棉秆生物炭去除水中Zn(Ⅱ)的试验研究

为探究棉秆生物炭(棉秆炭)对重金属Zn(Ⅱ)的去除作用,利用水平管式炉分别在400℃、500℃、600℃热解温度下制备棉秆炭,进行Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附试验。对比棉秆炭、木质和煤质活性炭对不同浓度溶液中Zn(Ⅱ)的去除效果。分析棉秆炭的元素含量和官能团变化等性质,以揭示吸附机理。结果表明,棉秆的DTG曲线在327℃出现最大值,温度高于600℃时,DTG曲线趋于稳定,棉秆的热解基本完成。随热解温度的升高,炭产率、H/C和O/C元素比均下降,说明棉秆炭芳香化程度和碱性增强,含氧极性官能团数量减少,红外分析印证了以上结论。去除率上,棉秆炭与Zn(Ⅱ)初始浓度和热解温度负相关,木质活性炭与Zn(Ⅱ)初始浓度正相关;吸附量上,棉秆炭、木质和煤质活性炭与Zn(Ⅱ)初始浓度正相关,棉秆炭与热解温度负相关。当Zn(Ⅱ)溶液浓度为2 mg/L时,棉秆炭的吸附性能优于木质和煤质活性炭,当Zn(Ⅱ)溶液浓度为10 mg/L、50 mg/L时,木质活性炭的吸附性能优于棉秆炭和煤质活性炭。棉秆炭吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的机理包含配位反应和离子交换。     

热解温度对生物质炭性质及其在土壤中矿化的影响

以苹果树修剪的枝条为原料,分别在300、400、500、600℃条件下热解制备生物质炭,在采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、物理化学吸附仪等手段研究其性质、结构差异的基础上,通过培养试验研究不同温度制备生物质炭的矿化特征及其对土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,生物质炭的碳含量、比表面积及碱性官能团的含量增加,O、H及H/C、O/C和酸性官能团、总官能团的含量则降低,生物质炭的芳香族结构加强,稳定性升高。添加生物质炭可以增加土壤呼吸速率、微生物量碳(MBC)及可溶性有机碳(DOC)的含量,且随着添加比例的增加而增加,但随着热解温度的升高而降低。生物质炭的矿化率随着热解温度升高和添加比例增加而降低。利用双库模型揭示了生物质炭对土壤活性碳库、惰性碳库及其分解速率的影响。施用生物质炭后土壤有机碳的半衰期在24.09~44.76 a之间,且随生物质炭制备温度升高而增大。考虑到生物质炭制备过程中有机碳的损失,且从提升土壤有机碳含量方面考虑,500℃为制备苹果枝条生物质炭的最佳温度。     

棉秆热裂解工艺参数优化与固体产物性质分析

对未经粉碎的棉秆进行了直接热解炭化实验研究。研究表明,未经粉碎的棉秆在热解温度400℃时进行热解炭化后,生成的秸秆炭的比例最高,且秸秆炭中的固定碳含量最高。在棉秆热解过程中,随着反应温度的增加,热解固体产物质量不断减小;热解温度高于400℃以后,随着反应温度的增加,固体产物中固定碳含量开始下降。通过正交试验得到了最优组合的热解工艺参数为：热解温度400℃,升温速率5℃/min,保温时间2 h。得炭率可达49.98%。     

生物质半焦FTIR分析及孔隙结构变化规律研究

利用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)和N2等温吸附/脱附法及扫描电镜对生物质半焦化学组成官能团的演变规律和孔隙结构特性进行表征,探讨生物质种类和制焦条件对热解半焦特性的影响。结果表明,热解温度的升高,半焦内部芳香结构增加,各官能团的数量和种类逐渐减少。不同生物质种类的半焦,吸附曲线差别较大。玉米秸秆半焦和松木屑半焦中主要以微孔为主,稻壳半焦以中孔分布较多,且600℃下半焦的孔隙结构变化最大。四种热解温度下半焦的分形维数范围为2.52~2.57,其中600℃下半焦的分形维数最大,吸附性能最强。随着热解温度的升高,生物质焦颗粒先后经历表面突起、突起破裂形成许多孔隙、孔隙变大等过程。     

柠条生物炭结构与表征

生物质炭化过程结构变化可以通过有机元素含量和官能团加以表征。以柠条为试验对象，分析柠条生物质原料，以及分别在200、300、400、500和600 °C温度下炭化处理得到的生物炭中C、H、O、N和S共5种有机元素的含量变化，研究了生物炭有机元素在热裂解过程中的变化规律；分析原料和不同温度下生物炭官能团的组成，研究了热裂解温度对生物炭结构的影响。结果表明，随着炭化温度的升高，C元素含量增加，H和O元素含量均显著下降，N和S元素含量则基本保持不变，H/C和O/C物质的量比均下降。有机官能团的变化表明，随着炭化温度的升高，生物炭逐渐由线型多糖向稠环芳烃结构转变，最终形成类似于石墨烯的结构。      

基于扫描图像RGB分析的生物质炭吸附特性研究

以花生壳和玉米秸秆为原料,利用自主研发的无轴螺旋连续热解装置在300、400、500℃的热解温度下反应10 min制备生物质炭,对生物质炭进行工业分析和热值测量,分析其组成成分和热值;开展了生物质炭亚甲基蓝吸附与碘吸附特性研究,结合扫描仪和取色软件获取生物质炭的RGB数据并进行灰度转化,探究生物质炭的吸附特性与RGB值、灰度的相关关系。结果表明:随着热解温度的升高,生物质炭中挥发分的含量降低,固定碳和灰分的含量升高,热值升高;较低热解温度的生物质炭的吸附效果优于较高温度热解的生物质炭;生物质炭的吸附值与R、G、B值均随着热解温度的升高而降低,两者之间存在强正相关关系,相关系数r为0.582~0.944;生物质炭的灰度与吸附值存在强正相关关系,相关系数r为0.685~0.977。     

动物骨热解过程中产物特性变化规律研究

热解法是屠宰废弃骨合理处理与利用的有效手段,且动物骨原料差异对其热解特性与产物特性具有显著影响。以牛、猪骨为研究对象,基于热重、红外光谱和质谱（TG-FTIR-MS）及扫描电镜-能谱（SEM-EDX）等方法,研究了动物骨的热解过程及产物变化规律。结果表明：主要热解阶段为350～600℃,产生了CO₂、NH₃等无机气体和CH₄等有机气体。炭化阶段后CO释放,在骨炭中生成了金属羰基。热解温度升高,骨炭的碱性及灰分含量提高,900℃时灰分质量分数超过90%。由于猪骨含有较多的脂肪,脂肪酸裂解生成大量短链烃。而牛骨灰分更多,炭产率可达60%。500℃牛骨炭比表面积为172 m²/g,孔隙特征更利于物理吸附作用。     

秸秆水热炭与热裂解炭结构表征及铅吸附机制研究

以玉米秸秆为原料,在不同温度下（280℃和320℃）,分别采用水热炭化法和热裂解炭化法制备秸秆水热炭和热裂解炭,对比分析了两种生物质炭的结构差异,并结合等温吸附模型和吸附动力学模型研究了秸秆水热炭和热裂解炭对铅离子的吸附机制。结果表明：随着反应温度的升高,水热炭的脱氢效果更显著,形成了无序的晶体结构及丰富的表面含氧官能团;热裂解炭的脱氧效果更显著,其表面含氧官能团较少,且形成了有序的晶体结构。水热炭的孔隙率先增大、后减小,呈现致密、平滑的表面形貌;热裂解炭的孔隙率持续增加,具有显著的中孔结构特征,呈现粗糙多孔的表面形貌。秸秆水热炭和热裂解炭分别在4h和10h达到吸附平衡,理论平衡吸附量分别可达214.16mg/g和133.99mg/g。秸秆热裂解炭对铅离子吸附符合准一级动力学模型和Freundlich等温吸附模型,表明其吸附反应为多分子层吸附过程;而秸秆水热炭对铅离子吸附符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型,表明其吸附反应为单分子层吸附过程。结合两种生物质炭的结构特征可知,热裂解炭主要依靠铅离子在其孔隙内的扩散运动进行物理吸附,其中大尺寸中孔的存在更有利于铅离子克服空间障碍进入孔隙,但吸附能力相对较弱,且容易脱附。络合反应是水热炭脱除水中铅离子主要机制,即含氧官能团与铅离子结合形成络合物的化学吸附,其吸附能力较强,且不容易脱附。     

温度对生物质三组分热解制备生物炭理化特性的影响

以纤维素、木聚糖和木质素为研究对象,利用真空气氛炉热解制备生物炭,探究温度对生物质三组分热解制备生物炭理化特性的影响规律,为生物炭的性能调控和机理研究提供理论依据。结果表明:纤维素和木聚糖的热解温度范围主要集中在300~500℃,纤维素生物炭产率由35.38%下降至20.93%,木聚糖生物炭产率由46.28%下降至29.40%,木质素热解温度范围主要集中在300~600℃,木质素生物炭产率由81.22%下降至51.53%;热解温度对生物质三组分制备生物炭的C、H、O、N元素含量的影响规律基本相同,即C元素含量逐渐升高,H、O、N元素含量逐渐降低,C元素质量分数分别由69.42%、72.92%、54.75%升至96.39%、77.26%、67.97%;热解温度对生物质三组分制备生物炭的灰分、挥发分、固定碳和热值的影响规律基本相同,即挥发分逐渐降低,而灰分、固定碳和热值均逐渐升高,挥发分分别由50.67%、44.89%、39.99%降至7.63%、5.52%、14.41%,固定碳分别由47.95%、55.03%、35.41%升至90.18%、94.11%、53.70%,热值分别由25 652.58、26 681.81、21 173.29 k J/kg升至34 602.52、33 965.15、24 142.62 k J/kg;热解温度对木质素生物炭的比表面积和孔径分布影响明显,对纤维素和木聚糖生物炭的影响较小,500℃时纤维素和木聚糖达到最优的比表面积和微孔体积,600℃时木质素达到最优的比表面积和微孔体积;热解温度在500℃时,纤维素和木聚糖制备的生物炭达到最大的碘吸附值,纤维素生物炭碘吸附值为422.46 mg/g,木聚糖生物炭碘吸附值为115.06 mg/g,热解温度在600℃时,木质素制备的生物炭达到最大的碘吸附值,为460.35 mg/g。     

结合态与无机态钠对木质素半焦气化特性的影响

采用高温水平管式炉热解制取含有机结合态钠和无机态钠的木质素半焦,利用扫描电镜/能谱分析仪(SEM/EDS)和热重分析仪(TG)对半焦的形貌、元素分布及气化特性进行研究,借助热重红外联用技术(TG-FTIR)考察2种状态钠对木质素半焦气化反应性影响机理。结果表明,随着制焦温度由400℃增加到800℃,结合态钠木质素半焦表面出现大量鼓泡,半焦表面钠元素相对含量由5.36%增加到15.72%,半焦的CO_2和水蒸气气化碳转化率分别增加30%和20%;无机态钠催化木质素实验结果与结合态钠木质素相反。反应温度低于600℃时,结合态钠与木质素半焦反应主要为—CO_2Na与半焦反应;反应温度600~800℃范围内,主要为—CO_2Na和—CONa与半焦反应;当温度高于800℃时,主要为—CONa与半焦反应。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。