南宁地区生猪屠宰环节沙门菌分离株毒力基因检测与耐药性分析

本文旨在了解广西南宁地区生猪屠宰环节沙门菌毒力基因携带及耐药状况,为进一步开展沙门菌风险评估提供基础数据,指导临床用药。采集南宁市不同地区生猪屠宰场样品300份,分离沙门菌,鉴定血清型,并对mog A、sse L、spv C、spvR、his J、fli C、stn、fim A等8种毒力基因进行PCR检测。利用微量肉汤稀释法检测8大类13种药物的耐药状况。结果表明:共分离得到沙门菌菌株98株,分离率为32.67%。鉴定出8种血清型,以德尔卑(S.derby)、鼠伤寒(S.typhimurium)为主。8种毒力基因均有检出,his J、stn、mog A、fim A的检出率较高,分别为80.61%、79.59%、78.57%、74.49%,且有60%的沙门氏菌同时携带。98株沙门氏菌对13种药物的耐药状况不同,对四环素类药物多西环素、四环素的耐药率较高,分别为93.88%、45.92%,对氧氟沙星、多粘菌素、奥格门丁未产生耐药性,其余药物的耐药率均低于15%,多重耐药率为45.92%,优势耐药谱型为DOX。得出结论:南宁部分地区生猪屠宰环节沙门菌分离率高,且同时携带多种毒力基因,存在一定的耐药现象,应采取措施降低生猪屠宰中沙门菌的污染,降低食物中毒风险,注意科学用药。     

山东地区生猪屠宰环节沙门菌毒力基因携带状况分析

为了了解山东地区生猪屠宰环节沙门菌毒力基因携带状况,为进一步开展沙门菌风险评估提供基础数据。采集山东地区5个不同生猪屠宰场样品1 000份,分离沙门菌,鉴定血清型,并对mogA、sseL、spvC、spvR、hisJ、fliC等6种毒力基因进行PCR检测。结果共分离得到沙门菌菌株188株,分离率为18.8%。鉴定出9种血清型,以德尔卑沙门菌(S.derby)、鼠伤寒沙门菌(S.typhimurium)、汤卜逊沙门菌(S.thompson)为主。上述6种毒力基因均有检出,其中,mogA检出率为76.70%,hisJ检出率为62.77%,两种毒力质粒spvR、spvC的检出率较低,仅分别为3.19%和1.06%,且同时含有多种毒力基因的沙门菌菌株较少。不同地区屠宰场毒力基因携带状况存在较大差异。表明山东地区生猪屠宰环节沙门菌毒力基因携带状况不同,沙门菌污染较严重,应采取措施降低生猪屠宰中沙门菌的污染,减少食物中毒事件。     

肉鸡生产链沙门氏菌污染情况调查与分析

为了解肉鸡生产链各环节沙门氏菌污染情况，试验从江苏某产业链型农牧食品企业的养殖场、屠宰场、运输车辆、专营店采集样品540份，进行沙门氏菌分离鉴定、血清型及毒力基因检测。结果显示：该肉鸡生产链沙门氏菌检出率为7.22%(39/540)，生产链各环节沙门氏菌污染程度依次为：养殖环节>屠宰环节>销售环节>运输环节；共检出6种血清型，其中印第安纳沙门氏菌和肠炎沙门氏菌为优势血清型，屠宰环节沙门氏菌血清型最丰富；沙门氏菌8个毒力基因在39个分离株均有检出，毒力岛基因mogA(SPI-1)、sopB(SPI-2)、araA(SPI-5)的携带率高于肠毒素基因stn、毒力质粒基因spvD、spvR、spvA及菌毛基因agfA。结果表明该肉鸡生产链各环节均存在沙门氏菌污染，其中养殖环节污染最严重，提示养殖场应重视对肉鸡和饲料中沙门氏菌的监测，屠宰环节和销售环节应加强对环境的消毒，以避免交叉污染。     

酒泉市肃州区生猪屠宰场沙门氏菌污染情况调查与分析

为了解酒泉市肃州区生猪屠宰场各环节沙门氏菌污染情况,2021年4—9月从肃州区2个生猪屠宰场采集210份样品进行细菌分离鉴定及耐药性分析。结果发现,共18份样品检出沙门氏菌(8.57%),其中猪肉组织样品、器具样品和环境样品沙门氏菌检出率分别为6.67%(7/105)、4.76%(2/42)和14.28%(9/63);18株沙门氏菌中共检出5种血清型,分别为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(6株)、罗森沙门氏菌(4株)、伦敦型沙门氏菌(4株)、肠炎沙门氏菌(3株)和德比型沙门氏菌(1株)。不同血清型菌株耐药谱存在差异,但这些菌株对阿莫西林、氨苄西林和磺胺甲氧嘧啶等耐药率较高,对头孢唑林、头孢他啶等相对敏感。以上结果表明,屠宰场不同样品沙门氏菌污染情况较为严重,且菌株血清型相对复杂,不同菌株耐药谱存在差异,这可能对猪肉售卖人员和消费者健康造成威胁。     

广东省广州市猪禽屠宰场环境沙门氏菌血清分型与耐药性分析

为了解广东省广州市屠宰环节环境中沙门氏菌血清型分布及其耐药性,对广州市大型生猪、家禽屠宰企业环境进行监控,对比分析猪禽屠宰场污染的沙门氏菌主要血清型和耐药谱.采集屠宰场的空气、土壤、污泥样品,以及运输车辆、待宰圈/舍、屠宰车间等环境拭子样品,利用沙门氏菌特异性引物进行PCR扩增和测序鉴定;通过玻片凝集法,对PCR鉴定阳...     

河南省猪源沙门氏菌分离鉴定、血清分型及药物敏感性分析?

为了解河南省猪源沙门氏菌的血清分型和耐药性,从郑州、开封、焦作等5市生猪屠宰场抽取猪盲肠内容物样品840份进行沙门氏菌分离。采用PCR、BD PhoenixTM-100全自动微生物鉴定系统和血清凝集反应对分离菌株进行鉴定,并通过微量肉汤稀释法对分离菌株进行药物敏感性分析。结果显示:从840份样品中共分离沙门氏菌45株,分离率为5.36%(45/840);分离的沙门氏菌共分为6个血清型,其中德尔卑(Derby)沙门氏菌为优势血清型;分离的沙门氏菌对四环素、磺胺异恶唑、大观霉素、氨苄西林耐药较严重,耐药率分别为82.22%、75.56%、73.33%、73.33%。结果表明:河南省存在一定的猪源沙门氏菌污染,尤其是德尔卑沙门氏菌,需要重点加强控制;沙门氏菌耐药情况较为严重,应进一步规范养殖环节抗菌药物的使用。     

内蒙古羊屠宰场致泻性大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌污染状况分析

为了解内蒙古地区羊屠宰场各屠宰环节致泻性大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的携带情况,评估是否存在污染风险,选取不同规模屠宰场,用棉拭子法分别采集不同屠宰环节样品349份,36 h内进行试验;应用PCR方法分离鉴定病原菌,对鉴定为致泻性大肠杆菌的分离株进行16S r DNA测序并构建系统发育树。结果显示:从刚宰杀的羊胴体表面和环境中共分离到致泻性大肠杆菌12株,其中11株携带毒力基因elt,1株携带毒力基因eae和elt;大中型屠宰场(1.21%)的致泻性大肠杆菌阳性率低于小型屠宰场(5.43%),不同规模屠宰场的预冷间均未检出致泻性大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌;从屠宰环境中分离出1株携带inv A基因的沙门氏菌,阳性率为0.29%;经高压冲洗和排酸预冷等屠宰工艺后,在羊胴体表面均未发现致泻性大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌。     

扬州地区部分屠宰场、农贸市场及动物医院猪源沙门菌分离鉴定、耐药性分析及PFGE分型

调查扬州地区部分屠宰场、农贸市场沙门菌的流行情况及耐药情况,同时根据动物医院送检病料中沙门菌的分离情况判断扬州周边地区猪源沙门菌的血清型及流行情况,为流行病学调查提供数据资料。共采集扬州某屠宰场样品、农贸市场和动物医院样品1 727份,分离沙门菌,鉴定血清型,并对所有分离株进行药物敏感性测定及PFGE分型。结果共分离出沙门菌184株,总分离率为10.7%;共鉴定出15种血清型,屠宰场分离株中德尔卑沙门菌分离率最高(63.6%),农贸市场分离株中罗森沙门菌和德尔卑沙门菌分离率最高,而动物医院送检病料中检出的全部为鼠伤寒沙门菌(100%)。84.8%沙门菌分离株对四环素表现出极高的耐药率,对强力霉素、羧苄西林也有较高的耐药率。从农贸市场中可以找到与屠宰场来源沙门菌相同的PFEG谱型。表明沙门菌可在屠宰场和农贸市场之间传播。因此,扬州部分屠宰场、农贸市场沙门菌污染较为严重,应采取措施降低生猪屠宰中沙门菌的污染,减少食物中毒事件。     

2008—2017年我国部分地区禽源沙门氏菌流行状况及耐药分析

为了解我国禽源沙门氏菌的流行和耐药情况及其血清型、ST型和耐药性之间的关系，对2008—2017年，在我国部分地区分离的90株禽源沙门氏菌，用血清凝集方法鉴定其血清型，用微量肉汤稀释法对部分菌株进行药物敏感性试验；经PCR扩增、测序和比对查询，得到90株菌的ST型，并用BioNumerics 7.6分析MLST分型及其亲缘关系；利用统计学方法，对分离株的血清型、ST型和耐药性进行差异显著性和相关性分析。血清型鉴定结果显示：90株禽源沙门氏菌可分为16种血清型，其中S. Enteritidis为优势血清型。71株菌株的药物敏感性试验结果显示：多重耐药菌株占比90.14%（64/71），对氨苄西林（78.87 %）和磺胺异噁唑（77.46 %）的耐药率较高，仅S. Indiana菌株的ST17型对头孢他啶耐药。其他相关分析结果显示：分离菌株对氨苄西林等7种药物的耐药率显著上升（P＜0.05），而对黏菌素耐药率下降极显著（P＜0.01）；鉴定出14种ST型，其中ST11为优势型；最小生成树显示，仅有一个ST complex，菌株来自7个省市；S. Indiana的耐药率显著高于S. Enteritidis（P＜0.05），且其ST17所耐药物种类多于其他ST型。结果表明：我国禽源沙门氏菌的优势血清型是S. Enteritidis，优势ST型为ST11，其血清型和ST型有一定的相关性，且不同地区分离株之间有一定的亲缘关系；分离株对不同药物的耐药性存在差异，且耐药谱和耐药率与血清型相关，S. Indiana菌株与S. Enteritidis相比更易形成耐药菌株。     

湖南湘潭县屠宰生猪沙门氏菌和链球菌感染情况调查及耐药性分析

为初步了解湘潭县及周边地区屠宰生猪沙门氏菌和链球菌感染情况,于2019年4月至2020年8月从当地不同屠宰场共收集淋巴结组织样品302份,检测结果发现:沙门氏菌和链球菌阳性样品分别为17和22份,其中沙门氏菌中检测有4种血清型,而链球菌中有2种血清型;进一步药敏试验结果发现被检沙门氏菌分离株对头孢菌素类和链霉素、环丙沙星较为敏感,但对四环素类、青霉素类和磺胺类药物具有较高的耐药性,而链球菌分离株则对头孢菌素类等抗生素敏感,但对氨苄西林、环丙沙星、林可霉素、氟苯尼考和四环素等耐药。研究结果表明,湘潭县及周边地区部分屠宰猪存在沙门氏菌和(或)链球菌隐性感染情况,且菌株对部分抗生素具有耐药性。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -