设施菜地土壤酞酸酯污染的初步研究

通过对杭州周边某设施蔬菜大棚基地的土壤采集分析和农田残留农膜的提取分析,结果表明该地区土壤存在一定程度的酞酸酯污染,污染程度与国内大部分农田土壤相当。农膜中酞酸酯含量和农膜类型对土壤酞酸酯含量均有一定影响。农膜中酞酸酯含量和土壤中酞酸酯含量显著正相关,长期农膜覆盖与黑色农膜覆盖土壤的酞酸酯含量相对较高,因此减少农膜在土壤中的残留是减少土壤酞酸酯污染的有效途径之一。大棚覆盖或地膜覆盖等不同农膜覆盖方式对土壤酞酸酯含量在本研究中未发现显著差异。土壤酞酸酯含量与土壤有机质极显著正相关,表明土壤有机质对酞酸酯,尤其是高分子量酞酸酯污染单体的环境行为有重要的影响。     

土壤样品中酞酸酯含量分析的前处理研究——提取液浓缩过程与净化的影响

通过比较索氏提取和超声提取这两种提取土壤酞酸酯的方法,认为从提高回收率和降低背景干扰角度出发,超声提取法更合适作为土壤酞酸酯分析的前处理。针对超声提取过程中的一些操作步骤的细节做了比较研究,表明提取液不蒸干可减少酞酸酯的挥发损失,提取液过净化柱与否对GC-MS分析多数酞酸酯组分影响不大,不过净化柱处理可提高土壤酞酸酯的分析效率,但土壤中过多的色素干扰可能会影响某些组分(如邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯)的分析结果。     

土壤中酞酸酯类化合物监测方法和加标回收率分析

酞酸酯是我国优先控制的环境污染物之一。组织全国22个省的四十余家实验室在现有仪器条件下分别完成土壤标准样品和实际样品中6种酞酸酯的测定,并对大量监测数据进行了统计分析和系统性研究,从结果控制的角度对土壤中PAEs监测方法进行了探讨,评估了前处理方法和分析方法对质量控制结果的影响程度,提出了6种PAEs加标回收率测定的控制指标,旨在为开展质量控制工作提供评价依据。     

金桔园土壤及金桔中酞酸酯污染特征分析

对金桔园土壤及金桔中酞酸酯污染特征进行了分析,结果表明:调查的6种酞酸酯,5个土壤监测点DMP、DEP、DOP、BBP都未检出;DBP、DEHP全部都有检出,各土壤监测点中DBP浓度值均比DEHP浓度值高。3个金桔样中DMP、DOP、BBP都未检出;DEHP、DBP、DEP全部都有检出,PAEs浓度值都遵循DEHP>DBP>DEP的规律。金桔果实对PAEs的吸收积累途径主要是通过果实外表皮直接吸收塑料大棚中的PAEs蒸汽。     

桂林市农村环境质量试点监测村土壤酞酸酯类污染调查

结合国家环保部指令性农村环境质量试点监测工作,采集桂林市农村环境质量试点监测村土壤样品13个,对土壤中5种酞酸酯进行调查分析。结果表明DMP、DEP、DOP都未检出;DBP、DEHP在13个监测点全部都有检出。各类监测点DEHP平均值均比DBP平均值高;总酞酸酯浓度范围为0．763-2．714mg·kg^-1,最大值为...     

提升集约化香蕉园土壤健康水平的根层调控策略与途径

香蕉是热带亚热带地区一种重要的经济作物,在国际水果贸易中占有重要地位.与世界高产国家相比,我国香蕉生产单产存在较大的产量差,因此,如何消减土壤障碍因子,培育健康土壤,成为香蕉集约化生产中面临的重大挑战.本文提出了蕉园集约化生产根层土壤健康调控的策略:(1)明确香蕉生产中土壤障碍因子,(2)通过根层调控消减土壤障碍因子,...     

地膜中酞酸酯类化合物对土壤-玉米的污染及其模型模拟

采用盆栽试验研究了不同地膜残留量处理酞酸酯类化合物邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)对土壤—玉米体系的污染及模型模拟。结果表明:土壤中DBP含量0.024~0.553 mg/kg,DEHP含量在0.251~7.120mg/kg;植株中DBP含量0.222~1.434mg/kg,DEHP含量0.022~0.234mg/kg。各生育时期各处理土壤中DBP和DEHP含量变化规律相同,高倍地膜残留量处理DBP,DEHP含量高于低倍残留量。土壤中DEHP含量明显高于DBP含量,植株中DEHP含量很低。采用3次重复试验数据建立了土壤与植株中DBP和DEHP含量关系模型,模型通过了显著性检验,达到了极显著水平(p0.01)。DBP模型的最优模型为F=0.438+0.984X2ln2(X)(R=0.809);DEHP模型的最优模型为F=0.003 X3-0.025 X2+0.062 X+0.024(R=0.797)。采用与建立模型相独立的数据对模型进行了检验,DBP和DEHP最优模型的平均预测误差为17.5%和19.24%,模型计算值与实测值之间的相关系数R为0.712,0.743,模型符合程度较好。模型的建立可以为我国农田酞酸酯类化合物精准管理提供理论依据。     

土壤重金属污染植物修复的紫云英调控研究

有机调控是植物修复土壤重金属污染的有效措施之一,为研究绿肥--紫云英的调控效果,实验于2004年3-12月选取江西省贵溪市冶炼厂周边受重金属污染的大田进行研究.结果表明,紫云英处理显著降低土壤重金属浓度和土壤综合污染指数,下降幅度与CK比呈极显著差异:除土壤Zn、Cd浓度和土壤重金属多因子综合污染指数的下降幅度显著低于有机试剂处理,其他与有机试剂处理均无显著差异;紫云英处理与“紫云英 有机试剂“的交互作用处理相比,土壤重金属浓度和土壤综合污染指数的下降幅度无显著差异.海洲香薷对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd都有不同程度的富集,富集系数评价表明,紫云英处理、有机试剂处理及其交互作用处理与CK相比,海洲香薷对重金属元素的富集有显著提高,紫云英处理对植物富集重金属的影响介于有机试剂处理与其交互作用处理之间.     

噬菌体对土壤碳氮元素循环转化影响的研究进展

噬菌体是土壤中广泛定殖、数量繁多、严格依赖宿主存活的一类微小生物体,它具有溶原或裂解生命周期,在侵染宿主菌的过程中,不仅可以裂解细菌,还会导致基因转移,显著调控宿主菌数量、物种组成及功能,进而影响土壤元素的生物地球化学循环过程。因而,近年来噬菌体对土壤关键营养元素循环转化的影响机制研究逐渐成为新的学术热点。本文从噬菌体对土壤碳、氮元素循环转化的下行调控和上行调控角度,综述了噬菌体对土壤碳、氮元素循环转化的规律和机制,总结了制约噬菌体调控土壤碳氮循环作用强度的环境因素,指出了当前的研究难点,并对未来研究方向进行了展望。本综述可为阐释噬菌体影响土壤碳氮循环转化机制的研究提供科学参考。     

有机物料对强酸性茶园土壤的酸度调控研究

通过室内培养的方式,研究了不同添加剂量下,不同C/N与灰化碱含量的有机物料对酸性茶园土壤的改良能力.试验结果表明:有机物料的添加可以有效地减少土壤交换性酸、铝饱和度,增加土壤交换性碱基,但是在调节土壤pH能力上并非一定有效.初始阶段,“灰化碱”的释放与有机氮的矿化提高了土壤的pH,随后pH由于硝化作用出现不同程度的下降.C/N高的作物秸秆(小麦和水稻秸秆)能够有效地抑制硝化,使pH下降幅度较小;而C/N低的作物秸秆(花生秸秆和菜籽饼)促进硝化,使pH大幅度下降.最终土壤pH与其C/N呈正相关性(y=0.00343x+4.14,r=0.977),而与其灰化碱含量无关.并且随着秸秆添加剂量的加大,C/N高的作物秸秆最终调剂pH的能力是显著提高的(P＜0.05),而C/N低的作物秸秆最终调剂pH的能力没有显著提高(P＜0.05).因此,C/N高的作物秸秆可能更适合土壤酸度的长期调节,与其相关的田间试验需要进一步进行证实.     

黄河兰州段邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物健康风险评价

近年来黄河兰州段的邻苯二甲酸酯类污染日渐严重,为研究黄河兰州段水体中邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,根据黄河兰州段2005年5个采样点水质监测数据,应用美国环境保护局（USEPA）的健康风险评价方法对邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物通过饮水和皮肤接触2种途径进入人体的健康风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,黄河兰州段邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物的非致癌风险指数值均小于1,其中邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯的非致癌风险指数值相对较高,在10-2数量级,偏高于邻苯二甲酸正丁酯。从位于兰州市饮用水水源地范围内的3号采样点（S3）采集的水样中邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物的非致癌风险指数值偏高,具有较高的健康风险。不同暴露途径健康风险的对比表明,饮水是水体中有毒有机污染物危害人体健康的最主要途径,其对人体健康总风险的贡献远大于洗浴皮肤暴露。常规的自来水处理工艺不能有效地去除源水中微量PAEs等有机污染物,因此地面水特别是饮用源水PAEs污染具有较大的健康风险。与国内其他地区相比,黄河兰州段邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物的非致癌风险亦较高。     

苏南地区农田表层土壤中多环芳烃和酞酸酯的污染特征及来源

采用气相色谱质谱（GC-MS）法测定了苏南地区13个农田表层土壤样品中的多环芳烃（PAHs）和酞酸酯（PAEs）污染物,分析比较了不同区域农田表层土壤,尤其是来自钢铁企业周边的表层土壤中PAHs和PAEs的污染特征及其来源。结果表明,苏南地区农田土壤中总PAHs和总PAEs的浓度分别在147～40300μg·kg-1和0.575～762μg·kg-1之间,其中钢铁厂周边的平均浓度分别为6130μg·kg-1和47.4μg·kg-1。土壤样品中苯并（a）芘的浓度与总PAHs的浓度显著相关,高分子量PAHs在钢铁厂周边表土中含量较高,钢铁冶炼焦化和烧结等工序是其污染来源。酞酸正丁酯（DBP）和酞酸乙基己基酯是苏南地区农田土壤中含量最高的两种PAEs类物质,钢铁厂周边有较高的DBP检出可能与炼钢、冷轧和炼铁等工序有关。本研究将为经济高速发展地区农田土壤环境质量评价、农产品安全生产及土壤污染防治对策的制定提供科学依据。     

酞酸酯在土壤中的环境行为与健康风险研究进展

酞酸酯(PAEs)又称邻苯二甲酸酯,是环境激素类有机化合物,作为增塑剂在塑料、树脂和橡胶制品中的添加量一般为20%~60%。土壤中PAEs的主要来源有农用化学品、污水灌溉和大气沉降。PAEs在土壤中有较强的富集作用,并能通过一系列的环境地球化学过程进入不同的环境介质,引起环境污染和人类健康风险。本文结合国内外土壤PAEs的相关研究成果,综述了我国土壤PAEs的污染现状,分析了PAEs在土壤-大气界面(挥发、沉降)、土壤-植物系统(植物吸收、植物修复)、土壤-水界面下的环境行为(吸附-解吸)及土壤PAEs污染的环境健康风险,并指出国内土壤PAEs研究中存在的不足。研究结果显示,我国土壤环境总体上已遭受不同程度的PAEs污染;同时,土壤PAEs通过不同界面之间的迁移转化过程,也面临较高的生态环境健康风险。提出今后土壤PAEs研究应以区域土壤污染与环境行为为重点,深入研究土壤PAEs的时空传输与演变规律、多介质迁移转化机制和风险削减与修复措施,为保障土壤生态环境与健康提供理论依据。     

连作年限对植烟根际土壤化感物质积累的影响——以湖北黄棕壤烟田为例

为明确烤烟不同连作年限对土壤化感物质积累的影响,以湖北典型的植烟黄棕壤为例,采用甲醇提取–乙酸乙酯3次萃取-GC-MS检测方法,分析其根际土壤中化感物质的组成和含量.结果共检测出化感物质5类13种,其中邻苯二甲酸、对羟基苯甲醛和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯等在以往植烟土壤研究中未见报道;化感物质含量随连作年限的延长呈增加趋势,与...     

Biodegradability of Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate by Pseudomonas Fluorescens FS1

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), one of high-molecular weightphthalate esters (PAEs), is used in the manufacturing of polyvinylchloride (PVC) resins, polyvinyl acetate, cellulosics,and polyurethanes, and contributes to environmental pollution. In this article, the characteristics of DEHP biodegradation by aneffective degradation bacterium, Pseudomonasfluorescens FS1 that isolated from the activated sludge at a petrochemicalfactory, was capable of using phthalate esters as the sole carbonand energy source, were investigated. Experimental results showedthat the biodegradation of DEHP by P. fluorescens FS1 could be described by the first-order reaction model, whichcould be expressed as: lnC = –0.0688t + A, and the half-life ofDEHP biodegradation was 10.07 d when the initial concentrations of DEHP were less than 50 mg L^-1. The inhibition effects ofDEHP as a substrate had become predominant above the concentration of 50 mg L^-1. The PAEs-degrading enzyme of P. fluorescens FS1, mainly located in the soluble part andthe particle of cytoplasm, was an intracellular enzyme. The metabolites of DEHP degradation by P. fluorescens FS1, which monoester, phthalic acid, benzonic acid, phenol, wereextracted using dichloromethane at different time intervals and identified by the GC-MS. The tentative pathway proposed for degradation of DEHP by P. fluorescens FS1 under aerobic condition is monoester in the beginning, further enzymatic degradation of the monoester produces phthalic acid, benzonic acid, phenol and finally CO₂ and H₂O.     

中国蔬菜农业邻苯二甲酸酯污染与人体健康累积风险评估

Phthalate esters(PAEs), which can disturb human endocrine system, have been widely detected in vegetable greenhouse agriculture in China. To investigate the effects of environmental factors on PAEs in soils, pollution sources were identified, and the cumulative risks of PAEs to humans through vegetables in the diet were evaluated in this study. Ninety-eight vegetable samples were collected from 10 markets along with 128 vegetable and 111 soil samples from agricultural greenhouses and open field. All soil and vegetable samples were contaminated with PAEs, and the total concentrations of the 5 PAEs, including dimethyl phthalate(DMP), diethyl phthalate(DEP), di-iso-butyl phthalate(DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate(DnBP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP), were in the ranges of 0.26–2.53 mg kg~(-1) for soils and 0.95–8.09 mg kg~(-1) for vegetables. Three components extracted from principle component analysis could explain 51.2%, 19.8%, and 15.3% of the total variance of the 5 PAEs in soils, which may represent three major sources of PAEs, i.e., wastewater irrigation, application of fertilizers and pesticides, and plastic film. Long-term greenhouse cultivation could accumulate DEHP in soils, and a higher soil Fe Ox content reduced the Dn BP concentration. Based on a survey of vegetables in the diet, the hazard index of PAEs was 0.15 for individuals in different cities. The exposure of PAEs through vegetable intake was higher than the total exposure from other food stuffs, inhalation, and dermal absorption. More attention should be given to controlling PAEs in greenhouse vegetables.     

Sorption and leaching behaviour of polar aromatic acids in agricultural soils by batch and column leaching tests

Aromatic acids can reach the soil from direct anthropogenic activities or, indirectly, from the degradation of many aromatic compounds, such as pesticides or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Because of the anionic character of aromatic acids at the pH of most soil and sediment environments, they are expected to move rapidly through the soil profile and to pose a great risk of ground water contamination. We designed batch and column leaching tests to characterize the behaviour of three aromatic acids differing in their chemical structures, picloram (4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid), phthalic acid (2,2‐benzenedicarboxylic acid), and salicylic acid (2‐hydroxybenzoic acid), in four European soils with different physicochemical characteristics. Batch experiments revealed that the persistence of the three acids in soil:water suspensions decreased in the order: picloram ? phthalic acid > salicylic acid, and their dissipation curves were relatively independent of soil type. Sorption by the soils, their clay‐size fractions and model sorbents indicated much greater affinity of soil constituents for salicylic acid than for picloram or phthalic acid, most likely due to the ability of salicylic acid to form bidentate complexes with positively charged soil components. The extent of leaching of the aromatic acids in hand‐packed soil columns decreased in the order: picloram (90–96%) > phthalic acid (25–90%) > salicylic acid (0–37%), which was consistent with the sorption and persistence results of the batch tests. The organic C content, the amount of small‐size pores, and the initial concentration of aromatic acid in soil appeared to be important factors influencing the leaching patterns of phthalic acid and salicylic acid in the soils studied, but did not greatly influence the leaching pattern of picloram. Sorption and leaching of polar aromatic acids in soil can therefore vary considerably depending on the structural characteristics of the aromatic acid or soil type.     

二(2-乙基己基)邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌的分离和鉴定及其在污染土壤生物修复中的作用

Di-（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate（DEHP） is a high-molecular-weight phthalate ester（PAE） that has been widely used in the manufacture of polyvinylchloride and contributes to environmental pollution.The objectives of the present study were to isolate a DEHP degrader that can utilize DEHP as a carbon source and to investigate its capacity to biodegrade DEHP in both liquid culture and soil.A bacterial strain WJ4 was isolated from an intensively managed vegetable soil,which was contaminated with PAEs.The strain WJ4 was affiliated to the genus Rhodococcus and was able to remove DEHP from soil effectively.A period of only 7 d was required to degrade about 96.4%of DEHP(200 mg L^-1) in the liquid culture,and more than 55%of DEHP(1.0 g kg^-1) in the artificially contaminated soil was removed within 21 d.Furthermore,Rhodococcus sp.strain WJ4 had a strong ability to degrade DEHP without additional nutrients in liquid minimal medium culture and DEHP-contaminated soil and to degrade the homologue of DEHP in both liquid culture and soil.Strain WJ4 represents a novel tool for removing PAEs from contaminated soils and it may have great potential for application in the remediation of environmental pollution by PAEs.     

Enhanced dissipation of DEHP in soil and simultaneously reduced bioaccumulation of DEHP in vegetable using bioaugmentation with exogenous bacteria

The widely used plastic film containing di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in agriculture has caused serious soil pollution and poses risks to human health through the food chain. An effective DEHP degradation bacteria, Microbacterium sp. J-1, was newly isolated from landfill soil. Response surface methodology was successfully employed for optimization resulting in 96% degradation of DEHP (200 mg L^?1) within 5 days. This strain degraded DEHP by hydrolysis of the ester bond and hydroxylation of the aromatic ring to form 2-ethyl hexanol, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, phthalate acid, and protocatechuic acid, and subsequently transformed these compounds with a maximum specific degradation rate (q _max), half-saturation constant (K _s ), and inhibition constant (K _i ) of 1.46 day^?1, 180.2 mg L^?1, and 332.8 mg L^?1, respectively. Bioaugmentation of DEHP-contaminated soils with the strain J-1 greatly enhanced the DEHP dissipation rate (~88%). Moreover, this strain could efficiently colonize the rhizosphere soil of inoculated vegetables and further enhanced DEHP degradation (~97%), leading to a significant decrease (>70%) in DEHP accumulation in shoots and roots of the inoculated vegetables compared to uninoculated vegetables. The results highlighted the roles of the inoculated exogenous bacteria in simultaneously bioremediating contaminated soils and reducing bioaccumulation of DEHP in the edible part of the vegetable for food safety.     

甜菜牧草体系对土壤中种邻苯二甲酸酯的修复研究

通过室内盆栽试验,研究了甜菜与黑麦草、苜蓿、苏丹草分别间作及4种植物各自单作对土壤中邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯（BBP）和邻苯二甲酸（2-乙基己基）二酯（DEHP）4种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）的植物修复效果。结果表明：与空白对照相比,种植植物的修复效果更好;苜蓿单作与间作都有较好的修复效果,其中甜菜/苜蓿间作PAEs的去除率最高,可达66.48%;植物单作与间作相比,间作的修复效果高于单作,间作增强土壤中过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶的活性,从而促进了根际微生物对PAEs的降解;就单一污染物来说,DBP和DEHP在污染土壤和植物茎叶中的浓度较其他两种污染物高,两者在土壤中的去除率也较高,其中DEHP为最高,均可达50%以上,DBP的去除率也在40%以上;DEHP在植物茎叶中的生物富集系数明显较低,且单作低于间作,而DBP和BBP的生物富集系数较高。可选择苜蓿作为土壤中PAEs修复的一种高效修复植物,植物间作相对于单作有更好的修复效率,也可更高效地利用土地资源,因此可优先选择作为植物修复的一种种植模式。