几种药剂对水稻纹枯病的防治效果探究

使用250g/L嘧菌酯SC 30g/667m~2、240g/L噻呋酰胺SC 30ml/667m~2、5%己唑醇SC 80ml/667m~2、5%井冈霉素SP 100g/667m~2防治水稻纹枯病,于水稻纹枯病发病初期施第1次药,以后每隔7d施1次,共施3次,3次施药后10d各药剂的防治效果均达67.9%~88.9%。其中,嘧菌酯、噻呋酰胺和己唑醇这3种药剂的防效好且相当,为88.0%~88.9%,井冈霉素处理的防效差显著低于以上3种药剂处理的防效,为67.9%。     

防治水稻纹枯病药剂田间筛选试验

为筛选生产上防治水稻纹枯病的高效、安全药剂,于2014年8月在田间进行了防治纹枯病10种药利筛选试验。结果表明,嘧菌酯类和噻呋酰胺类复配剂防效突出。24%密菌酯·己唑醇悬浮剂20 mL/667m~2、24%噻呋·咪鲜胺悬浮剂30 mL/667m~2处理对水稻纹枯病的株防效超过或接近85%,病指防效均达90%以上,值得进一步示范推广。     

噻呋酰胺24％悬浮剂防治水稻纹枯病试验

试验表明,噻呋酰胺24％悬浮剂对水稻纹枯病有良好防效,且持效期长,可有效控制水稻纹枯病危害,药后15-30d,噻呋酰胺24％悬浮剂20mL／667m^2处理的防效为70．92％-83．96％,优于井冈霉素等药剂。     

三种药剂防治水稻纹枯病试验研究

为筛选防治水稻纹枯病的有效药剂,2012年春季进行了1%申嗪霉素悬浮剂、24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂和75%苯醚甲环唑.咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂三种药剂防治水稻纹枯病的田间药效试验。结果表明:1%申嗪霉素悬浮剂、24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂和75%苯醚甲环唑.咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂三种药剂防效分别为96.36%、94.72%和91.68%,对照药剂16%井冈霉素可湿性粉剂、30%苯醚甲环唑.丙环唑乳油的防效分别为88.83%和83.96%,试验药剂具有较好的防治效果。     

12种杀菌剂防治水稻纹枯病田间试验研究

本文报道了12种杀菌剂防治水稻纹枯病的田间试验研究。结果表明:噻呋酰胺24%悬浮剂339g/hm2、嘧菌酯25%悬浮剂500g/hm2、丙环唑25%乳油750g/hm2在2次药后15d对水稻纹枯病的防治效果分别为91.5%、88.1%、86.6%,显著高于其他处理;肟菌·戊唑醇75%水分散粒剂防效为77.0%,稍次于丙环唑25%乳油;其他8种杀菌剂的防效在54.1%~68.7%之间,防效不太理想;井冈霉素20%可湿性粉剂的防效仅为56.6%,故笔者认为在水稻纹枯病大发生年份,尽量选用其他高效的杀菌剂进行预防和防治。     

30％苯甲·丙环唑乳油防治水稻纹枯病效果

选用减量控害30％苯甲·丙环唑乳油与常规对照20％井冈霉素SP防治纹枯病进行药效试验对比,评价试验药剂30％苯甲·丙环唑对纹枯病的防治效果.试验结果表明,30％苯甲·丙环唑乳油药剂对纹枯病有较好的防效,平均防效达84.14％,比20％井冈霉素平均防效79.52％提高4.62个百分点;减量控害区667m产量527.9kg,比常规用药20％井冈霉素对照区增产31.2kg,增幅6.28％.每667m减少施药用工2.5元,667m2增加效益62.9元.建议使用时,每667m2用30％苯甲·丙环唑30ml兑水45 kg于纹枯病发生盛期对水稻叶面均匀喷雾.     

6种农药对水稻纹枯病和稻曲病的防治效果

为评价6种常规农药对水稻纹枯病和稻曲病的防治效果,特开展田间实验,结果表明,在纹枯病重发情况下24%井冈霉素AAS、28%井冈霉素ASP、240 g/L噻呋酰胺SC、10%己唑醇SC和30%苯甲?丙环唑EC对纹枯病均具有很好的防效,41%甲硫?戊唑醇SC的防效略差。在稻曲病中等发生情况下24%井冈霉素AAS、28%井冈霉素ASP对稻曲病防效好,30%苯甲?丙环唑EC、41%甲硫?戊唑醇SC对稻曲病具有较好的兼治作用,而240 g/L噻呋酰胺SC对稻曲病防效差。     

水稻纹枯病防治药剂筛选试验研究

为筛选防治水稻纹枯病的理想长效药剂,本站选择了10种药剂进行了田间药效试验,各期调查,均以每667m2用嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺20%水分散粒剂70g、嘧菌酯·戊唑醇75%水分散粒剂10g、噻呋酰胺·已唑醇27.8%悬浮剂20m L、噻呋酰胺24%悬浮剂20m L、肟菌·戊唑醇75%水分散粒剂15g、嘧菌脂25%悬浮剂30m L等6种药剂处理对水稻纹枯病具有很好的防控效果,用药1次,可有效控制20d以上,对水稻生长安全,是防治水稻纹枯病的理想长效药剂。     

不同药剂防治水稻纹枯病药效试验

水稻纹枯病是安陆市水稻主要病害之一,常年都有不同程度发生.尤其是2020年持续阴雨、寡照,水稻纹枯病在局部地区发生十分严重.24％噻呋酰胺悬浮剂防治水稻纹枯病防效显著,于水稻分蘖末期(7月5日)+水稻破口期(8月4日)施药两次,用24％噻呋酰胺悬浮剂20 mL/667 m2兑水30 kg均匀喷雾,齐穗时株防效、病指防效...     

苯甲·嘧菌酯不同药量对早稻纹枯病控制作用初探

试验结果表明,早稻每667m2用苯甲.嘧菌酯32.5%悬浮剂20、30、40mL施药2次,在第1次施药后11d对病情指数防效分别为55.4%、66.7%、67.4%,略优于噻呋酰胺处理,但差于井冈霉素处理,控病的速效性一般;第2次施药后12d对病情指数防效分别为79.0%、97.2%、97.8%,经最小显著极差法(LSR-SSR)比较,苯甲.嘧菌酯与噻呋酰胺的病情指数防效无显著差异,但与井冈霉素处理区有显著差异;控制纹枯病具有良好的持效性,并对早稻安全,且有促进青杆黄熟的作用。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.