叶面喷施沼液肥对温室香瓜茄叶片光合特性、果实产量和品质的影响

以香瓜茄为材料,在日光温室条件下,于果实发育期叶面喷施沼液肥,研究沼液肥施用浓度及其与土壤追肥配合对香瓜茄叶片光合特性和果实产量与品质的影响.结果表明,稀释100倍沼液肥处理的叶片总氮和叶绿素质量分数分别为35.7 g·kg-1和1.129 mg·g-1,显著高于稀释400倍沼液肥的处理和对照,沼液肥配合土壤追肥时叶片...     

Effect of tree and branch thinning on growth,yield, and fruit quality of persimmon trees in a high-density orchard

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of branch and tree thinning on growth, yield and fruit quality in 8-year-old non-astringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) trees in a high-density orchard over 6 years in Korea. Adjacent trees in the rows were removed in 2008 (first-year thinning) or in 2010 (gradual thinning). Trees in the second treatment also had 25% of the main scaffold branches removed in the first two seasons. Control plots were left unthinned. First-year thinning elevated leaf macro-nutrient concentrations, increased the production of short fruiting shoots (less than 20 cm) per tree, decreased water sprout development and weight of pruned biomass, and increased fruit set compared with values recorded on control trees and with gradual thinning. First-year thinning gave higher photosynthetic photon flux in the centre of the canopy and better fruit quality. There were generally only small differences in total yield across the three treatments in individual years, but much higher total marketable yield from 2010 to 2013 in the first-year thinning plots. First-year thinning improved overall tree productivity, and the gross returns were 80% higher than those of control from 2008 to 2013 when the extra cost of the thinning was taken into account.     

Effect of CPPU on fruit and shoot growth of apple

The effects of CPPU on the growth of fruits and bourse shoots of apple were examined by targeted applications of 20 mg I“1 CPPU to fruitlets and/or bourse-shoot and spur leaves. Treating fruitlets and fruitlets-plus-leaves stimulated fruit growth to a similar extent; fruit growth rate was temporarily suppressed when only the leaves were treated. Conversely, bourse shoot growth was stimulated by leaf and leaf-plus-fruit treatments. All CPPU applications reduced the content of fruit soluble solids and induced a paler yellowish- green fruit ground colour.     

The inhibition of flower bud differentiation in ‘Crimson Gold’ nectarine with GA3 as an alternative to hand thinning

The reduction of flower bud density by gibberellin sprays, to adjust the cropping level, is a novel approach to fruit thinning of peach and nectarine. A linear reduction in the number of flowers developed per unit of shoot length was found following the spray application of increasing concentrations of GA₃, in the nectarine cultivar ‘Crimson Gold’. These reductions in flower number led to reductions in yield at harvest, and increases in mean fruit weight. Flowering was slightly delayed by the GA₃ treatments, but no differences in ripening were detected at harvest, this depending rather on fruit size. The yield obtained by the application of 200 mg l⁻¹ GA₃ corresponded to that obtained with a very good thinning level, as established by hand thinning. No secondary effects on vegetative growth followed either the application of GA₃ or the reductions in crop load by means of hand thinning. Decreasing crop-loads have resulted in an increase in fruit size and an advance of fruit ripening, measured by greater levels of soluble solids and lower flesh firmness. A good commercial quality fruit size was obtained for crop-loads of 300 fruits per tree or less.     

CPPU和GA_3在葡萄中的残留动态及对果实品质的影响

以夏黑葡萄为试材,研究氯吡脲(CPPU)和赤霉素(GA3)在葡萄果实中的残留动态及对品质的调控作用。结果表明,25 mg.L-1 GA3+5 mg.L-1CPPU复合处理对葡萄果实的膨大效果最为明显。在葡萄果实生长发育过程中,CPPU和GA3总体呈降低趋势,外源GA3没有影响内源GA3总体变化趋势,CPPU消解率在处理后15 d时超过90%,CPPU残留量在处理后10 d时低于美国最高残留限量(MRL,0.03 mg.kg-1),GA3残留量在处理后1 d时低于美国、日本MRL(0.2 mg.kg-1)。所有处理均使果实可溶性固形物含量上升,可滴定酸含量下降。GA3处理促进了果皮花青素的合成,CPPU处理抑制了果皮花青素的合成。为CPPU和GA3在葡萄种植中的合理应用提供了科学依据。     

添加佐剂对CPPU处理的翠冠梨果实生长与品质的影响

为了减少CPPU引起的不良效应,探讨了在CPPU溶液中添加不同佐剂对翠冠梨果实生长及品质的影响。结果表明,盛花后第2周用20mg/L CPPU处理可以促进果实膨大,提高单果质量,并延迟果实成熟。CPPU单独处理增加畸形果比率,而添加0.1% Triton或者PVAC作为佐剂则可减少畸形果的发生,并增强CPPU处理效应,因此,在CPPU使用过程中不应忽视佐剂的作用。     

The interaction of Cytolin and NAA on cropping red ‘Delicious’ apple

A trial, at Spreyton in north-western Tasmania, studied the effects of Cytolin and NAA sprays on the thinning and shape of ‘Delicious’ apples. Untreated control and hand thinned trees were compared with trees treated with Cytolin or NAA alone, or in combination. Cytolin was applied at 25 mg 1~‘ at the king petal (KP) stage. NAA was applied at 8 mg I“1 at full bloom (FB) and 7,10, or 15 days after full bloom (AFB). Cytolin alone had no effect on thinning, fruit weight or on pip numbers but it did improve fruit shape. The combination of cytolin and NAA at FB overthinned. Cytolin and NAA combinations applied at all times after FB significantly decreased both mean fruit weight and pip numbers and reduced the percentage of fruit > 70 mm. All Cytolin-NAA combinations and the NAA treatments applied at 10 and 15 days AFB resulted in unacceptably high percentages of apples < 45 mm in diameter (pygmy fruit). It is recommended that Cytolin and NAA should not be used in the same spray programme. NAA alone is a most effective thinner at FB or seven days AFB.     

Improved fruit retention,yield and fruit quality in mango with exogenous application of polyamines

Aqueous solutions (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 mM) of PAs (putrescine, spermine, spermidine) containing a surfactant ‘Tween 20’ were sprayed onto panicles of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Kensington Pride) at final fruit set (FFS) stage (when all flowers abscised but remain attached to the panicle) during 1999–2001 to investigate their effects on fruit retention, yield, size, and fruit quality. The optimum time of PA application for improving final fruit retention and fruit yield was determined by spraying different concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 mM) of spermine (SPM) containing a surfactant ‘Tween 20’ at four phenological stages including flower bud differentiation (FBD), 5–8 cm long grown panicles (GP), full bloom (FB) and at initial fruit set (IFS) stage (when 2/3rd of the flowers were abscised but attached to the panicle) during 2000. Exogenous application of PAs at FFS stage did not significantly increase fruit retention. However, compared to control (0.79 and 2.3% fruit retention), PAs treatments resulted in comparatively higher mean fruit retention (1.53 and 2.92%) during 1999–2000 and 2000–2001, respectively. Among three PAs tested, SPM was more effective in increasing mean final fruit retention. Fruit size was not significantly affected by any PA treatment. Among the four application times, SPM (0.01 mM) spray at FB stage resulted in significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater fruit retention (4.99%) compared with control (2.1%). However, fruit yield was comparatively higher with SPM (0.01 mM) application at IFS stage or 5–8 cm GP stage compared to the control. Overall FB application was found as the optimum time of application. Application of PAs at FFS stage retarded fruit skin colour development compared to the control. Sugars and total soluble solids (TSS) were generally reduced in PA-treated fruit. Fruit acidity was increased (16.7%) with SPM, whereas it was 11% with PUT treatment as compared to the control. Total carotenoids in pulp were generally improved (49%) with PA treatments, compared to the control. Ascorbic acid concentrations were significantly reduced with spermidine (SPD) (24%) and PUT (20%) treatments, whereas higher concentrations of SPM (1 mM) tended to increase it (12.7%) compared to the control. In conclusion, application of SPM (0.01 mM) at FB stage resulted in the highest fruit retention, whereas SPM (0.01) spray at GP or IFS stage resulted in higher fruit yield. PUT application at FFS stage significantly improved fruit quality by increasing total carotenoid, while reducing acid content of ripe fruit.     

Effects of 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid on the rate of ethylene release from detached fruiting spurs and on fruit abscission in apple

Summary

1-Aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) was applied to apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) trees or to individual fruiting spurs between full bloom (FB) and 31 d after full bloom (DAFB; mean fruit diameter of 20 mm) to determine the effects of ACC on the ethylene released from detached spurs and on fruit abscission. The rate of ethylene release from detached fruiting spurs increased 1 d after applying 50 mg l^–1 ACC at full bloom or 16 DAFB (mean fruit diameter of 10 mm), but ACC had a reduced effect on the rate of ethylene release when it was applied 31 DAFB (mean fruit diameter of 20 mm). ACC reduced fruit set in ‘GoldRush’ apple in a concentration-dependent manner in 2009 and in 2010, but had no thinning activity on ‘Pink Lady’ in 2010. ACC at 200 mg l^–1 resulted in the yellowing and abscission of ‘GoldRush’ spur leaves in 2009, but not in 2010. The effects of combining ACC and 5 mg l^–1 naphthaleneacetic acid on fruit set in ‘GoldRush’ apple were additive. The application of 200 mg l^–1 ACC when fruit are ca. 10 mm in diameter may therefore be a useful chemical thinning treatment for apple fruit.     

应用CPPU增大辽伏苹果果实的效应研究

在盛花后２周和３周，以不同浓度的ＣＰＰＵ［Ｎ－（２－ｃｈｌｏｒｏ－４－ｐｙｒｉｄｙ）－Ｎ＇－ｐｈｅｎｙｌｕｒｅａ，通用名称Ｆｏｒｃｈｌｏｒｏｆｅｎｕｒｏｎ］对辽伏苹果果实进行表面喷雾处理，结果表明：２０、４０ｍｇ·１￣（－１）ＣＰＰＵ能促进果实纵径和横径增长，并明显提高单果重、果形指数和可食率。对果实可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量的影响则因处理时期和使用浓度而异。盛花后２周使用降低可溶性固形物含量，４０ｍｇ·１￣（－１）ＣＰＰＵ处理增大果点和提高果实畸形率。而盛花后３周果面喷布２０ｍｇ·１—（－１）ＣＰＰＵ可以增大辽伏苹果果实２０％左右，对果实品质和花芽分化无不良影响。     

不同气候条件下授粉方式对甜瓜果实形态及品质的影响

比较了蜜蜂授粉、人工授粉、蜜蜂授粉+CPPU(氯吡脲)喷花、CPPU喷花对秋冬茬、冬春茬甜瓜果实形态及品质的影响。试验结果表明,在秋冬茬,CPPU喷花对甜瓜果实形态影响最好,提高了果实纵径、横径、内腔宽、肉厚、硬度和单果质量;在冬春茬,蜜蜂授粉+CPPU喷花对甜瓜果实形态影响最好;无论在秋冬茬还是在冬春茬,蜜蜂授粉对甜瓜果实的品质影响最好,提高了可滴定酸和边糖含量,且果实风味最好。     

Yield,blossom-end rot incidence,and fruit quality in pepper plants under moderate salinity are affected by K and Ca fertilization

One of the most important factors limiting agricultural expansion and production is the restricted supply of good quality water. The present study examines the effects of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ fertilization on sweet pepper production, blossom-end rot (BER) incidence and fruit quality of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) grown under moderate saline conditions. Pepper plants were grown in a controlled-environment greenhouse under hydroponic conditions with different nutrient solutions obtained by modifying the Hoagland solution. The experiment consisted on four K⁺ treatments (0.2, 2, 7 and 14 mM) +30 mM NaCl, and four Ca²⁺ treatments (0.2, 2, 4 and 8 mM) +30 mM NaCl, having in common a control without salt with 7 mM K⁺/4 mM Ca²⁺. Salinity decreased total fruit yield and marketable fruit yield by 23% and 37%, respectively. The marketable fruit yield reduction by salt treatment was mainly due to the increase in the number of fruit affected by BER. This typical physiopathy of the pepper fruits occurred between 18 and 25 days after anthesis (DAA), when the highest fruit growth rate was reached. Fruit quality parameters were also affected by salt treatment where the fruit pulp thickness and firmness were decreased, and fructose, glucose and myo-inositol fruit concentrations increased with salinity relative to fruits from control treatment. Under saline conditions an increased supply of K⁺ reduced the fruit fresh weight, the percentage of BER and the marketable yield although promoted the vegetative growth. However, increasing Ca²⁺ concentration in the nutrient solution increased the fruit production, and the marketable yield as consequence of decreasing the percentage of fruit affected with BER. Fruit quality parameters also were affected by the K⁺ and Ca²⁺ treatments.     

Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of cornelian cherry fruits (Cornus mas L.) grown in Turkey

Cornus mas L. is a naturally growing dogwood species in Anatolia. In present study, physical, chemical and antioxidant properties of cornelian cherry fruits were studied. The fruit weight was in the range of 0.39–1.03 g, fruit length 14.24–22.20 mm, fruit width 9.59–13.21 mm, flesh/seed ratio 1.34 to 6.72. Hunter L values of the samples ranged between 10.82 and 19.69, and a value was between +6.25 and +15.59, and b value was between +3.46 and +6.64. In addition to the levels of dry matter, soluble solids, pH, total acidity, total sugar content, reduced sugar content, unreduced sugar content, ascorbic acid, total anthocyanin and total phenolics were within the range of 15.88–28.19%, 12.50–21.00%, 3.11–3.53, 1.10–2.53%, 76.80–154.00 g kg⁻¹, 52.80–120.00 g kg⁻¹, 0.00–32.30 g kg⁻¹, 0.16–0.88 mg g⁻¹, 1.12–2.92 mg g⁻¹ and 2.81–5.79 mg g⁻¹, respectively. On the other hand, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and EC₅₀ values were between 16.21 mmol g⁻¹ and 94.43 mmol g⁻¹, 0.29–0.69 mg mL⁻¹. Anthocyanin extracts of the fruits were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV–vis detection. Pelargonidin 3-glucoside was the main pigment found in cornelian cherry fruits.     

Combined effects of leaf/fruit ratios and N and K fertigation levels on growth and distribution of nutrients in pot-grown persimmon trees

Responses of pot-grown persimmon trees (Diospyros kaki cv. ‘Fuyu’) with two different leaf/fruit (L/F) ratios and three different fertigation levels were studied. On July 2, the L/F ratios of 4-year-old trees were adjusted to 20 and 10 by fruit thinning. From July 4 to August 26, each pot was fertigated with a solution containing 0–0 g (none), 10–8 g (medium), or 20–16 g (high) of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), respectively. The L/F ratio of 10 resulted in higher yields but smaller fruits containing lower soluble solids than the ratio of 20. The non-fertigated trees with the L/F ratio of 10 produced the smallest fruits, but the medium fertigation increased the size of the fruit at this ratio. The high fertigation level decreased fruit skin color at both ratios. Fruit dry weight increased the most among the tree components, accounting for 48–57% of the tree total dry weight at the L/F ratio of 20 and for 64–72% at the ratio of 10. The increase in tree total dry weight at the ratio of 10 was greater than that at the ratio of 20. The trees receiving medium fertigation had higher tree total dry weights than those receiving high fertigation, especially at the ratio of 10. As the L/F ratio changed to 10 from 20, the percentages of N and K partitioned to fruits in the non-fertigated trees increased from 38% to 51% and from 67% to 96%, respectively, of the tree total N and K increases; the percentage decreased with increasing fertigation level. Although fertigation significantly increased total N and K contents of the tree, the increase in K at the ratio of 10 was less in high fertigation rather than in the medium level. The results indicated that adjusting supplemental N and K was necessary to ensure fruit growth and N and K accumulation for trees with high fruit loads, but high levels of fertigation are not necessarily preferable.     

Thinning ‘Red Fuji’ apples with ethephon or NAA

Summary

A series of trials in Tasmania examined the thinning effects of ethephon and NAA on ‘Red Fuji’ apple. In the ethephon trials, concentrations from 25 to 600 ppm were applied at full bloom (FB) or 14 days after full bloom (AFB) to trees on either seedling or M.M.106 rootstocks. The NAA trial involved spraying concentrations of 5, 10 or 15 ppm at FB or 14 days AFB to trees on seedling rootstocks. Ethephon thinning of ‘Red Fuji’ was similar at FB and 14 days AFB. The dependence of fruit thinning on ethephon concentration was described by fitting non-linear response curves. These relationships were stronger and less variable for M.M.106 than seedling trees. Ethephon proved a satisfactory thinner for trees on both rootstocks. At the high spray volume used, the preferred concentrations at both FB and 14 days AFB would be 25 or 50 ppm for seedling and 100 or 200 ppm for M.M.106 rootstocks. NAA under-thinned at 5 ppm and over-thinned at 10 and 15 ppm at both FB and 14 days AFB. No firm recommendation can be given for NAA as a thinner of ‘Fuji’ at this stage.     

GA3对葡萄果实淀粉积累及代谢相关酶活性的影响

以3a生全球红葡萄为试材,研究了用不同浓度的赤霉素（GA₃）在花前、花后2次处理葡萄果穗后,测定其对葡萄果实淀粉积累规律以及淀粉代谢酶活性的影响。结果表明:GA₃处理增加了葡萄果实可溶性糖积累速率,蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性增加,以20mg/L GA₃处理最为显著;经GA₃处理的果实前期淀粉含量有不同程度的增加,总淀粉酶、α-淀粉酶活性增大,而对β-淀粉酶无明显影响。因此,GA₃与淀粉积累调控机理之间存在密切的联系。     

Thinning time during stage I and fruit spacing influences fruit size of ‘Contender’ peach

Early peach thinning during stage I was done at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 days after full bloom (DAFB). At each thinning time, trees were hand-thinned to achieve different crop loads by spacing flowers or fruits 10, 15, or 25 cm along the shoot on whole tree canopies. In 2001 and 2002, fruit weight decreased quadratically with increasing time to hand-thin and increased linearly with increasing spacing. In both years, fruit diameter decreased linearly with increasing time to thin and increased linearly with increased fruit spacing. In both years, number of fruits harvested and yield per tree decreased linearly with increased spacing. Hand-thinning at 0 or 10 DAFB resulted in fewer fruit and lower yield; therefore, thinning at 20 DAFB was better. The effect of time of thinning on soluble solids was not consistent. In both years spacing (i.e., crop load) did not affect soluble solids.     

The inhibition of flowering by means of gibberellic acid application reduces the cost of hand thinning in Japanese plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.)

The application of gibberellic acid during flower bud induction significantly reduced flowering of ‘Black Diamond’ and ‘Black Gold’ Japanese plums. The response depended on the concentration applied and on the type of shoot. Mixed shoots had a similar response in both varieties, flowering being reduced by 40% for GA₃ 50 mg l⁻¹ and by 75–90% for GA₃ 75 mg l⁻¹ or higher concentration. With regard to spurs, GA₃ 50 mg l⁻¹ reduced flowering intensity by 40% and 25% in ‘Black Gold’ and ‘Black Diamond’, respectively, and GA₃ 75 mg l⁻¹ or higher concentration reduced flowering by 70% and 50%, respectively. This partial inhibition of flowering significantly reduced the cost of manual thinning. The best GA₃ concentration was found to be 50 mg l⁻¹, since it reduced the cost of thinning by 45–47% and increased final fruit weight by 7–33% for ‘Black Diamond’ and ‘Black Gold’, respectively. Not significant differences in yield and in mature fruit characteristics of treated trees were found compared to untreated trees.     

WGD-2叶面肥与植物生长调节剂对澳洲坚果的保果效应

WGD-2是南亚热带作物研究所研制的用于澳洲坚果的保果叶面肥。以澳洲坚果品种Hinde(H2)为试材,研究了6个处理对澳洲坚果在幼果期和谢花至幼果形成期的保果效果。6个处理分别为清水对照(CK)、120mg·L-1WGD-2(T1)、120mg·L-1WGD-2+1mg·L-1NAA(萘乙酸)(T2)、120mg·L-1WGD-2+10mg·L-12,4-D(2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸)(T3)、120mg·L-1WGD-2+20mg·L-1CPPU(N-(2-氯-4-吡啶基)N'-苯基脲)(T4)、120mg·L-1WGD-2+40mg·L-1GA3(赤霉酸)(T5)。结果表明各处理在幼果期(果实直径0.5cm左右)施用均有不同程度的保果效果,2次施用效果具有累加效应,即重复施用可加强保果效果,以T1、T4处理效果最好。谢花至幼果形成期施用,T1和T4处理仍然具有累加效应;T2处理没有效果;T3处理重复施用刺激幼果脱落;T5处理具有刺激幼果脱落效应。在澳洲坚果生产中推荐WGD-2单独使用或与CPPU搭配使用,并严格控制WGD-2与植物生长调节剂搭配使用的质量浓度和处理时期。     

Effects of auxin application on fruit formation in tomato growing under stress temperatures in the field

Summary

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill) cultivars Early Urbana and Red Clode were grown in the field at adverse temperatures (stress regimes) until they set fruit in two growing seasons (Autumn and Spring) during 1999 and 2000 in Ahwaz (Southern Iran). To test the effectiveness of auxins in enhancing fruit set, racemes of tomato were sprayed during early fruit set with 25, 50 and 100 mg l^–1 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (4-CPA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) followed by two additional applications at three intervals. The control plants were treated with deionized water. At harvest, racemes from autumn and spring plantings that were treated with 4-CPA had more large fruits than the control racemes. In both growing seasons, neither cultivar showed a significant difference in fruit set in plants treated with IBA, compared with controls. The ratio of fruit/flower in all racemes treated with 4-CPA increased significantly compared with the other treatments. However, auxin treatments did not significantly affect the number of flowers per raceme. Plants treated with 4-CPA produced the highest yield of marketable fruit. The greatest increase in total yield and parthenocarpic fruit occurred with 4-CPA treatments. Also, there was little difference between concentrations of 4-CPA on fruit set in both cultivars. It may be concluded that the response of fruit setting in tomato to either low or high temperatures regimes was auxin dependent and that 4-CPA was more effective than IBA.