草原红牛及其杂种牛群体遗传变异与肉用性能的微卫星标记研究

选用草原红牛、草原红牛与利木赞杂交后代作为试验牛群体，经过基因组DNA的提取、微卫星引物的PCR扩增、扩增产物的电泳分型、各座位等位基因分析以及基因频率、多态信息含量（PIC）和杂合度（H）的计算等步骤，从分子水平上分析了草原红牛及其杂交牛群体的遗传变异。在此基础上，以体重、体尺作为衡量牛生长发育的指标，以肉牛线性体型评分方法中的肌肉度线性评分性状和屠宰肉用性状作为衡量牛肉用性能的指标，运用SPSS软件分析了21个性状与8个微卫星标记的关系，发现了6个微卫星标记对试验牛群体某些生长发育性状和肉用性状存在正面或负面影响。     

微卫星标记在草原红牛遗传育种中的应用

对微卫星标记在草原红牛遗传育种中的应用进行研究。采用了6对微卫星引物，引物IDVGA2、IDVGA46、TGLA44、BM1824、ETH225、BM2113扩增出的条带数分别为6，6，6，4，4，2条，多态信息含量(PIC)分别为O．7223，0.7493，0．6713．0．5849，0．6715，0．5089，说明草原红牛具有较高的多态性。通过该试验绘制了草原红牛的微卫星图谱，为其夸后的育种工作打下良好的基础。     

草原红牛群体中微卫星DNA多态性的研究

选用草原红牛42头作为试验牛群体,经过牛血液基因组DNA的提取、8对微卫星引物的PCR扩增、扩增产物的聚丙烯酰胺电泳分型、UVIBAND计算机凝胶成像分析系统分析各位点等位基因及全部个体的标记基因型、PPAP3.0软件计算基因频率、多态信息含量(PIC)和杂合度等步骤,从分子水平上分析了草原红牛在8个位点的遗传多态性。结果表明,ETH225、IDVGA2、IDVGA46和IDVGA44等位基因数分别为5、4、3和4,多态信息含量分别为0.542 0,0.673 6,0.521 8和0.575 0,这4个位点为高度多态位点。而另4个位点BM2113、BM1824、IDVGA55和TGLA44等位基因数分别2、2、2和5,多态信息含量分别为0.369 8,0.360 4,0.353 8和0.470 8,属于中度多态性位点。8个位点作为遗传标记应用于草原红牛遗传育种研究之中是可行的。     

草原红牛及其杂交群体中微卫星DNA多态性研究

选用草原红牛及其与利木赞牛的杂交后代66头作为试验牛群体,提取血液及肝脏基因组DNA,设计8对微卫星引物进行PCR扩增,从分子水平上对草原红牛及其杂交群体8个位点的遗传多态性进行微卫星分析。结果表明,在草原红牛中,ETH225、IDVGA2、IDVGA46和IDVGA44等位基因数分别为5、4、3和4,多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0．5420、0．6736、0．5218和0．5750,这4个位点均为高度多态。而另4个位点BM2113、BM1824、IDVGA55和TGLA44等位基因数分别,2、2、2和5,多态信息含量分别为0．3698、0．3604、0．3538和0．4708,属于中度多态性位点。在杂交牛群体中,BM2113、ETH225、IDVGA2、IDVGA46、ID- VGA44、BM1824、IDVGA55和TGLA44这8个位点的等位基因数分别为4、5、4、4、5、4、4和6,多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0．6432、0．5943、0．6593、0．5794、0．7259、0．6121、0．6120和0．6204,杂合度为0．7034,均属于高度多态性位点。这些微卫星位点作为遗传标记应用于草原红牛遗传育种研究之中是可行的。     

草原红牛肉用性能微卫星标记的研究

选用草原红牛、利木赞牛与草原红牛杂交后代共计40头作为试验牛群体，以内牛线性体型评分方法中的肌肉度评分性状和屠宰肉用性状作为衡量其肉用性能的指标，利用SPSS软件分析了8个微卫星位点基因标记与肉用性能的关系。结果表明，BM2113等位基因C（142bp）对净肉重和净肉率性状有正面影响；IDVGA46等位基因C（211bp）对内用性能有负面影响；BM1824等位基因A（171bp）时腰厚性状有正效应；TGLA44等位基因E（221bp）对髻甲、腰厚、臀部外形等肌肉度评分性状和体质量、胴体重以及净肉重等屠宰肉用性状有正面影响。     

利木赞牛杂交改良对草原红牛肉质的影响

将纯种草原红牛和含1/2利木赞血缘的改良草原红牛各16头在相同营养水平和饲养条件下进行10个月的集中舍饲育肥，研究了2组牛生长速度、产肉率及眼肌面积、大理石花纹和嫩度等肉质水平。结果显示, 改良牛的体高、体长、胸围、体质量、增重、屠宰率和净肉率等极显著或显著地高于草原红牛（P<0.01或P<0.05），改良牛的眼肌面积比草原红牛增8.39%，大理石花纹等级和嫩度剪切力值也略大于草原红牛，但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。试验结果表明，利木赞牛对草原红牛的肉用性能改良效果显著，且对草原红牛的肉质没有明显影响,草原红牛保持了其原有肉质好的品种特性。     

关于通榆中国草原红牛的保护与发展的思考

中国草原红牛是我国科技工作者在建国后自行培育的肉乳兼用型新品种牛，中国草原红牛吉林系主要分布在吉林省通榆县以三家子种牛繁育场为核心的十几个乡、镇、场中。在50多年的育种与繁育推广进程中，中国草原红牛已经成为通榆县畜牧业发展的支柱产业。为通榆县地方经济发展作出了突出贡献。笔者从事中国草原红牛吉林系的育种、繁殖和推广工作多年，对中国草原红牛的历史与发展有详尽地了解，现将中国草原红牛吉林系发展的历史、现状及未来进行分析，供同行们参考。     

草原红牛OLR1基因多态性及其不同基因型对肉用性状影响的研究

为了研究氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体1(oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor,OLR1)基因的多态性及其不同基因型对肉用性状的影响,试验以58头草原红牛为研究对象,采用PCR扩增和San-ger测序方法检测草原红牛OLR1基因第4外显子的遗传多态性,利用"牛等家养动物群体遗传分析...     

利木赞牛改良草原红牛效果的研究

草原红牛是我国自主培育而成的第一个肉乳兼用型优良品种,具有适应性强、宜放牧、耐粗饲、抗病能力强、乳脂率高、肉质好、遗传力强等突出优点,但与国外优良肉牛品种以及国内黄牛品种相比还存在着个体小、生长缓慢、产肉性能偏低等不足。为了提高草原红牛肉用生产性能,先后从国外引进优良肉牛品种丹麦红牛和利木赞牛等对草原红牛进行杂交改良。本研究就利木赞牛对草原红牛的杂交改良效果进行全面分析,为草原红牛肉牛新品系的选育与品种开发提供科学依据。     

草原红牛肉用性状微卫星标记研究

本研究选用草原红牛、草原红牛与利木赞牛杂交后代共计42头作为试验牛群体，以体尺、体重作为衡量其生长发育指标，进行肉牛肌肉度线性评分，并屠宰测定其肉用性能，利用SPSS软件分析了3个微卫星位点基因标记与生长性状、屠宰肉用、肌肉度线性评分性状的关系。结果表明，IDVGA46等位基因D（211bp）对3个肌肉度评分性状肩部、腰厚、大腿肌有负相关；等位基因B（205bp）在腰厚方面有正相关。等位基因F（249bp）对牛的胸深、坐骨端高等生长性状有正相关。BM1824等位基因C（211bp）对腿围性状、净肉率和净肉重性状均有正相关。IDVGA2等位基因C（209bp）对牛的肉用性能有负相关。     

8个牛品种的大理石花纹评分相关基因变异的微卫星DNA池分析

本研究以8个牛品种为研究对象,利用与大理石花纹评分基因相关的7个微卫星位点结合DNA池分析技术,探讨微卫星DNA多态性与8个牛品种大理石花纹评分间的关系,并根据性状同质性原理预测品种组合,以加快生产出高端"雪花"牛肉。结果表明:日本和牛与荷斯坦牛、安格斯牛、渤海黑牛的相似性系数均超过0.8,而日本和牛与其他牛品种的的相似性系数均小于0.8。利用MEGA4软件采用邻接法进行聚类,利木赞牛与西门塔尔牛先聚合在一起,再与草原红牛聚合;渤海黑牛与鲁西黄牛2个地方良种聚合在一起,以上5个品种聚为第1大类。荷斯坦牛与日本和牛聚合,再与安格斯牛聚在一起,它们聚为第2大类。根据本研究结果和国外肉牛杂交生产实践,从牛肉大理石花纹性状的同质性出发,建议利用日本和牛、荷斯坦牛为亲本,杂交生产高档"雪花"牛肉,以解决我国的肉牛牛源短缺问题。     

Crossbreeding experiment with beef and dual-purpose sire breeds on Danish dairy cows III. Daily gain,feed conversion and carcass quality of intensively fed young bulls

Beef production characteristics of 254 intensively fed young bulls are described. The results are part of a beef × dairy crossbreeding experiment, where sires of eight European beef and dual-purpose breeds were used on cows of RDM (Danish Red Cattle) and SDM (Black Pied Danish Cattle).Daily gain and feed conversion were influenced by the sire breeds. Charolais, Blonde d'Aquitaine and Simmental crosses showed the highest daily gain, followed by Romagnola, Danish Red and White, Chianina, Limousin and Hereford crosses.Carcass composition and carcass conformation were strongly influenced by sire breed with Blonde d'Aquitaine and Limousin crosses producing the most valuable carcasses followed by Chianina, Charolais, Romagnola, Simmental, Danish Red and White and Hereford crosses in descending order.The analysis showed a sire breed × weight/age interaction in carcass composition traits, due to sire breed differences in maturity. That demonstrates the importance of serial slaughtering in breed comparison experiments. Hereford and Limousin produced the earliest maturing crosses and Danish Red and White and Blonde d'Aquitaine the latest maturing crosses.     

Crossbreeding experiment with beef and dual-purpose sire breeds on Danish dairy cows IV. Physical,chemical and palatability characteristics of longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus muscles from crossbred young bulls

The results presented are part of a beef × dairy cross breeding experiment in which Simmental, Charolais, Danish Red and White Cattle (DRK), Romagnola, Chianina, Hereford, Blonde d'Aquitaine and Limousin bulls are crossbred with cows of Danish Red Cattle (RDM) and Black Pied Danish Cattle (SDM).Young bulls were slaughtered at 300 kg ($\text{7}\text{1}\text{2}$ months of age on average), 12 months and 15 months of age. Samples of m. longissimus dorsi and m. semitendinosus from 305 animals were examined by a taste panel, by chemical analysis and measurements of colour, by shear force, and by adhesion measurements.Sire breed had a significant influence on chemical composition and colour in both muscles. Taste panel scores and shear force values showed that all sire breeds gave tender meat in the longissimus dorsi. Significant differences in tenderness between sire breeds were found only for the semitendinosus, where Hereford crossbreeds obtained the lowest scores, and Limousin and Blonde d'Aquitaine crossbreeds the highest. Corresponding differences between sire breeds were found for adhesion value, collagen content and solubility of collagen in semitendinosus.Meat quality differences are discussed in relation to early and late maturing breeds.     

利草F_1与草原红牛肉用性能比较试验研究

为了进一步研究利木赞杂交草原红牛的肉用性能,选择断奶后小公牛利草F139头、草原红牛79头,在同样的饲养管理条件下,持续育肥至18月龄时屠宰。结果表明,利草F1出栏体重和育肥期日增重极显著地高于草原红牛（P〈0.01）;体躯高度、体斜长、坐骨端宽、胸围、管围、腿围均极显著地大于草原红牛（P〈0.01）,整体结构趋向于偏肉体型;胴体重、屠宰率、净肉率等主要产肉指标极显著地高于草原红牛（P〈0.01）;利草F1肉中的粗脂肪含量较草原红牛有一定的下降,而粗蛋白质的含量有所上升;利草F1的油酸含量比草原红牛下降2.43个百分点;不饱和脂肪酸、与鲜味有关的氨基酸和必需氨基酸总量,利草F1与草原红牛没有明显的变化。     

Crossbreeding experiment with beef and dual-purpose sire breeds on Danish dairy cows

The experimental design and objectives are outlined for a crossbreeding experiment with European beef breeds as sire breeds and RDM (Danish Red), SDM (Black Pied Danish) and Danish Jersey as dam breeds.Results from a calving survey of 1006 single calvings are presented. Gestation length, birth weight and calving performance were strongly influenced by breed of sire, breed of dam and sex of calf. The variation in gestation length seemed to have only a slight effect on birth weight. The variation in birth weight had a strong effect on calving performance.The ranking of the sire breeds in descending order according to the frequency of unasisted calvings (which varied from 70 to 26 percent) was as follows: Hereford, Limousin, Danish Red and White Cattle, Simmental, Blonde d'Aquitaine, Chianina, Charolais and Romagnola.     

草原红牛导入利木赞血后产肉性能研究

本试验随机选择相同饲养管理条件下,体重接近、身体健康的7月龄公牛33头,按血缘关系分为三组,草原红牛、含1／2及1／4利木赞血分别为10头、13头和10头。试牛进行为期326 d的育肥试验和屠宰试验,测定分析了体重、日增重、屠宰率、净肉率及背最长肌肉样中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、脂肪酸和氨基酸等多种营养成分。结果草原红牛导入利木赞血后育肥牛出栏体重、日增重、屠宰率和净肉率均有显著提高;肉中粗脂肪含量随着外血量的增加呈逐渐下降趋势,粗蛋白含量变化趋势则相反;肉中脂肪酸和氨基酸的组成与含量无明显变化。表明草原红牛导入利木赞血后可以提高草原红牛的产肉性能且对草原红牛肉的风味和营养价值不产生不利影响。     

Lactation characteristics of nine breeds of cattle fed various quantities of dietary energy.

Milk yield data were collected by weigh-suckle-weigh procedures at approximately 14, 28, 56, 84, 112, 138, 156, 184, and 212 d postpartum for mature Angus, Braunvieh, Charolais, Gelbvieh, Hereford, Limousin, Red Poll, Pinzgauer, and Simmental cows over a 4-yr period. Individual cows were fed at one of four energy intake levels. Parameters characterizing lactation curves for 431 lactations from 179 cows were estimated by nonlinear regression. Differences due to breed, level of energy intake, and the two-factor interaction between breed and level of ME allowance for scale and shape parameters of lactation curves and derived estimates for time of peak lactation, yield at time of peak lactation, and for total yield for a 210-d lactation period were evaluated. Breed and energy intake level were significant sources of variation for all traits. Pooled over energy levels, daily yields at time of peak lactation of Braunvieh, Gelbvieh, and Pinzgauer were greater (P less than .05) than those of Angus, Charolais, Hereford, and Limousin. Simmental and Red Poll were intermediate. Total lactation yield of the Braunvieh exceeded (P less than .05) that of all other breeds with the exception of Gelbvieh. Hereford produced less milk than (P less than .05) the other breeds. The response in yields at time of peak lactation as energy allowances increased for Braunvieh, Charolis, Gelbvieh, Limousin, and Pinzgauer cows were linear and resulted in higher yields at this time. Linear increases in total 210-d yield and times of peak lactation were observed for all breeds with the exception of Hereford.     

利木赞肉牛改良宝丰郏县红牛试验研究

为了研究利木赞牛对郏县红牛的改良效果。本试验测定了初生6月龄和1岁利郏F1公、母牛的体尺、体重、并与相应年龄和性别的郏县红牛进行了比较，结果发现，利郏F1公、母牛各项指标或极显著地高于后者，表明利用利木赞肉牛对郏县红牛进行杂交改良是切实可行的。     

营养水平对杂交肉牛FABP3基因表达及IMF的影响

为研究营养水平对杂交肉牛心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白（FABP3）基因表达及肌内脂肪含量（IMF）的影响,以西门塔尔、利木赞和夏洛莱杂交肉牛为研究对象,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分别测定高、中、低营养水平的3种杂交肉牛背部脂肪中FABP3mRNA表达水平,并测定其背最长肌IMF。结果：（1）高营养组中夏洛莱牛IMF高于同营养组其他2种肉牛,其背部脂肪中FABP3mRNA水平也显著高于另外2种杂交肉牛（P〈0.01）;中营养组中西门塔尔和利木赞牛IMF均高于同营养组的夏洛莱牛,但FABP3mRNA的水平无显著差异（P〉0.05）;低营养组中夏洛莱牛IMF和FABP3mRNA水平均显著低于另外2种肉牛（P〈0.01）;（2）夏洛莱杂交肉牛背部脂肪中FABP3mRNA水平与IMF具有显著的相关性（P〈0.05）,而西门塔尔和利木赞牛中FABP3mRNA水平与IMF无显著相关性（P〉0.05）。该结果表明提高营养水平影响FABP3mRNA表达并在一定程度上影响IMF,但影响显著与否存在品种差异,在肉牛育种和牛肉生产中应当同时考虑营养因素和遗传因素。     

贵州不同三元杂交肉牛生长性能比较

为了筛选适合贵州生产的三元杂交肉牛,试验选用利木赞牛、安格斯牛和夏洛莱牛冻精对西本母牛进行杂交改良.试验结果表明：不同杂交组合后代犊牛均表现出明显的杂种优势,从初生到18月龄,夏西本牛的体重、体尺指标均最优,依次为利西本牛、安西本牛、西本杂牛;3组三元杂交牛不同月龄的体重、体尺指标均差异不显著（P＞0.05）,但均显著高于西本杂牛（P＜0.05）.结论：虽然夏西本牛的体尺指标和生产性能最好,但由于其产犊难产比例较高,且当地养殖户不喜欢其白色的被毛,因此建议在本省推广利西本牛、安西本牛.