触刚度、切向接触刚度、临界法向应力与临界切向应力等饲料油菜茎秆破碎离散元仿真模型的主要参数。以确定的参数进行堆积角仿真试验,结果表明,仿真结果与实测值相对误差为2. 27%;不同直径油菜茎秆破碎仿真试验表明,仿真结果与实测值相对误差不大于4. 21%,说明标定方法正确可行,标定参数准确可靠。     

成熟期大蒜茎秆力学特性的试验研究

针对大蒜联合收获机设计时缺乏必要的数据支持等问题,对成熟期大蒜茎秆力学特性进行了试验研究。采用农业田间数理统计方法对大蒜的几何特征进行分析,得出了大蒜主要几何特性指标值的变化区间和分布频率;利用万能试验机及拉伸试验对成熟期大蒜茎秆抗拉强度、挤压强度、起拔力等力学特性进行测试,研究了茎秆直茎、含水率、加载速度对大蒜茎秆拉断力的影响;应用Design-Expert软件分析,得出了松土位置参数优化组合。结果表明:直径对大蒜茎秆的拉断力影响最大,其次是含水率,最后是加载速度;大蒜最小起拔力的最优组合为挖掘深度9~18cm和挖掘距离2~10cm,所需起拔力小于53.1N,不会发生漏收现象;大蒜茎秆的挤压强度平均值是0.78MPa,所以在设计皮带夹持过程中挤压强度最大不能超过0.72MPa,为研制大蒜联合收获机关键装备提供了基础理论依据。     

油菜茎秆压缩成型试验研究

以节能、低成本为出发点,通过常温条件下的油菜茎秆压缩成型试验,研究茎秆线性长度、添加粘结剂（土壤）含量与压实密度、成型力之间的关系,希望以此为油菜茎秆常温高压致密成型设备的设计及工艺参数优化等提供理论依据,为油菜茎秆常温高压致密成型设备的设计及工艺参数优化等提供理论依据。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。