穴盘钵苗智能移栽机关键技术研究现状

对国内外穴盘钵苗智能移栽机关键技术研究现状进行了综述,针对钵苗特征识别、定位机构以及钵苗夹持手爪3个方面介绍当前钵苗移栽主要研究成果,分析了制约钵苗智能移栽技术推广应用的主要因素。最后,提出了相应对策：研究钵苗特征识别技术,改善钵苗移栽农艺条件,拓展钵苗移栽技术服务领域。     

蔬菜嫁接机器人柔性夹持搬运机构设计与试验

针对现有蔬菜嫁接机器人单手爪夹持搬运机构作业时需要在上苗、切削和对接工位往复旋转作业,限制了机器嫁接生产效率,存在夹持伤苗、操作人员上苗等待时间过长、易疲劳等问题,设计了一种四手爪柔性夹持搬运机构,能够实现上苗、切削和对接工位同步作业,以及秧苗柔性夹持与快速搬运,有助于提高机器嫁接效率。提出了基于缓冲材料的柔性夹持手爪和夹持力调节方法,分析了不同厚度EVA缓冲材料的压缩力学特性,得到缓冲垫完全闭合夹持条件下对不同秧苗的夹持力。利用ADAMS软件建立夹持搬运机构动力学仿真模型,分析了秧苗不同夹持力与旋转位移的变化规律,得出当夹持力小于0.4N时秧苗脱离了夹持手的束缚,夹持力大于3.5N时秧苗夹持与旋转作业稳定。机构性能试验结果表明：选取白籽南瓜苗和黄瓜苗为测试对象,柔性夹持手爪平均夹苗成功率为98.5%,比弧形夹持手提高4.5个百分点,伤苗率降低3.5个百分点,柔性夹苗效果显著;该机构嫁接平均速度为1052株/h,是同类型单手爪嫁接机作业效率的1.72倍,嫁接成功率为96.67%,大幅提高了嫁接机器人生产效率,能够满足工厂化嫁接育苗生产需求。本文研究结果可为高速嫁接机器人的夹持搬运机构设计和优化提供技术参考。     

断根嫁接苗自动栽植装置设计与试验

为进一步提高断根嫁接苗育苗作业的自动化程度,针对现有的瓜科蔬菜嫁接机嫁接完成后幼苗栽植一直依靠人工作业的现状,设计了断根嫁接苗自动栽植装置,包括移苗机构、插苗机构、插孔机构等关键机构,并对关键部件进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,当插苗运送气缸上升速度与插苗手爪打开速度的比值在0.22~0.55之间时,插苗手爪可以顺畅撤离穴盘,并不会对已栽植好的嫁接幼苗产生影响。并对装置栽植性能进行了试验,试验结果表明,装置的栽植成功率为92%,最长栽植时间为7 s/株,可较为理想地与相应的瓜科断根蔬菜嫁接机配套使用,满足其自动育苗的要求。     

穴盘苗自动移栽机研发与应用

针对当前人工移栽成本高、效率低和劳动强度大等问题,设计开发了一种穴盘苗自动移栽机。该移栽机主要由移栽机构、坏苗识别系统和控制系统等部分组成,与工厂化穴盘种苗生产工艺相适应,实现了幼苗由密穴盘移栽到疏穴盘或营养钵中的机械化操作,改善了操作人员的劳动条件,提高了作业效率。      

夹持式取苗机构自动控制系统设计

移栽作业是农业生产中的一个重要环节,采用穴盘育苗移栽技术,研发基于穴盘苗的自动移栽机,对于减轻人工劳动强度、解放劳动生产力、提高移栽效率具有重要的意义。目前,国内适合大田作业的穴盘苗全自动移栽机械大部分处于实验阶段,其控制系统总体上存在着定位精度不高、可靠性差、智能化程度低等问题。为此,针对一种夹持式穴盘苗取苗机构,利用单片机设计开发了自动控制系统。     

穴盘苗自动移栽机取苗爪工作参数试验研究

为了提高旱地穴盘苗移栽的作业效率,对自动移栽机的关键部件取苗爪进行了研究;同时,对圆盘凸轮机构的两针式取苗爪进行结构与原理分析,确定了工作参数,包括夹持角度、秧针长度、取苗角度。经过多因素试验,完成了对工作参数的优化,结果表明取苗爪的设计满足穴盘苗的移栽要求,取苗成功率达到95%。     

新型组培苗移栽手爪的设计

移栽机械手爪是温室穴盘移栽机的核心部件,其结构的好坏直接影响穴苗抓取效果。本文从新型机构设计角度入手,使用凸轮机构作为角度变化装置,实现在抓取穴苗过程中的抱抓动作,根据标准的128穴盘格的尺寸提出了移栽手爪的参数设定和整体结构设计,从而提高了抓取的可靠性、降低了穴苗的损伤率。并且利用Solidworks建立机构模型,对其工作原理和功能进行分析,为今后设计市场需求的经济适用的穴盘苗自动移栽机提供参考。     

穴盘苗移栽机取送苗装置设计与试验

育苗移栽是农作物增产增收的一项有效措施,为了提高穴盘苗移栽的可靠性和作业效率,对穴盘苗移栽机的取送苗装置进行优化设计和试验研究。对取苗机构和送苗机构进行力学分析与结构设计,确定其最优结构和参数。土槽试验结果表明:移栽机取苗速度为40株/min时,取苗成功率为97.21%,穴盘苗平均基质损失率为7.97%,栽植成功率为95.40%,作业可靠性达到92.74%。移栽机移栽作业各项指标满足农艺要求,可为小型移栽机的设计提供理论参考。     

新型高密度灌木幼苗移栽机仿真与试验

针对裸根灌木幼苗具有根系软、乱和股头多等特点,以及已有的链夹式移栽机不能满足小行距高密度移栽要求,提出了一种可用于株距＜200 mm、行距＜160 mm,10行同时移栽的新型灌木幼苗移栽机械。对高密度灌木幼苗的移栽工艺研究后,设计了移栽机栽植机构、放苗机构、起垄机构、旋耕机构及悬挂系统,并进行传动系统仿真,结果表明,移栽机的传动系统达到移栽过程中设计要求。设计了一种新型开沟器,根据开沟器的实际受力特点,运用离散元技术和有限元分析技术对其进行仿真试验,结果表明,开沟器强度满足要求。对新型移栽机的物理样机进行现场移栽试验,结果表明,该移栽机能高效解决根系软、乱和股头多的裸根灌木幼苗移栽问题,并且平行排布、除草方便,适合小行距高密度移栽。幼苗植入深度（移栽深度）7～12 cm,直立度80°～90°,移栽苗成活率90%以上。      

番茄采摘机器人系统设计与试验

为了提高鲜食番茄采收的自动化水平,减轻人工采摘劳动强度,设计了一种番茄智能采摘机器人。该采摘机器人包括视觉定位单元、采摘手爪、控制系统及承载平台,并基于各部件工作原理制定了采摘机器人的工作流程。基于HIS色彩模型进行图像分割,提高了果实识别的准确度;通过气囊夹持方式确保果实采摘过程中对果实的柔性夹持。试验结果表明:视觉定位、采摘手爪等模块运转良好,采摘单果番茄耗时约24s,成功率可达8 3.9%以上。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。