The differential diagnosis of persistent vomiting in the young dog

The paper describes the differential diagnosis of those conditions which cause persistent vomiting over a long period in the young dog. The conditions are illustrated radiographically. Résumé. L'article traite du diagnostic différential des états provoquant des vomissements persistants chez le jeune chien. Des radiographies illustrent le texte. Zusammenfassung. Die Abhandlung beschreibt die Differentialdiagnose derjenigen Zustande, die beim jungen Hund länger enhaltendes Erbrechen verursachen. Die Zustände sind radiographisch illustriert.     

Laboratory diagnosis and differential diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation in the dog]

The laboratory diagnostic possibilities for characterization of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in dogs are reviewed. A DIC can be demonstrated by means of: 1. Simultaneous consumption of platelets, fibrinogen, coagulation factors and inhibitors of coagulation 2. Increased plasma levels of the specific reaction products fibrin monomers and fibrinopeptides 3. Secondary hyperfibrinolysis, especially an increase in plasma concentrations of fibrin(ogen) degradation products 4. Presence of schistocytes in the blood smear 5. Improvement in the coagulation values during an efficacious anticoagulant therapy 6. Indication of enhanced turnover and formation of microthrombi in different organs by radioisotopically detected coagulation components. Different principles of the laboratory diagnostic procedure in DIC are illustrated by the results of an animal experiment and clinical case reports. Concerning differential diagnosis among other things a deprivation- and dilution effect as well as a disturbance of synthesis have to be considered. One must especially bear in mind that a DIC may also be caused by different coagulator disturbances, e.g. of prothrombin complex synthesis. A DIC can mask such a defect in laboratory diagnostic findings, thereby complicating the diagnosis.     

Hereditary cataract in the dog

Hereditary cataract in the dog is described as it occurs in the Boston Terrier, the Staffordshire Bull Terrier, the Miniature Schnauzer, the Golden Retriever, the Labrador Retriever, the American Cocker Spaniel, the Afghan Hound, and the Old English Sheepdog. The mode of inheritance in each breed is also discussed and includes both dominant and recessive patterns.     

The diagnosis of anal sacculitis in the dog

A new approach to diagnosis is described based on behavioural signs of which some twenty are listed. Fixation licking, starting at the rump and asymmetrical sitting are among signs added to the existing commonly accepted ones such as 'scooting'. Normal anal sac fluid is defined as almost clear, slightly yellow in colour, and abnormal material is described in varying forms of coloured pus. Predisposing factors are suggested such as diarrhoea and diets leading to soft bolus. The bacterial flora involved is defined consisting of micrococci, diphtheroids, Escherichia colt, Salmonella, Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium welchii, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Proteus. Moreover, it is suggested that some unresponsive skin conditions are prolonged through a secondary effect of anal sacculitis.     

Anaesthetic regimes for cataract removal in the dog

Dogs scheduled for elective removal of non-diabetic cataracts were assigned to one of four anaesthetic regimes. Thiopentone (Intraval Sodium; RMB Animal Health) or propofol (Rapinovet; Coopers Pitman-Moore) was used as the induction agent and with each agent half the animals were paralysed with vecuronium (Nor-curon; Organon Teknika) and ventilated mechanically, and half breathed spontaneously. Anaesthesia was maintained with halothane (Halothane-M&B; RMB Animal Health) and nitrous oxide (BOC) in oxygen. The use of muscle relaxants significantly improved the eye position and significantly reduced the lowest halothane vaporiser setting used during anaesthesia. Propofol produced a significantly shorter recovery time than thiopentone.     

Spontaneous cataract resorption and lens-induced uveitis in the dog.

Spontaneous cataract resorption and the associated lens-induced uveitis occur primarily in young dogs, especially the Afghan Hound, American Cocker Spaniel, Boston Terrier, Miniature and Toy Poodle, and Miniature Schnauzer. The resorption process, if extensive, will restore vision without surgical intervention, but medical control of the lens-induced uveitis by use of mydriatics and, infrequently, topical and systemic corticosteroids is essential. The main potential complications, severe medically nonresponsive uveitis and glaucoma, necessitate immediate cataract extraction.     

The radiological diagnosis of gastrointestinal obstruction in the dog

The use of contrast medium in the examination of the gastrointestinal tract is described and some aspects of the normal radiographic anatomy are discussed. The radiological features of certain conditions causing gastrointestinal obstruction are illustrated by a series of radiographs. Résumé. On décrit l'usage de substance de contraste dans l'exploration des voies gastro-intestinales, et on discute de certaines aspects de l'anatomie radiographique normale. Les caractéristiques radiologiques de certaines particularités causant une obstruction gastro-intestinale sont illustrées au moyen d'une série de radiographies. Zusammenfassung. Der Gebrauch von Kontrastmitteln in der Untersuchung des Verdauungskanal ist beschrieben und einige Aspekte von der normalen röntgenologischen Anatomie sind diskutiert. Die radiologischen Merkmale von gewissen Zuständen die gastrointestinale Obstruktion verursachen, sind in einer Serie vom Röntgenaufnahmen illustriert.     

The clinical diagnosis of renal disease in the dog

A review has been made of the presenting clinical signs and of the laboratory analyses and investigative procedures which aid in the diagnosis of renal disease in the dog. Résumé. On passe en revue les signes cliniques qui se présentent, les analyses de laboratoire et les sondages et recherches qui facilitent le diagnostic des maladies rénales chez le chien. Zusammenfassung. Es wird eine Übersicht uber die sich darbietenden klinischen Zeichen, die Laboratoriumsanalysen und die Untersuchgsverfahren gegeben, welche zur Diagnose von Nierenerkrankungen des Hundes beitragen.     

Phaco chop technique for cataract surgery in the dog

Phaco chop is a bimanual phacoemulsification technique to remove cataracts. The technique was first presented at the 1993 3rd American-International Congress on Cataract, IOL, and Refractive Surgery in Seattle by Dr Kunihiro Nagahara. He compared the lens with a block of wood and by applying chopping forces parallel to the natural planes of the lens lamellae, as one does in splitting wood, a nucleus can be cleaved with surprisingly little force and time. Dr Nagahara used the phaco tip to impale and high vacuum to hold the nucleus while a second instrument, or chopper, hooked the equator and was pulled centrally, splitting the nucleus along its natural cleavage planes. This was a breakthrough for surgeons who had been utilizing several minutes of phaco energy sculpting grooves and bowls in a lens. Studies have shown that compared with four-quadrant 'divide and conquer', the phaco chop technique uses less phaco time and energy, significantly reducing endothelial cell damage. Other advantages of phaco chop include reduction of zonular and capsular stress because forces are directed toward an opposing instrument and the phaco tip is kept in a central 'safe zone' in the middle of the pupil. This technique has also been successfully adapted to the canine phacoemulsification procedure. The larger canine lens requires some modifications, and lenses with hard nuclear and cortical material may not be amenable to this procedure.     

The diagnosis and treatment of cauda equina lesions in the dog

The case details of 46 dogs with cauda equina syndrome are reviewed. The causes were variable and included lumbosacral spondylosis, disc protrusion, discospondylitis, fractures, dislocations and neoplasia. Dogs with discospondylitis generally responded well to prolonged antibiotic therapy but the response to conservative treatment of lumbosacral spondylosis or disc protrusion was transient or incomplete. Ten dogs with cauda equina syndrome were treated surgically; the techniques are described and results presented.     

犬尿石症的诊断与治疗

犬尿石症又称尿路结石，是肾结石、输尿管结石、膀胱结石和尿道结石的统称，临床上以排尿不畅、排尿困难、尿闭、血尿为特征。其发病率占临床病例的0．5％-1％，近年发病率远远高于此数目。尿石症不是一种单一的疾病，而是一种或多种潜在疾病的后遗症。结石形成涉及多种相关、复杂的生理和病理因素，结石的形状多样性，有的呈球形、椭圆形或多边形、细沙状，其核心物质是由尿中各种矿物质盐类和保护性胶体物质聚集而成的。