春季穗分化阶段低温处理对不同小麦品种幼穗结实性及生理特性的影响

研究低温胁迫对不同抗倒春寒能力小麦品种幼穗结实性和生理特性的影响,分析抗倒春寒能力不同的小麦品种对低温胁迫的生理响应机制,为小麦抗倒春寒研究和品种改良提供理论参考。以2个小麦品种矮抗58(抗倒春寒)和郑麦366(不抗倒春寒)为材料,采用盆栽和人工模拟倒春寒处理的方法,分析研究了小麦雌雄蕊原基分化期、药隔分化期和四分体形成期0℃低温处理下小麦的结实特性和幼穗生理指标变化。结果表明,在雌雄蕊原基分化期、药隔分化期、四分体形成期进行低温处理,随处理时间的延长,2个参试品种的穗粒数均降低,但不同处理时间和品种间穗粒数降低幅度不同。雌雄蕊原基分化期低温胁迫处理24,48,72 h后,矮抗58穗粒数分别下降了6. 52%,14. 07%,22. 37%,郑麦366穗粒数下降了37. 14%,44. 43%,64. 71%;药隔分化期低温处理24,48,72 h后,矮抗58穗粒数分别下降了3. 74%,9. 05%,13. 71%,郑麦366穗粒数下降了27. 54%,37. 80%,48. 55%;四分体形成期低温处理24,48,72 h后,矮抗58穗粒数分别下降了2. 70%,4. 70%,4. 73%;郑麦366分别下降了12. 39%,29. 67%,32. 30%。随着低温处理时期的延迟,矮抗58、郑麦366的穗粒数降幅均表现下降的趋势。雌雄蕊原基分化期低温处理穗粒数下降最明显,说明雌雄蕊原基分化期对低温较敏感。矮抗58、郑麦366幼穗雌雄蕊原基分化期、药隔分化期低温处理72 h内,2个参试品种幼穗的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量总体上均呈先升高后缓慢降低的趋势。矮抗58的可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量及上升幅度均大于郑麦366。低温处理后,2个小麦品种幼穗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高且均高于对照,但随着低温处理时间的延长稍有下降,其中矮抗58幼穗中SOD、POD、CAT活性和上升幅度均高于郑麦366,并且丙二醛(MDA)含量的增幅小于郑麦366。相关分析结果表明,低温胁迫后,小麦穗粒数与SOD活性、POD活性分别呈显著、极显著正相关,与MDA含量呈极显著负相关。POD活性、SOD活性、MDA含量可作为小麦幼穗抗倒春寒特性的评价指标,小麦抗倒春寒的生理机制表现为多方面的综合防御。     

干旱胁迫下水杨酸浸种对小麦萌发期保护酶活性的影响

以小麦品种周麦22为材料,用10%聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫,探讨了不同浓度水杨酸(SA)浸种对干旱胁迫下小麦萌发期SOD、POD、CAT活性的影响。结果表明,小麦萌发期SOD活性呈先升高后下降的趋势,POD、CAT活性呈逐渐升高的趋势;不同浓度的SA浸种均提高了SOD、POD、CAT活性,在0.6 mmol/L和0.8 mmol/L浓度的SA处理下,SOD、POD、CAT活性增加幅度高于其他组。本研究可为SA在小麦的抗旱应用方面提供参考。     

苗期低温胁迫对扬麦16叶片抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质的影响

以扬麦16为试验材料, 利用人工气候箱模拟低温逆境, 研究-4℃、-6℃和-8℃低温胁迫对小麦苗期生长和叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明, 随着处理温度的降低、胁迫时间的延长, 小麦植株由叶尖萎蔫变黄的2、3级冻害加重至叶片全枯的4级冻害, 甚至大部分茎蘖冻死的5级冻害, –4℃和–6℃处理24 h没有发生4级及以上冻害。–8℃处理24 h和48 h后植株5级冻害比例显著增加, 植株死亡率分别为16.7%和39.6%。低温胁迫初期小麦叶片中SOD、POD和CAT活性均呈上升趋势, 随胁迫程度加重, SOD最先表现出下降趋势, POD和CAT变化稍缓, MDA含量增加。苗期低温胁迫使叶片中游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量明显高于对照, 且随温度的降低和处理时间的延长呈上升趋势, 表现出对低温逆境的适应性。     

Pb2+胁迫下Ca2+对板蓝根幼苗生理特性的影响

以板蓝根为材料,研究了Pb2+胁迫下Ca2+对板蓝根幼苗POD、SOD活性、根系活力及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:在Pb2+处理下,板蓝根幼苗POD、SOD活性及蛋白质含量随Pb2+浓度升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,根系活力显著下降;在Ca2+处理下,浓度为80、160mg/L时,板蓝根幼苗POD、SOD活性、根系活力及蛋白质含量显著升高,浓度为320mg/L时,则显著低于对照,有明显抑制作用;Ca2+、Pb2+混合处理,80、160mg/LCa2+显著提高了Pb2+胁迫下POD、SOD活性、根系活力及蛋白质含量,具有缓解Pb2+毒害的作用,Ca2+为320mg/L时,与Pb2+起协同胁迫作用,增强对板蓝根幼苗的毒害效应。     

紫穗槐种子萌发对盐旱逆境的生理响应

利用不同浓度的NaCl、PEG-6000及混合溶液处理紫穗槐种子,测定其对种子发芽率、发芽势、活力指数,幼苗叶片保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性和脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,随着胁迫强度的增加,种子发芽能力下降,幼苗生长指标下降;SOD、POD、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量先升高后下降。对3种胁迫条件下生长及生理指标的分析表明,紫穗槐种子在萌发期和幼苗期有一定的抗盐能力和抗旱能力,萌发幼苗对盐、旱胁迫存在交叉适应现象。     

干旱和盐胁迫对花生渗透调节和抗氧化酶活性的影响

为明确干旱和盐胁迫对花生生长发育及衰老特性的影响,以花生品种花育25为试验材料,采用盆栽试验探究了开花期干旱和盐胁迫对花生叶片中渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,干旱处理(D)、盐胁迫处理(S)和旱盐共同胁迫处理(DS)均增加了叶片中可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、脯氨酸、O_2~(-·)、MDA的含量。S处理和DS处理降低了叶片中SOD、POD、CAT活性,且随着胁迫时间的延长而持续降低;而D处理使叶片中SOD、CAT活性有所提高。复水10 d后,D处理叶片中的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、游离氨基酸、O_2~(-·)、MDA的含量较复水前下降,除可溶性蛋白外,D处理叶片SOD、POD活性和上述指标与CK差异不显著,但DS处理叶片中的SOD、POD、CAT活性、O_2~(-·)、MDA含量与S处理均差异显著。收获期,D处理单株产量和出仁率与CK差异不显著,但DS处理的单株产量和出仁率与S处理差异显著。分析DAT9的数据得出:干旱和盐胁迫对叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸和脯氨酸含量无显著的交互作用,但对SOD、POD、CAT活性和O_2~(-·)、MDA含量存在显著的交互作用,旱盐互作抑制了SOD、POD、CAT活性,加剧了对植物细胞膜的过氧化作用,MDA含量增加,最终降低了花生产量和出仁率。因此,盐胁迫下种植花生应及时补水,避免开花期干旱,减少盐胁迫、干旱胁迫和旱盐互作对花生的危害。     

珊瑚树抗寒性研究

摘要：本文以3年生珊瑚树为实验材料,进行植物耐寒性研究,采用人工冷冻处理,对不同处理温度叶片的保护酶活性、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量等指标进行测定分析。结果表明：随着低温处理时间的延长,珊瑚树叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量均呈先升高后下降的趋势;说明叶片内保护酶的存在和活性的提高减轻了由膜脂过氧化引起的伤害,是珊瑚树提高抗寒性、避免低温伤害的重要原因。     

低温和常温条件下莎稗磷胁迫对铁皇冠生理特性的影响

为了探索水生植物作为水体除草剂污染的监测和修复植物的可行性,以沉水植物铁皇冠为试验材料,研究除草剂莎稗磷在常温（30/25℃,白天/黑夜）和低温（15/7℃,白天/黑夜）下对铁皇冠的丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)含量的影响。结果表明,常温下,铁皇冠在除草剂莎稗磷的胁迫下,上述3种酶活性变化几乎相似,均表现先升高后下降。在低温处理下SOD、POD、CAT 3种酶的活性变化与常温处理相似但数值均高于常温处理,而MDA的含量在常温下出现摆动,在低温处理下,不仅数值高于常温处理,而且呈现持续升高的趋势。这一结果表明在低温和莎稗磷双重胁迫处理下,铁皇冠受到更为严重的伤害。     

城市绿地植物萱草和结缕草的抗旱性研究

盆栽条件下对萱草（Hemerocallis fulva）和结缕草（Zoysia japonica）2种城市绿地植物采取控水方式进行水分胁迫处理,测定了土壤自然干旱胁迫过程中影响其抗旱性的主要生理生化指标,采用隶属函数法对这2种草本植物进行综合评定。结果表明：随土壤水分胁迫的加重,土壤水势和叶片水势、叶绿素含量、叶片光合及蒸腾强度均呈下降趋势,细胞膜透性增大。萱草SOD活性先升高后下降再升高,结缕草则一直呈上升趋势;两种植物的可溶性蛋白含量先下降后升高;脯氨酸含量萱草呈先升高后下降,结缕草则是先下降再升高的过程。综合评价结果表明,萱草的抗旱性大于结缕草。     

NaCl胁迫对胡卢巴幼苗抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响

以胡卢巴幼苗为试验材料,研究NaCl胁迫下胡卢巴幼苗叶和根中抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明:随着NaCl处理浓度的升高,SOD、POD、CAT活性总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,MDA含量则呈上升趋势。叶片中抗氧化酶活性在NaCl浓度为1.0%时达到峰值,根中抗氧化酶活性在NaCl浓度为0.5%时达到峰值。在0.5%的NaCl浓度处理下,随着处理时间的延长,3种抗氧化酶协同作用,使MDA含量减少并控制在较稳定的阶段。可见,盐胁迫下胡卢幼苗可通过提高抗氧化酶活性,降低膜质过氧化水平,减缓盐胁迫对植株的伤害,从而增强其耐盐性。     

12C6+离子束辐照糜子诱变突变群体的构建与SSR分析

为构建物理诱变糜子突变体库,采用50、100、150、200和250 Gy剂量碳离子束(12C6+)辐照陇糜7号和晋黍9号种子,结合混合系谱法和系统聚类分别构建2个含52和79个株系的M5寡表型突变群体。田间试验结果显示,诱变M1出苗率随剂量增大明显降低,陇糜7号M1半致死剂量为150 Gy,晋黍9号M1半致死剂量为100 Gy,且100、150 Gy诱变下M4变异最多。不同诱变剂量下M5、M6表型稳定且株高、产量性状、成株色及粒色均表现出明显遗传差异。从2个M6群体中分别选择9和11个代表性株系,利用多态性SSR引物进行分子验证,与亲本相比,6对SSR引物在陇糜7号的9个株系中位点变异基因型数为1~2,在晋黍9号的11个株系中位点变异基因型数为1~4,突变群体存在丰富的遗传多样性。     

不同剂量中子辐射针叶豌豆的M1代效应研究

研究不同中子吸收剂量对豌豆产生的M1代生物学效应,为放射生物学研究和中子辐射诱变育种提供重要参考。本研究用²⁵²Cf源发射的中子对针叶豌豆(Pisum sativum L. var MZ-1)的干种子进行了辐射,研究了M1代豌豆生长过程中形态和生理方面的生物学效应。结果表明：中子辐射(0.24~4.33 Gy)对M1代豌豆的萌发能力和幼根的生长均有一定的促进作用,低吸收剂量的中子辐射(0.38 Gy)能够显著促进豌豆的萌发和幼根的生长,较高中子吸收剂量(1.66、4.33 Gy)的辐射对M1代豌豆苗期株高的生长有抑制作用,较低中子吸收剂量(0.24、0.38、0.84 Gy)的辐射对M1代豌豆苗期株高的生长有促进作用。微剂量(0.24、0.38 Gy)的中子辐射不会引起M1代豌豆的形态变异,中子吸收剂量在0.84~4.33 Gy间,可以引起M1代豌豆分枝致变。以上结果说明,0.24~4.33 Gy的低吸收剂量的中子辐射豌豆干种子能够使M1代豌豆产生生物学效应,且有比较明显的规律,可以用于辐射育种研究。     

The effect of T-DNA on the agronomic performance of transgenic flax plants

Summary Registration and commercial release of crop cultivars improved using recombinant DNA technologies will require extensive field testing of the transgenic lines. In addition to testing the efficacy of the transferred gene(s), regulatory bodies and farmers need data from large scale agronomic studies to provide assurance that the foreign DNA does not adversely affect normal agronomic productivity or quality of the crop. Here, five transgenic sulfonylurea resistant flax (Linum usitatissimum) lines were included in a multiple location cultivar registration trial, evaluated and compared with four standard commercial cultivars and 24 other (conventionally produced) breeding lines. The transgenic lines did not appear to be affected by T-DNA for any quality or agronomic parameter tested, including yield.     

Screening sorghum genotypes for salinity tolerant biomass production

Genetic improvement of salt tolerance is of high importance due to the extent and the constant increase in salt affected areas. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] has been considered relatively more salt tolerant than maize and has the potential as a grain and fodder crop for salt affected areas. One hundred sorghum genotypes were screened for salinity tolerance in pots containing Alfisol and initially irrigated with a 250-mM NaCl solution in a randomized block design with three replications. Subsequently 46 selected genotypes were assessed in a second trial to confirm their responses to salinity. Substantial variation in shoot biomass ratio was identified among the genotypes. The performance of genotypes was consistent across experiments. Seven salinity tolerant and ten salinity sensitive genotypes are reported. Relative shoot lengths of seedlings were genetically correlated to the shoot biomass ratios at all stages of sampling though the relationships were not close enough to use the trait as a selection criterion. In general, the whole-plant tolerance to salinity resulted in reduced shoot Na⁺ concentration. The K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios were also positively related to tolerance but with a lesser r ². Therefore, it is concluded that genotypic diversity exists for salt tolerance biomass production and that Na⁺ exclusion from the shoot may be a major mechanism involved in that tolerance.     

Comparison of shoot dry weight, Na+ content and δ13C values of ari-e and other semi-dwarf barley mutants under salt-stress

Four breviaristatum (short awned and semi-dwarf) barley mutants; ari-e.1, ari-e.119, ari-e.156 and ari-e.228 were compared with other semi-dwarf mutants; Golden Promise, Alf, Pallas and Diamant along with their non-mutant parents; Bonus, Foma, Maythorpe, Bomi and Valticky, for response to salt stress. Plants were exposed to hydroponic salt treatments (NaCl at 25 and 175 mol m^-3) for 4 weeks, after which response was measured in terms of shoot dry weight, sodium content and δ¹³C. In general ari-e mutants and Golden Promise had significantly lower Na⁺ contents than the other mutants. They also had significantly more negative δ¹³C values than the other lines in stressed (175 mol m^-3 NaCl) conditions. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.71, p < 0.01) between shoot Na⁺ and δ¹³C values so that δ¹³C became less negative with increasing Na⁺ content. Shoot dry weights were compared to shoot Na⁺ and δ¹³C values. The ari-e and Golden Promise mutants showed less reduction in dry matter production in salt stress relative to the control treatment than all the other lines. The data suggest that ari-e mutants and Golden Promise are better adapted to salt stressed environments than the other lines examined. Tests for gibberellic acid sensitivity revealed that ari-e mutants and Golden Promise responded weakly to GA₃, while other dwarf mutants Pallas, Diamant and Alf along with their parents Bonus, Foma, Maythorpe, Valticky and Bomi were highly sensitive. Our results support previous findings that ari-e mutants and the GPert mutant are allelic. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

转EdHP1(氢离子焦磷酸化酶)基因烟草促进钾离子吸收的生理机制

钾是植物生长必须的重要矿质元素,提高作物对钾的吸收是提高作物产量的重要途径。本研究以前期遗传转化披碱草EdHP1(H+-pyrophosphatase)基因的烟草为材料,在低钾处理条件下比较了转基因烟草和野生型烟草的生理特性。结果显示,在低钾条件下,野生型烟草体内K+积累量只相当于转基因烟草的62.9%。野生型烟草的总根长、总根表面积、总根体积明显低于转基因烟草(P0.05),分别为转基因烟草的72.9%、68.1%和60.6%。在不同直径根系(0.5～2.0、2.5～4.5、4.5mm分别为细根、中等根和粗根)中,细根发育差异最大,野生型烟草为转基因烟草的72.9%。低钾条件下,转基因烟草根系活力是野生型烟草的1.2倍,野生型烟草根系焦磷酸化酶活力相当于转基因烟草的46.4%,根部游离IAA含量相当于转基因烟草的66.2%。通过非损伤方法测定根部K+和H+流速结果显示,在根系表面积相似情况下,低钾条件下野生型烟草外排钾速率显著高于转基因烟草,而氢离子外排速率显著低于转基因烟草。综上所述,发达的根系和较高的K+转运体活性综合作用显著提高了转基因烟草根部对K+的吸收。     

干旱胁迫下一氧化氮对小麦离体根尖离子吸收的影响

为阐明干旱胁迫下一氧化氮(NO)对植物的保护机制,利用干旱敏感性不同的3个小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种的离体根尖,比较了NO对干旱胁迫的响应及其对离子吸收的影响。在干旱胁迫下, 耐旱品种陇春8139根尖中大量产生NO, K⁺和Ca²⁺被大量吸收, 而Cl^-1被排出体外, 质膜H⁺-ATPase活性升高; 而干旱敏感品种甘麦8和定西24的根尖中NO、离子含量和质膜H⁺-ATPase活性的变化呈相反趋势。NO供体硝普纳(SNP)处理使3个品种根尖中的K⁺和Ca²⁺含量增加,Cl^-1含量下降,并能提高质膜H⁺-ATPase活力;NOS抑制剂N^ω-nitro-L-arginine(LNNA)和NO清除剂2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl- 3-oxide(PTIO)能够逆转这一效果。Na⁺含量在所有处理下都没有明显变化。试验结果证明,NO能够通过调节质膜H⁺-ATPase活力影响植物对离子的选择吸收,从而提高耐旱性。     

谷子逆境应答相关的钙依赖蛋白激酶基因SiCDPK1的克隆与表达

CDPK是一类重要的钙信号感受蛋白和响应蛋白,在植物非生物胁迫应答方面具有重要的作用。为探究耐旱作物谷子CDPK在抗逆胁迫中的应答机制,本文利用RT-PCR技术从谷子幼苗cDNA中克隆到一个与逆境胁迫相关的CDPK基因,命名为SiCDPK1 (GenBank登录号为KC249975.1)。以拟南芥CDPK基因序列为查询序列,预测谷子基因组含有28个CDPK基因。其系统发育分析表明,谷子CDPK基因家族由4个亚类组成,其中SiCDPK1属于第II亚类,其全长1596 bp,编码531个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量为59.5 kD,等电点pI为5.94,含有典型CDPK的保守结构。启动子调控区含有与多种逆境胁迫相关的调控元件。实时定量结果显示,SiCDPK1基因受PEG、ABA、高盐、自然干旱胁迫诱导表达。本试验为谷子抗逆应答机制的深入研究奠定了良好的理论基础。     

干旱胁迫下一氧化氮对小麦离体根尖离子吸收的影响

为阐明干旱胁迫下一氧化氮(NO)对植物的保护机制,利用干旱敏感性不同的3个小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种的离体根尖,比较了NO对干旱胁迫的响应及其对离子吸收的影响。在干旱胁迫下, 耐旱品种陇春8139根尖中大量产生NO, K⁺和Ca²⁺被大量吸收, 而Cl^-1被排出体外, 质膜H⁺-ATPase活性升高; 而干旱敏感品种甘麦8和定西24的根尖中NO、离子含量和质膜H⁺-ATPase活性的变化呈相反趋势。NO供体硝普纳(SNP)处理使3个品种根尖中的K⁺和Ca²⁺含量增加,Cl^-1含量下降,并能提高质膜H⁺-ATPase活力;NOS抑制剂N^ω-nitro-L-arginine(LNNA)和NO清除剂2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl- 3-oxide(PTIO)能够逆转这一效果。Na⁺含量在所有处理下都没有明显变化。试验结果证明,NO能够通过调节质膜H⁺-ATPase活力影响植物对离子的选择吸收,从而提高耐旱性。     

CsKDO is a candidate gene regulating seed germination lethality in cucumber

Seed germination plays an important role in the initial stage of plant growth. However, few related studies focused on lethality after seed germination in plants. In this study, we identified an Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis mutant Csleth with abnormal seed germination in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The radicle of the Csleth mutant grew slowly and detached from the cotyledon until 14 d after sowing. Genetic analysis showed that the mutant phenotype of Csleth was controlled by a single recessive gene. MutMap⁺ and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) genotyping results demonstrated that Csa3G104930 encoding 3-deoxy-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase (CsKDO) was the candidate gene of the Csleth mutant. The transition mutation of aspartate occurred in Csa3G104930 co-segregated with the phenotyping data. CsKDO was highly expressed in male flowers in wild type cucumbers. Subcellular localization results showed that CsKDO was located in the nucleus. Overall, these results suggest CsKDO regulates lethality during seed germination in cucumber.