清真雅正与清代书院八股文教育

清真雅正是清代朝廷推行的衡文准则，包括在理、法、辞、气等方面有所要求。为了引导生徒作文步入正轨以及促进健康文风的形成，清代一些书院将清真雅正纳入八股文教育的范畴，清真雅正在书院学规、课艺甄选、课艺评点等内容中有着重要体现。为了便于生徒理解清真雅正，施教者要求研习明清时期八股文名家善本，用范文来指导习作。清代一些书院在进行清真雅正教育时，重视将为文上的开导与为人上的训迪结合起来，从而为国家培养品学兼优的科举人才，实现文学教育的崇高理想。     

Immunity, inflammation, and allergy in the gut

The gut immune system has the challenge of responding to pathogens while remaining relatively unresponsive to food antigens and the commensal microflora. In the developed world, this ability appears to be breaking down, with chronic inflammatory diseases of the gut commonplace in the apparent absence of overt infections. In both mouse and man, mutations in genes that control innate immune recognition, adaptive immunity, and epithelial permeability are all associated with gut inflammation. This suggests that perturbing homeostasis between gut antigens and host immunity represents a critical determinant in the development of gut inflammation and allergy.     

Temperatures, winds, and composition in the saturnian system

Stratospheric temperatures on Saturn imply a strong decay of the equatorial winds with altitude. If the decrease in winds reported from recent Hubble Space Telescope images is not a temporal change, then the features tracked must have been at least 130 kilometers higher than in earlier studies. Saturn's south polar stratosphere is warmer than predicted from simple radiative models. The C/H ratio on Saturn is seven times solar, twice Jupiter's. Saturn's ring temperatures have radial variations down to the smallest scale resolved (100 kilometers). Diurnal surface temperature variations on Phoebe suggest a more porous regolith than on the jovian satellites.     

Porotic hyperostosis, anemias, malarias, and marshes in the prehistoric Eastern Mediterranean

Porotic hyperostosis, formerly called osteoporosis symmetrica, is an overgrowth of the spongy marrow space of the skull. In children, other bones may also be affected. The disease is a consequence of one of the thalassemias or sicklemia. These anemias are balanced polymorphisms which are apparently maintained by falciparum malaria. Falciparum malaria spread over the anopheline belts of the Old World in coincidence with porotic hyperostosis, but did not penetrate the New World. Here some other parasitism or deficiency anemia must have been the cause of porotic hyperostosis in ancient times. In Anatolia, Greece, and Cyprus from the seventh to second millennia B.C., porotic hyperostosis occurred frequently in early farmers who lived in marshy areas, but rarely in inhabitants of dry or rocky areas or in latest Paleolithic hunters. As shown by skeletal samples from Greece, the frequency of the disease decreased as farming methods improved. However, from Hellenistic to Romantic times it again increased together with increases in the incidence of malaria and in poorer farming. There are correlations between porotic hyperostosis and adult stature and fertility. The mutations producing falciparum malaria therefore must antedate seventh millenium B.C. and I think may have an Eastern Mediterranean origin.     

Earthquakes, active faults, and geothermal areas in the imperial valley, california

A dense seismograph network in the Imperial Valley recorded a series of earthquake swarms along the Imperial and Brawley faults and a diffuse pattern of earthquakes along the San Jacinto fault. Two known geothermal areas are closely associated with these earthquake swarms. This seismicity pattern demonstrates that seismic slip is occurring along both the Imperial-Brawley and San Jacinto fault systems.     

南京山西路市民广场植物造景评价

山西路广场是南京市民休息娱乐的重要场所之一。它在市区繁华地带形成了一个开放式、具有现代气息的开放空间,并与湖南路现代文明商业街连为一体,为广大市民提供一个舒适、优雅的场所。通过对山西路广场的调查,本文着重从科学性,艺术性,技术性,经济性,时间性五个角度分析评价了该广场的植物造景手法。     

Deforestation, livelihoods, and the preconditions for sustainable management in Olancho, Honduras

Growth of the national cattle herd is contributing to rapid and inappropriate deforestation in Honduras. Field research was conducted in the Department of Olancho to better understand this problem and to assess the possibilities for local interest in forest protection. A recent upsurge in the profitability of cattle farming bodes badly for the forest, but three countervailing factors could ultimately serve as the basis for community-based forest management. First, area residents have a greater appreciation for the economic and ecological functions of the forest than one might surmise, given the rapid pace of deforestation. Second, timber is a significant source of community income, thus there may be latent incentives to maintain supplies in the long term. Third, some residents will not turn to cattle farming, in spite of its profitability, perhaps because of their dependence on timber marketing. Policies enacted in 1992 undermine theseincipient incentives for forest custodianship. Inappropriate deforestation can be lessened through policy reforms thatwould enable smallholders to conserve and manage their resources over the long-term.     

适应新形势,构建新蓝图,实现新目标--全国农业教育发展"十五"计划纲要

随着高等教育体制改革和机构改革的逐步深化 ,农业部作为行业部门对农业教育管理的重点将逐步转移到农民职业技术教育、农业职业教育和农业继续教育 ,同时仍要积极支持高等农业教育的发展。根据工作重点的转移 ,面对新时期农业和农村经济的发展 ,社会主义市场经济体制的逐步建立和加入WTO带来的机遇与挑战 ,农业教育必须主动适应新形势。为此 ,农业部组织制订了《全国农业教育发展“十五”计划纲要》 ,以加强对农业教育改革和发展的指导 ,促进“科教兴农”战略的贯彻落实 ,确保新时期农业和农村发展目标的实现。     

Viscoelastic flow in the lower crust after the 1992 landers, california, earthquake

Space geodesy showed that broad-scale postseismic deformation occurred after the 1992 Landers earthquake. Three-dimensional modeling shows that afterslip can only explain one horizontal component of the postseismic deformation, whereas viscoelastic flow can explain the horizontal and near-vertical displacements. The viscosity of a weak, about 10-km-thick layer, in the lower crust beneath the rupture zone that controls the rebound is about 10(18) pascal seconds. The viscoelastic behavior of the lower crust may help to explain the extensional structures observed in the Basin and Range province and it may be used for the analysis of earthquake hazard.     

阿拉斯加管道（续完）

阐述了阿拉斯加管道腐蚀产生的原因,提出了为避免管道因腐蚀而穿孔,应加强管道内检测的措施;对阿拉斯加管道的通信设备及SCADA系统进行了介绍,并结合我国西部管道的具体情况,提出了管道通讯今后的发展趋势;由于阿拉斯加管道是在严寒地区施工,故碰到一系列难题,如管道的轴向压力问题及水压试验问题,对此进行了详细的分析论证;论述了Valdez末站油库的油罐为锥顶的优点,同时对油库的消防设施做了说明。     

Voyager 1 in the foreshock, termination shock, and heliosheath

Voyager 1 (V1) began measuring precursor energetic ions and electrons from the heliospheric termination shock (TS) in July 2002. During the ensuing 2.5 years, average particle intensities rose as V1 penetrated deeper into the energetic particle foreshock of the TS. Throughout 2004, V1 observed even larger, fluctuating intensities of ions from 40 kiloelectron volts (keV) to >/=50 megaelectron volts per nucleon and of electrons from >26 keV to >/=350 keV. On day 350 of 2004 (2004/350), V1 observed an intensity spike of ions and electrons that was followed by a sustained factor of 10 increase at the lowest energies and lesser increases at higher energies, larger than any intensities since V1 was at 15 astronomical units in 1982. The estimated solar wind radial flow speed was positive (outward) at approximately +100 kilometers per second (km s(-1)) from 2004/352 until 2005/018, when the radial flows became predominantly negative (sunward) and fluctuated between approximately -50 and 0 km s(-1) until about 2005/110; they then became more positive, with recent values (2005/179) of approximately +50 km s(-1). The energetic proton spectrum averaged over the postshock period is apparently dominated by strongly heated interstellar pickup ions. We interpret these observations as evidence that V1 was crossed by the TS on 2004/351 (during a tracking gap) at 94.0 astronomical units, evidently as the shock was moving radially inward in response to decreasing solar wind ram pressure, and that V1 has remained in the heliosheath until at least mid-2005.     

高山无公害反季节西红柿造福资源人

资源县位于广西东北部,是有名的边远高寒山区小县,自然条件差.全县现有耕地面积12.4万亩,其中水田9万亩,人均拥有耕地0.74亩.交通、信息等条件较差,科技文化、工农业等较落后,经济欠发达,但土壤肥沃,适宜农作物生长.……     

Frames, biases, and rational decision-making in the human brain

Human choices are remarkably susceptible to the manner in which options are presented. This so-called "framing effect" represents a striking violation of standard economic accounts of human rationality, although its underlying neurobiology is not understood. We found that the framing effect was specifically associated with amygdala activity, suggesting a key role for an emotional system in mediating decision biases. Moreover, across individuals, orbital and medial prefrontal cortex activity predicted a reduced susceptibility to the framing effect. This finding highlights the importance of incorporating emotional processes within models of human choice and suggests how the brain may modulate the effect of these biasing influences to approximate rationality.