上海地区圈养大食蚁兽饲养管理的初探

<正>大食蚁兽属于哺乳动物纲贫齿目食蚁兽科,分布于中美洲、南美洲,主要栖息于热带地区的草原、沼泽地等,喜欢开阔而又被植被遮蔽较好的环境;主要以蚂蚁和白蚁类为食,属于独居动物。2010年至今,上海野生动物园大食蚁兽种群稳步扩大,目前共有8只大食蚁兽,其中4只为园区自繁,另外4只为引进和借展。随着园区对大食蚁兽生活习性、饲养管理认识的不断深入,以及在饲养过程中不断总结经验,大食蚁兽的繁育率有了明显     

圈养条件下大食蚁兽常见疾病的防治

正大食蚁兽(Myrmecophaga Tridactyla),属于脊椎动物门哺乳动物纲贫齿目食蚁兽科,分布于中南美洲热带地区的草原、沼泽等地,喜欢开阔而又被植被遮蔽较好的环境。食性高度特化,以白蚁为主食,也食其他种类的蚂蚁、昆虫以及昆虫幼虫。大食蚁兽在野外除美洲虎少有天敌,但由于人类的活     

兽类学基础知识——第五讲 贫齿目概论

贫齿目(Edentata)字源于拉丁文,其字首Edentul-,是没牙的意思;字尾-ate是将字首变为形容词。顾名思义,这个目的动物应该没有牙齿。实际上,除食蚁兽(Myrmeccobius fasciatus Waterhouse)一科——食蚁兽科(美洲食蚁兽科)真正没有牙外,其余两个科——犰狳科(Dasypodidae)有多达100颗左右的同型齿(homodont),而树懒科(Bradypodidae)也有     

食蚁兽

对食蚁兽人们知道得很少,食蚁兽是一种奇妙的、非常谨慎的小动物,不大喜欢人们跟踪观察它的行为。美国尔佛大学的动物学家肯特,李福特决心填补这个空白,在巴西中部的热带大草原中,整整呆了一年观察食蚁兽习性。食蚁兽长得并不小,成年的公兽重达五十公斤,包括尾巴可超过二点三米。食蚁兽有一个足以自豪的舌头,它确实是一个完美的器官,可伸出六十厘米,满是肌肉,能完成最复杂的捕食任务。食蚁兽没有牙齿,可以说,嘴也象没有一样。所谓的嘴只是头部前端的一个长长的     

舒泰对大食蚁兽麻醉效果的初步观察

为观察舒泰对大食蚁兽的麻醉效果,对2只大食蚁兽用舒泰进行了4次麻醉试验,在麻醉过程中用Cardell兽用监护仪对食蚁兽的呼吸系统、循环系统采取无损伤连续动态监测,同时监测和记录麻醉过程中大食蚁兽的生命体征变化和不同时段的生物反射以及镇静、镇痛、肌松效果。结果表明舒泰用量在2～2.5 mg/kg体重时对大食蚁兽安全、有效,麻醉效果确实。肌肉注射舒泰后诱导期为2～5 min,麻醉期16～35 min,恢复期142～280 min。结论:舒泰麻醉大食蚁兽其诱导期平稳、迅速,无兴奋表现,有较好的镇痛、麻醉、肌松作用,效果确实,且苏醒平稳、安全范围大,是适合于大食蚁兽全身麻醉、保定的理想药物,为国内大食蚁兽的麻醉提供参考。     

动物界教会我们的五个经典管理法则

<正>很多管理定律都来自于动物界的有趣发现,本文摘选了五个典型的例子,分享给大家。一、懒蚂蚁效应蚂蚁群中,有少数蚂蚁整日无所事事、东张西望,人们把这少数蚂蚁叫作"懒蚂蚁"。然而,生物学家在做研究时发现,这群"懒蚂蚁"其实是充当了重要的角色。当勤奋的蚂蚁找不到食物的时候,这些"懒蚂蚁"会"挺身而出",带领众蚂蚁向它们早已侦察到的新的食物源转移。原来,"懒蚂蚁"把大部分时间都花在了侦察和研究上了。而此现象则被称为"懒蚂蚁效应"。     

“聚”而歼之：—华南地区定地中蜂场灭蚁一法

对养蜂者来说 ,蚂蚁是很可恶的一种蜜蜂敌害 ,因为它无孔不入。别的防蚁、诱杀蚂蚁的办法固然很好 ,但我觉得采用聚歼蚂蚁 ,铲除蚁后 (蚁王 )的方法 ,效果更好。要想聚歼蚂蚁 ,必须对蚂蚁世界有所了解。1.蚂蚁的社会分工与蜜蜂社会分工大体相似 ,有专职产卵的蚁后 ,也有工蚁等。2 .蚂蚁的食物(1)以甜食为主。我们经常看到成群结队的蚂蚁在保管不善的蜜缸或盖不严的蜜瓶中吸食蜜糖 ,也可以在野外看到蚂蚁钻入花蕊中吸吮花蜜 ,还可以看到在蚜虫周围有不少蚂蚁在舔食蚜虫分泌的甘露蜜。(2 )蚂蚁也属于肉食性昆虫。它以别的昆虫或动物尸体为食。…     

人类战争与蜂群起盗——《战争与和平》读书笔记

<正>古希腊哲学家亚里士多德说过这样一句话：“人类天生是社会动物”。意思是说,人类无法离开社会而生存下去。动物中除少数也有像人类一样以社会形式生活的动物,如蜜蜂和蚂蚁,大部分动物与人类不同,都是以小群体或独自生活的。社会生活并非仅指很多数量聚在一起的集体生活。那么以社会形式的生活和单纯的集体生活有何不同呢？蜜蜂和蚂蚁为什么叫做有社会形式生活的动物呢？     

用花生油防治果树凿木虫

平邑县卞桥镇刘家寨村果农刘德玉利用花生油治果树凿木虫获得成功。治虫率达到了100％。目前。该项技术已在该县得到推广。凿木虫的抗药性很强．刘德玉利用蚂蚁爱吃植物油的特性，把花生油用针管，打入虫道内，吸引蚂蚁前来将虫子咬死。     

动物世界里的懒汉们

在激烈竞争的生物界里大多数食肉动物都L依靠敏捷的行动来获取食物被捕食的动物则凭借各种灵活的手段来保全性命。不过世界之大无奇不有。有些动物虽说行动起来慢吞吞给人一种十分懒惰的印象但由于具有“祖传的特技一直在地球上生活得自由自在。这里向大家介绍几种动物世界里的懒汉。树懒在动物分类学中树懒是和大食蚁兽同属于贫齿目的特殊动物它嘴里虽有锥形牙齿四五对却无齿根可以终生生长齿外表无珐琅质层。树懒的头不大而圆耳朵极小并隐藏于毛丛之中尾巴只有3～4厘米长身上的毛长而厚人们根据趾数的多少将其分为三趾树徽和二趾树懒。三…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.